The role of microRNA in degeneration of the intervertebral disc

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Ozal Arzuman Beylerli ◽  
Ilgiz F. Gareev ◽  
Valentin N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chronic Lower Back Pain ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Matrix Cell

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. MiRNAs regulate many normal physiological processes, and also play an important role in the development of most disorders. The expression levels of miRNAs are characterized by endogenous properties and tissue specificity. These characteristics increase the likelihood that miRNAs can serve as useful clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Chronic lower back pain is usually associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IDD), which is closely associated with apoptosis, impaired extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and an inflammatory response. This process is characterized by a cascade of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and structural changes. Currently, there is no clinical therapy that shows the pathophysiology of disk degeneration. The presence of unregulated expression of miRNA in patients with degenerative disk disease indicates a vital role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IDD. It becomes apparent that epigenetic processes affect the evolution of IDD as much as the genetic background. Deregulated phenotypes of pulp nucleus cells, including differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, are involved in all stages of the progression of human IDD. In this review, we will focus on the role and therapeutic value of miRNAs in IDD.

scholarly journals Involvement of MicroRNA in Microglia-Mediated Immune Response

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Guedes ◽  
A. L. C. Cardoso ◽  
M. C. Pedroso de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small noncoding RNA molecules that play an important role in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Due to their ability to simultaneously modulate the fate of different genes, these molecules are particularly well suited to act as key regulators during immune cell differentiation and activation, and their dysfunction can contribute to pathological conditions associated with neuroinflammation. Recent studies have addressed the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of progenitor cells into microglia and in the activation process, aiming at clarifying the origin of adult microglia cells and the contribution of the central nervous system (CNS) environment to microglia phenotype, in health and disease. Altered expression of several miRNAs has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and ischemic injury, hence strongly advocating the use of these small molecules as disease markers and new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of miRNA-mediated regulation of microglia development and activation. We discuss the role of specific miRNAs in the maintenance and switching of microglia activation states and illustrate the potential of this class of nucleic acids both as biomarkers of inflammation and new therapeutic tools for the modulation of microglia behavior in the CNS.

scholarly journals Role of microRNAs in Obesity-Related Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11416
Author(s):  
Maite Caus ◽  
Àuria Eritja ◽  
Milica Bozic
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Obesity is a major global health problem and is associated with a significant risk of renal function decline. Obesity-related nephropathy, as one of the complications of obesity, is characterized by a structural and functional damage of the kidney and represents one of the important contributors to the morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite increasing data linking hyperlipidemia and lipotoxicity to kidney injury, the apprehension of molecular mechanisms leading to a development of kidney damage is scarce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously produced small noncoding RNA molecules with an important function in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs have been demonstrated to be important regulators of a vast array of physiological and pathological processes in many organs, kidney being one of them. In this review, we present an overview of miRNAs, focusing on their functional role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated renal pathologies. We explain novel findings regarding miRNA-mediated signaling in obesity-related nephropathies and highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic application of miRNAs in renal diseases.

The role of microRNA-21 in the onset and progression of cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Singh ◽  
Ashutosh Kumar Singh ◽  
Rajanish Giri ◽  
Dhruv Kumar ◽  
Rohit Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Early Cancer ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Oncogenic Property

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNA, posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of genes. Aberrant expression of miRNA is reported in various types of cancer. Since the first report of oncomiR-21 involvement in the glioma, its upregulation was reported in multiple cancers and was allied with high oncogenic property. In addition to the downregulation of tumor suppressor genes, the miR-21 is also associated with cancer resistance to various chemotherapy. The recent research is appraising miR-21 as a promising cancer target and biomarker for early cancer detection. In this review, we briefly explain the biogenesis and regulation of miR-21 in cancer cells. Additionally, the review features the assorted genes/pathways regulated by the miR-21 in various cancer and cancer stem cells.

scholarly journals The emerging role of microRNAs in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyun Feng ◽  
Sheng Zheng ◽  
Jia Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Osteoporosis, a common and multifactorial disease, is influenced by genetic factors and environments. However, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has not been fully elucidated yet. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may be the underlying mechanisms that link genetic and environmental factors with increased risks of osteoporosis and bone fracture. MicroRNA (miRNA), a major category of small noncoding RNA with 20–22 bases in length, is recognized as one important epigenetic modification. It can mediate post-transcriptional regulation of target genes with cell differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we aimed to profile the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis. A deeper insight into the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and osteoporosis can provide unique opportunities to develop a novel diagnostic and therapeutic approach of osteoporosis.

Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of miR-148b in human cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsane Bahrami ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Cancer Types

: MicroRNAs (miRs) is a class of conserved, small, noncoding RNA molecules which modulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miR-148b is a member of miR-148/152 family generally known to be a tumor suppressor via its affect on different signaling pathways and regulatory genes. Aberrant expression of miR-148b has recently been shown to be responsible for tumorigenesis for several different cancer types. This review discusses the current evidences regarding the involvement of miR-148b expression in human cancers and its potential clinical importance for tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Human microRNAs in host–parasite interaction: a review

3 Biotech ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay Paul ◽  
Luis M. Ruiz-Manriquez ◽  
Francisco I. Serrano-Cano ◽  
Carolina Estrada-Meza ◽  
Karla A. Solorio-Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Response Modulation ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host−parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.

scholarly journals Long-Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik A. Barth ◽  
Felix Prinz ◽  
Julia Teppan ◽  
Katharina Jonas ◽  
Christiane Klec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Upstream Regulators

Hypoxia is dangerous for oxygen-dependent cells, therefore, physiological adaption to cellular hypoxic conditions is essential. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main regulator of hypoxic metabolic adaption reducing oxygen consumption and is regulated by gradual von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-dependent proteasomal degradation. Beyond physiology, hypoxia is frequently encountered within solid tumors and first drugs are in clinical trials to tackle this pathway in cancer. Besides hypoxia, cancer cells may promote HIF expression under normoxic conditions by altering various upstream regulators, cumulating in HIF upregulation and enhanced glycolysis and angiogenesis, altogether promoting tumor proliferation and progression. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial to discover potential future therapeutic targets to evolve cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with a length of over 200 nucleotides. They participate in cancer development and progression and might act as either oncogenic or tumor suppressive factors. Additionally, a growing body of evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in the hypoxic and normoxic regulation of HIF and its subunits HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive update and overview of lncRNAs as regulators of HIFs expression and activation and discusses and highlights potential involved pathways.

scholarly journals Exosomal miRNA: Small Molecules, Big Impact in Colorectal Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Vautrot ◽  
Gaëtan Chanteloup ◽  
Mohammed Elmallah ◽  
Marine Cordonnier ◽  
François Aubin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Premetastatic Niche ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Exosomal Mirna

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Tumor microenvironment (TME) contains many cell types including stromal cells, immune cells, and endothelial cells. The TME modulation explains the heterogeneity of response to therapy observed in patients. In this context, exosomes are emerging as major contributors in cancer biology. Indeed, exosomes are implicated in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and premetastatic niche formation. They contain bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, and RNAs. More recently, many studies on exosomes have focused on miRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules able to influence protein expression. In this review, we describe miRNAs transported by exosomes in the context of CRC and discuss their influence on TME and their potential as circulating biomarkers. This overview underlines emerging roles for exosomal miRNAs in cancer research for the near future.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs in endometriosis: biological function and emerging biomarker candidates†

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 1167-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bjorkman ◽  
Hugh S Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Biological Function ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Circulating Mirnas ◽  
Common Chronic Disease ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Reproductive Aged Women ◽  
Delayed Time

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNA molecules, have been recognized as key post-transcriptional regulators associated with a multitude of human diseases. Global expression profiling studies have uncovered hundreds of miRNAs that are dysregulated in several diseases, and yielded many candidate biomarkers. This review will focus on miRNAs in endometriosis, a common chronic disease affecting nearly 10% of reproductive-aged women, which can cause pelvic pain, infertility, and a myriad of other symptoms. Endometriosis has delayed time to diagnosis when compared to other chronic diseases, as there is no current accurate, easily accessible, and noninvasive tool for diagnosis. Specific miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers for this disease in multiple studies. These and other miRNAs have been linked to target genes and functional pathways in disease-specific pathophysiology. Highlighting investigations into the roles of tissue and circulating miRNAs in endometriosis, published through June 2018, this review summarizes new connections between miRNA expression and the pathophysiology of endometriosis, including impacts on fertility. Future applications of miRNA biomarkers for precision medicine in diagnosing and managing endometriosis treatment are also discussed.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Regulator of Signaling Networks in Metastatic Colon Cancer

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yong Du ◽  
Xiaoming Liu ◽  
William C. Cho ◽  
Yinxue Yang
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Signaling Networks ◽  
Metastatic Colon Cancer ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
P53 Signaling ◽  
Colon Cancer Metastasis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules capable of regulating gene expression translationally and/or transcriptionally. A large number of evidence have demonstrated that miRNAs have a functional role in both physiological and pathological processes by regulating the expression of their target genes. Recently, the functionalities of miRNAs in the initiation, progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance of tumors have gained increasing attentions. Particularly, the alteration of miRNA profiles has been correlated with the transformation and metastasis of various cancers, including colon cancer. This paper reports the latest findings on miRNAs involved in different signaling networks leading to colon cancer metastasis, mainly focusing on miRNA profiling and their roles in PTEN/PI3K, EGFR, TGFβ, and p53 signaling pathways of metastatic colon cancer. The potential of miRNAs used as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets in colon cancer is also discussed.

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