scholarly journals Role of microRNAs in Obesity-Related Kidney Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11416
Author(s):  
Maite Caus ◽  
Àuria Eritja ◽  
Milica Bozic
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Obesity is a major global health problem and is associated with a significant risk of renal function decline. Obesity-related nephropathy, as one of the complications of obesity, is characterized by a structural and functional damage of the kidney and represents one of the important contributors to the morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite increasing data linking hyperlipidemia and lipotoxicity to kidney injury, the apprehension of molecular mechanisms leading to a development of kidney damage is scarce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously produced small noncoding RNA molecules with an important function in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs have been demonstrated to be important regulators of a vast array of physiological and pathological processes in many organs, kidney being one of them. In this review, we present an overview of miRNAs, focusing on their functional role in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated renal pathologies. We explain novel findings regarding miRNA-mediated signaling in obesity-related nephropathies and highlight advantages and future perspectives of the therapeutic application of miRNAs in renal diseases.

scholarly journals Small Molecule, Big Prospects: MicroRNA in Pregnancy and Its Complications

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Cai ◽  
Gopi K. Kolluru ◽  
Asif Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Preterm Labor ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Posttranscriptional Level ◽  
In Pregnancy

MicroRNAs are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate target gene expression in the posttranscriptional level. Unlike siRNA, microRNAs are “fine-tuners” rather than “switches” in the regulation of gene expression; thus they play key roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis. The aberrant microRNA expression is implicated in the disease process. To date, numerous studies have demonstrated the regulatory roles of microRNAs in various pathophysiological conditions. In contrast, the study of microRNA in pregnancy and its associated complications, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and preterm labor, is a young field. Over the last decade, the knowledge of pregnancy-related microRNAs has increased and the molecular mechanisms by which microRNAs regulate pregnancy or its associated complications are emerging. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the research of pregnancy-related microRNAs, especially their function in pregnancy-associated complications and the potential clinical applications. Here microRNAs that associate with pregnancy are classified as placenta-specific, placenta-associated, placenta-derived circulating, and uterine microRNA according to their localization and origin. MicroRNAs offer a great potential for developing diagnostic and therapeutic targets in pregnancy-related disorders.

scholarly journals Involvement of MicroRNA in Microglia-Mediated Immune Response

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Guedes ◽  
A. L. C. Cardoso ◽  
M. C. Pedroso de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Tools

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small noncoding RNA molecules that play an important role in the regulation of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Due to their ability to simultaneously modulate the fate of different genes, these molecules are particularly well suited to act as key regulators during immune cell differentiation and activation, and their dysfunction can contribute to pathological conditions associated with neuroinflammation. Recent studies have addressed the role of miRNAs in the differentiation of progenitor cells into microglia and in the activation process, aiming at clarifying the origin of adult microglia cells and the contribution of the central nervous system (CNS) environment to microglia phenotype, in health and disease. Altered expression of several miRNAs has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and ischemic injury, hence strongly advocating the use of these small molecules as disease markers and new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of miRNA-mediated regulation of microglia development and activation. We discuss the role of specific miRNAs in the maintenance and switching of microglia activation states and illustrate the potential of this class of nucleic acids both as biomarkers of inflammation and new therapeutic tools for the modulation of microglia behavior in the CNS.

scholarly journals The emerging role of microRNAs in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyun Feng ◽  
Sheng Zheng ◽  
Jia Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Osteoporosis, a common and multifactorial disease, is influenced by genetic factors and environments. However, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has not been fully elucidated yet. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may be the underlying mechanisms that link genetic and environmental factors with increased risks of osteoporosis and bone fracture. MicroRNA (miRNA), a major category of small noncoding RNA with 20–22 bases in length, is recognized as one important epigenetic modification. It can mediate post-transcriptional regulation of target genes with cell differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we aimed to profile the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis. A deeper insight into the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and osteoporosis can provide unique opportunities to develop a novel diagnostic and therapeutic approach of osteoporosis.

scholarly journals Long-Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in the Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) in Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik A. Barth ◽  
Felix Prinz ◽  
Julia Teppan ◽  
Katharina Jonas ◽  
Christiane Klec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Von Hippel Lindau ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Main Regulator ◽  
Upstream Regulators

Hypoxia is dangerous for oxygen-dependent cells, therefore, physiological adaption to cellular hypoxic conditions is essential. The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the main regulator of hypoxic metabolic adaption reducing oxygen consumption and is regulated by gradual von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-dependent proteasomal degradation. Beyond physiology, hypoxia is frequently encountered within solid tumors and first drugs are in clinical trials to tackle this pathway in cancer. Besides hypoxia, cancer cells may promote HIF expression under normoxic conditions by altering various upstream regulators, cumulating in HIF upregulation and enhanced glycolysis and angiogenesis, altogether promoting tumor proliferation and progression. Therefore, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial to discover potential future therapeutic targets to evolve cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of non-protein coding RNA molecules with a length of over 200 nucleotides. They participate in cancer development and progression and might act as either oncogenic or tumor suppressive factors. Additionally, a growing body of evidence supports the role of lncRNAs in the hypoxic and normoxic regulation of HIF and its subunits HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cancer. This review provides a comprehensive update and overview of lncRNAs as regulators of HIFs expression and activation and discusses and highlights potential involved pathways.

The role of microRNA in degeneration of the intervertebral disc

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Ozal Arzuman Beylerli ◽  
Ilgiz F. Gareev ◽  
Valentin N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chronic Lower Back Pain ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Matrix Cell

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. MiRNAs regulate many normal physiological processes, and also play an important role in the development of most disorders. The expression levels of miRNAs are characterized by endogenous properties and tissue specificity. These characteristics increase the likelihood that miRNAs can serve as useful clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Chronic lower back pain is usually associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IDD), which is closely associated with apoptosis, impaired extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and an inflammatory response. This process is characterized by a cascade of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and structural changes. Currently, there is no clinical therapy that shows the pathophysiology of disk degeneration. The presence of unregulated expression of miRNA in patients with degenerative disk disease indicates a vital role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IDD. It becomes apparent that epigenetic processes affect the evolution of IDD as much as the genetic background. Deregulated phenotypes of pulp nucleus cells, including differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, are involved in all stages of the progression of human IDD. In this review, we will focus on the role and therapeutic value of miRNAs in IDD.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Cardiac Stem Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Purvis ◽  
Andrew Bahn ◽  
Rajesh Katare
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cardiac Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Stem cells are considered as the next generation drug treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease who are resistant to conventional treatment. Among several stem cells used in the clinical setting, cardiac stem cells (CSCs) which reside in the myocardium and epicardium of the heart have been shown to be an effective option for the source of stem cells. In normal circumstances, CSCs primarily function as a cell store to replace the physiologically depleted cardiovascular cells, while under the diseased condition they have been shown to experimentally regenerate the diseased myocardium. In spite of their major functional role, molecular mechanisms regulating the CSCs proliferation and differentiation are still unknown. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of miRs in regulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as other physiological and pathological processes related to stem cell function. This review summarises the current understanding of the role of miRs in CSCs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which miRs regulate CSCs may lead to advances in the mode of stem cell therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of microRNA in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Different Variants, Treatment and Prognosis of Mycosis Fungoides

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Wen ◽  
Yao Xie ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Mycosis Fungoides ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), accounting for approximately 50% of all CTCLs. Although various molecular changes in MF have been described in existing studies, no obvious disease-specific changes have been found thus far. microRNAs (miRs) are short, noncoding RNA molecules that play roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in various diseases. Recently, there has been rapidly expanding experimental evidence for the role of miRs in the progression, early diagnosis, prognosis prediction for MF. Efforts to improve early diagnosis and develop personalized therapy options have become more important in recent years. Here, we provide an overview and update of recent advances regarding miRs associated with MF. Furthermore, we provide insights into future opportunities for miR-based therapies.

scholarly journals Modulation of MicroRNAs as a Potential Molecular Mechanism Involved in the Beneficial Actions of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Cleber Improta-Caria ◽  
Carolina Kymie Vasques Nonaka ◽  
Bruno Raphael Ribeiro Cavalcante ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa ◽  
Roque Aras Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, affecting middle-aged and elderly individuals worldwide. AD pathophysiology involves the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, along with chronic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Physical exercise (PE) is a beneficial non-pharmacological strategy and has been described as an ally to combat cognitive decline in individuals with AD. However, the molecular mechanisms that govern the beneficial adaptations induced by PE in AD are not fully elucidated. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, inhibiting or degrading their target mRNAs. MicroRNAs are involved in physiological processes that govern normal brain function and deregulated microRNA profiles are associated with the development and progression of AD. It is also known that PE changes microRNA expression profile in the circulation and in target tissues and organs. Thus, this review aimed to identify the role of deregulated microRNAs in the pathophysiology of AD and explore the possible role of the modulation of microRNAs as a molecular mechanism involved in the beneficial actions of PE in AD.

scholarly journals TGF-β1/Smads and miR-21 in Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Loboda ◽  
Mateusz Sobczak ◽  
Alicja Jozkowicz ◽  
Jozef Dulak
Keyword(s):  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna

Renal fibrosis, irrespective of its etiology, is a final common stage of almost all chronic kidney diseases. Increased apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and inflammatory cell infiltration characterize the injured kidney. On the molecular level, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-Smad3 signaling pathway plays a central role in fibrotic kidney disease. Recent findings indicate the prominent role of microRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules that inhibit gene expression through the posttranscriptional repression of their target mRNAs, in different pathologic conditions, including renal pathophysiology. miR-21 was also shown to play a dynamic role in inflammatory responses and in accelerating injury responses to promote organ failure and fibrosis. Understanding the cellular and molecular bases of miR-21 involvement in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases, including inflammatory reaction, could be crucial for their early diagnosis. Moreover, the possibility of influencing miR-21 level by specific antagomirs may be considered as an approach for treatment of renal diseases.

scholarly journals The role of microRNAs in angiogenesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Bujak ◽  
Patrycja Kopytko ◽  
Małgorzata Lubecka ◽  
Katarzyna Sokołowska ◽  
Maciej Tarnowski
Keyword(s):  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Antiangiogenic Factors ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Angiogenesis is the process that leads to the formation of new blood vessels. Under physiological conditions it occurs, inter alia, during corpus luteum formation and in some stages of the menstrual cycle. However, angiogenesis plays an essential role in many pathological conditions, particularly cancer. New blood vessel formation provides cancer cells with oxygen and essential nutrients, which stimulates tumor growth and facilitates its metastasis. Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are small non-coding RNA molecules of 19–25 nucleotides. The main function of miRNAs is post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, which controls many key biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Endothelial miRNAs, known as angiomiRs, are presumably involved in tumor development and angiogenesis through regulation of pro- and antiangiogenic factors. To date, the miRNAs that stimulate angiogenesis are: miR-9, miR-27a, miR-30d, miR0-130b, miR-139, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-200c, miR-296 and miR-558. Conversely, miRNAs that inhibit angiogenesis are: miR-145, miR-519c, miR-22, miR-20a, miR-92, miR-7b, miR-221, miR-222, miR-328 and miR-101.

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