The role of microRNA-21 in the onset and progression of cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Singh ◽  
Ashutosh Kumar Singh ◽  
Rajanish Giri ◽  
Dhruv Kumar ◽  
Rohit Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Early Cancer ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Oncogenic Property

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNA, posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of genes. Aberrant expression of miRNA is reported in various types of cancer. Since the first report of oncomiR-21 involvement in the glioma, its upregulation was reported in multiple cancers and was allied with high oncogenic property. In addition to the downregulation of tumor suppressor genes, the miR-21 is also associated with cancer resistance to various chemotherapy. The recent research is appraising miR-21 as a promising cancer target and biomarker for early cancer detection. In this review, we briefly explain the biogenesis and regulation of miR-21 in cancer cells. Additionally, the review features the assorted genes/pathways regulated by the miR-21 in various cancer and cancer stem cells.

scholarly journals The emerging role of microRNAs in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianyun Feng ◽  
Sheng Zheng ◽  
Jia Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Modification ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Osteoporosis, a common and multifactorial disease, is influenced by genetic factors and environments. However, the pathogenesis of osteoporosis has not been fully elucidated yet. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications may be the underlying mechanisms that link genetic and environmental factors with increased risks of osteoporosis and bone fracture. MicroRNA (miRNA), a major category of small noncoding RNA with 20–22 bases in length, is recognized as one important epigenetic modification. It can mediate post-transcriptional regulation of target genes with cell differentiation and apoptosis. In this review, we aimed to profile the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and its therapeutic implications for osteoporosis. A deeper insight into the role of miRNA in bone remodeling and osteoporosis can provide unique opportunities to develop a novel diagnostic and therapeutic approach of osteoporosis.

Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of miR-148b in human cancers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsane Bahrami ◽  
Gordon A. Ferns
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tumor Suppressor ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Human Cancers ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Cancer Types

: MicroRNAs (miRs) is a class of conserved, small, noncoding RNA molecules which modulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. miR-148b is a member of miR-148/152 family generally known to be a tumor suppressor via its affect on different signaling pathways and regulatory genes. Aberrant expression of miR-148b has recently been shown to be responsible for tumorigenesis for several different cancer types. This review discusses the current evidences regarding the involvement of miR-148b expression in human cancers and its potential clinical importance for tumor diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics.

The role of microRNA in degeneration of the intervertebral disc

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Ozal Arzuman Beylerli ◽  
Ilgiz F. Gareev ◽  
Valentin N. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chronic Lower Back Pain ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Matrix Cell

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional levels. MiRNAs regulate many normal physiological processes, and also play an important role in the development of most disorders. The expression levels of miRNAs are characterized by endogenous properties and tissue specificity. These characteristics increase the likelihood that miRNAs can serve as useful clinical biomarkers in the diagnosis of certain diseases. Chronic lower back pain is usually associated with degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IDD), which is closely associated with apoptosis, impaired extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and an inflammatory response. This process is characterized by a cascade of molecular, cellular, biochemical, and structural changes. Currently, there is no clinical therapy that shows the pathophysiology of disk degeneration. The presence of unregulated expression of miRNA in patients with degenerative disk disease indicates a vital role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of IDD. It becomes apparent that epigenetic processes affect the evolution of IDD as much as the genetic background. Deregulated phenotypes of pulp nucleus cells, including differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis, are involved in all stages of the progression of human IDD. In this review, we will focus on the role and therapeutic value of miRNAs in IDD.

The Role of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Factors in Leukemogenesis

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Sternberg ◽  
D. Gary Gilliland
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Protein Tyrosine Kinases ◽  
Signal Transducer ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Stat Proteins ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Wide Range

Human leukemias are frequently associated with the aberrant expression of activated fusion tyrosine kinases or activated protein tyrosine kinases carrying insertional or point mutations. The activated kinase enzymes typically phosphorylate one or more signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors, which translocate to the cell nucleus and regulate the expression of genes associated with survival and proliferation. The phosphorylation and activation of STAT family members has been described in a wide range of human leukemias. Furthermore, animal models of leukemia have demonstrated the pivotal contribution of STAT activation to leukemic pathogenesis. This review discusses evidence for the functional importance of STAT activation in the biology of leukemia and current opportunities for modulating STAT proteins in the therapy of this group of diseases.

scholarly journals Noncoding RNAs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: From Key Regulators to Clinical Players

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Fatica
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Recent Demonstration ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Recent analyses have shown that human cells transcribe almost their entire genomes, implying the existence of a huge mass of ncRNAs. At the present, microRNAs are the most investigated regulative non-coding RNAs. Several studies have demonstrated that microRNAs play a crucial role in hematopoietic differentiation and hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Aberrant expression of microRNAs has been associated with specific genetic abnormalities and clinical outcome of patients with AML. In addition, since microRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, the potential of using these molecules as therapeutic targets opens up new opportunities in the future of AML therapy. The recent demonstration that other regulatory ncRNAs, in addition to microRNAs, are involved in hematopoietic cell differentiation and diseases, suggests that they may also have a biological relevance in AML. This paper will describe the role of ncRNAs in AML and discuss the expectations for the use of ncRNAs in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of AML.

scholarly journals Role of miRNA-Regulated Cancer Stem Cells in the Pathogenesis of Human Malignancies

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Khan ◽  
Eiman Ahmed ◽  
Noor Elareer ◽  
Kulsoom Junejo ◽  
Martin Steinhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition

Recent biomedical discoveries have revolutionized the concept and understanding of carcinogenesis, a complex and multistep phenomenon which involves accretion of genetic, epigenetic, biochemical, and histological changes, with special reference to MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). miRNAs are small noncoding molecules known to regulate expression of more than 60% of the human genes, and their aberrant expression has been associated with the pathogenesis of human cancers and the regulation of stemness features of CSCs. CSCs are the small population of cells present in human malignancies well-known for cancer resistance, relapse, tumorigenesis, and poor clinical outcome which compels the development of novel and effective therapeutic protocols for better clinical outcome. Interestingly, the role of miRNAs in maintaining and regulating the functioning of CSCs through targeting various oncogenic signaling pathways, such as Notch, wingless (WNT)/β-Catenin, janus kinases/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3/AKT), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-kB), is critical and poses a huge challenge to cancer treatment. Based on recent findings, here, we have documented the regulatory action or the underlying mechanisms of how miRNAs affect the signaling pathways attributed to stemness features of CSCs, such as self-renewal, differentiation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, resistance and recurrence etc., associated with the pathogenesis of various types of human malignancies including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, liver cancer, etc. We also shed light on the fact that the targeted attenuation of deregulated functioning of miRNA related to stemness in human carcinogenesis could be a viable approach for cancer treatment.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Cardiac Stem Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Purvis ◽  
Andrew Bahn ◽  
Rajesh Katare
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Cardiac Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

Stem cells are considered as the next generation drug treatment in patients with cardiovascular disease who are resistant to conventional treatment. Among several stem cells used in the clinical setting, cardiac stem cells (CSCs) which reside in the myocardium and epicardium of the heart have been shown to be an effective option for the source of stem cells. In normal circumstances, CSCs primarily function as a cell store to replace the physiologically depleted cardiovascular cells, while under the diseased condition they have been shown to experimentally regenerate the diseased myocardium. In spite of their major functional role, molecular mechanisms regulating the CSCs proliferation and differentiation are still unknown. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Recent studies have demonstrated the important role of miRs in regulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as other physiological and pathological processes related to stem cell function. This review summarises the current understanding of the role of miRs in CSCs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which miRs regulate CSCs may lead to advances in the mode of stem cell therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Role of MicroRNA-1 in Human Cancer and Its Therapeutic Potentials

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Han ◽  
Zujiang Yu ◽  
Zhenfeng Duan ◽  
Quancheng Kan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Suppressor Gene ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Oncogenic Pathways ◽  
Proliferation And Metastasis

While the mechanisms of human cancer development are not fully understood, evidence of microRNA (miRNA, miR) dysregulation has been reported in many human diseases, including cancer. miRs are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate posttranscriptional gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in the specific region of gene mRNAs, resulting in downregulation of gene expression. Not only are certain miRs consistently dysregulated across many cancers, but they also play critical roles in many aspects of cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Recent studies from our group and others revealed that miR-1 is frequently downregulated in various types of cancer. Through targeting multiple oncogenes and oncogenic pathways, miR-1 has been demonstrated to be a tumor suppressor gene that represses cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and promotes apoptosis by ectopic expression. In this review, we highlight recent findings on the aberrant expression and functional significance of miR-1 in human cancers and emphasize its significant values for therapeutic potentials.

scholarly journals Investigation of themiR16-1(C>T) + 7 Substitution in Seven Different Types of Cancer from Three Ethnic Groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hulya Yazici ◽  
Jennifer Zipprich ◽  
Tao Peng ◽  
Elif Z. Akisik ◽  
Hulya Tigli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prognostic Indicator ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rna ◽  
Different Types

Background. MicroRNAs are a type of small noncoding RNA molecules that have been shown to control gene expression in eukaryotes. Aberrant expression and alteration of miRNAs may be responsible for human diseases including cancer. AnmiR16-1(C>T)  + 7 gene mutation has been previously found in familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, one of which reported a family history of breast cancer.miR16-1regulates the expression ofbcl-2, which is important in retinoblastoma, and is located in a genomic region that is frequently lost in nasopharyngeal and hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Therefore,miR16-1may be potentially important in the etiology of several solid tumors. To understand the power of themiR16-1(C>T)  + 7 mutation as a prognostic and diagnostic risk factor, we investigated the mutation in patients with seven different types of cancer including 188 with breast, 102 with ovarian, and 22 nasopharyngeal carcinomas, 96 HCC, 872 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), 39 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 46 retinoblastoma cases from three different ethnic groups and of hereditary and sporadic etiology.Methods.5′Nuclease TaqMan SNP genotyping assay was used to detect the miR16-1 geneC>Tsubstitution.Results. The miR16-1 (C>T)  + 7 substitution was not detected in any of the groups studied.Conclusions. Considering the large scale of our study, the representation of different ethnicities and levels of hereditary risk, we conclude that themiR-16-1(C>T)  + 7 mutation is not a good diagnostic or prognostic indicator of risk for the cancers tested.

scholarly journals Clinical prognosis in BRAF-mutated PTC

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 736-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efisio Puxeddu ◽  
Sonia Moretti
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Marker ◽  
Braf Mutation ◽  
Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Targeted Expression ◽  
Differential Gene

BRAF mutation has recently emerged as a potential prognostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) due to several studies suggesting that it may condition the development of tumors with aggressive behavior. A study of the phenotypes of thyroid follicular cell lines and transgenic mice characterized by targeted expression of BRAF mutation indicates that, at variance with RET/PTC rearrangement, it induces or facilitates genomic instability and higher invasiveness and eventually deeper tumor de-differentiation and more significant suppression of apoptosis. An analysis of differential gene expression of PTCs harboring BRAF mutation versus PTCs characterized by other genetic alterations shows an important impairment of the expression of genes related to intra-thyroidal iodine metabolism machinery, up-regulation of Glut-1 mRNA, methylation-induced gene silencing of tumor suppressor genes and up-regulation of pro-angiogenetic proteins such as VEGF. Correlation of BRAF mutation with PTC clinico-pathological features yields controversial results, with several studies showing the association with unfavourable clinico-pathological qualities, while others do not confirm the findings. This review will summarize the studies in favor of or in contrast with a role of BRAF mutation as a prognostic marker in PTC. We will also indicate what information we still need in order to routinely introduce this indicator in clinical practice.

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