scholarly journals Modern Problems of Antibiotic Therapy in Ophthalmology and the Perspective Ways of Solution. Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-691
Author(s):  
V. O. Ponomarev ◽  
V. N. Kazaykin ◽  
O. P. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
State Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
International Initiative

To date, the problem of interaction between humans and the surrounding microbiome continues to grow in the human population, which is expressed in the so-called crisis of antibiotic resistance. Microorganisms, being pathogens of infectious diseases, no longer have guaranteed pharmacological barriers that can stop their reproduction, which means that they continue to claim thousands of lives every year. This phenomenon is associated with many reasons, such as the presence of mobile genetic elements in bacteria that perform the function of horizontal gene transfer, responsible for their resistance to antibiotics. Mutational microevolution changes in the genotype of a bacterial cell can lead to the development of uncontrolled polyresistance. Also, the combination of micro-and macroevolutionary changes in the external signs of the pathogen determines the system of factors of aggression, invasion, protection and adaptation. Other factors causing antibioticoresistance include overuse of antibiotics and self-nominations during periods of self-medication, antibiotics and medical staff in subclinical doses, too short treatment courses, and sometimes their function in the absence of indications for therapy, the extensive use of antibiotics in agriculture. A number of preventive measures that could significantly affect the crisis of antibiotic resistance are being actively worked out at the state level and include programs to reduce the free circulation of antibiotics, optimize therapeutic regimes, improve diagnostic measures for the verification of pathogens, prevent the spread of infections, optimize interaction between pharmaceutical companies and registration organizations, stimulate investment and public-private partnership, and of course the international initiative on systemic interaction. This paper examines the cause-and-effect relationships that can have a direct impact on the resolution of the crisis of antibiotic resistance, which can be traced in the historical context and up to the present time, as well as describes modern promising scientific and technical directions that can give humanity a new «Golden bullet» against pathogens, in particular the use of artificial fluorophores-quantum dots.

scholarly journals Knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic usage behavior among the people of Dhaka, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-524
Author(s):  
Iftekhar Ahmed ◽  
Md Bodiuzzaman Rabbi ◽  
Marufa Rahman ◽  
Rehnuma Tanjin ◽  
Sharmin Jahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Usage ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The People ◽  
Usage Behavior ◽  
Educational Campaigns ◽  
Adherence To Therapy

Bangladesh is a developing country with a very high prevalence of antibiotic resistance where irrational use of antibiotics is very common. This cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic usage behavior (Antibiotic use, self-medication, adherence to therapy) among the people of Bangladesh. The association between participants’ knowledge of antibiotics and their antibiotic usage behavior was also analyzed. A cross-sectional survey based on a structured questionnaire was conducted in the Dhaka district. The questionnaire included questions about demographic information, participants’ knowledge of antibiotics, and their recent antibiotic usage. The data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. Very few participants knew that antibiotics are not effective against most common colds (16.8%), viruses (22.5%), and pains (41.7%). Most respondents (>75%) knew that excessive use of antibiotics and failing to complete a course may render antibiotics less effective in the future. However, only 56.1% were aware of antibiotic resistance. About half (46.6%) of the participants took antibiotics in the last six months, 20.5% of whom resorted to self-medication and 23.1% reported non-adherence to therapy. Greater knowledge of antibiotics was significantly associated with lower rates of self-medication (p=0.037). Misconceptions about antibiotics and antibiotic misuse are very common in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that misconceptions about antibiotics and antibiotic misuse are very common in Bangladesh. To mitigate these problems, interventions comprised of educational campaigns and redesigning of the healthcare system and policies should be undertaken. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 519-524

scholarly journals Antibiotic Residue in the Aquatic Environment: Status in Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 890-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Faleye ◽  
A.A. Adegoke ◽  
K. Ramluckan ◽  
Faizal Bux ◽  
T. A. Stenström
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Fecal Matter ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Poor Nutrition ◽  
Antibiotic Residue

AbstractInformation on the presence of antibiotics is sparse for all types of water in Africa, including groundwater, surface water, effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and municipal potable water. With the relatively high sales of different antibiotics to treat infectious diseases in the human population of Africa, the residual of the antibiotics is bound to be released through excretion via urine or fecal matter in parallel to the high sales. This article reviews the published analysis on the occurrence of antibiotics in the environment particularly in the aquatic environment in some countries in Africa. In general, sulfamethoxazole was the most commonly detected in Africa surface water (with eight reports from four countries) at a concentration range of 0.00027 – 39 μgL-1. Wastewater analysis is believed to give an early warning for preventing epidemics. Thus, we discuss the associated level of antibiotic resistance to some prevalent diseases in Africa whose aetiological agents can develop antibiotic resistance due to exposure to antibiotic residue in water. This is important because of rising population of immuno-deficient African residents ravaged by HIV/AIDS, poor nutrition and less efficient sanitation systems.

An overview of self-medication: a major cause of antibiotic resistance and a threat to global public health

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Mubasher Rehman ◽  
Shehzad Ahmed ◽  
Umair Ahmed ◽  
Kosar Tamanna ◽  
Muhammad Shehryar Sabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Professional Health

Self-medication is the use of medicines by people on their own experience without consulting a doctor. People use medicines for pain management or to cure a disease and sometime this may be unnecessary. There are a lot of public and professional health concerns about miss usage of medicines and globally physicians agree upon this rising issue that leads to antibiotic resistance. In developing countries medicines without prescription are easily available which results in many adverse outcomes especially bacterial resistance. Insufficient health care services and socioeconomic factors result in increased proportion of self-medication as compared to drugs prescribed by physicians. This review article is focused on indicating prevalence rate of self-medication in different developed and under developed countries, major risk factors and control of self-medication due to which antibiotic resistance rate can be minimized. 

scholarly journals The Trouble with CBD Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Hazekamp
Keyword(s):  
Food Supplement ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Dravet Syndrome ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Health Organizations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases

In just a few years, cannabidiol (CBD) has become immensely popular around the world. After initially being discovered as an effective self-medication for Dravet syndrome in children, CBD is now sold and used to treat a wide range of medical conditions and lifestyle diseases. The cannabinoid CBD, a non-psychoactive isomer of the more infamous tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is available in a growing number of administration modes, but the most commonly known is CBD oil. There are currently dozens, if not hundreds, of producers and sellers of CBD oils active in the market, and their number is increasing rapidly. Those involved vary from individuals who prepare oils on a small scale for family and (Facebook) friends to compounding pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, and licensed cannabis producers. Despite the growing availability of CBD, many uncertainties remain about the legality, quality, and safety of this new “miracle cure.” As a result, CBD is under scrutiny on many levels, ranging from national health organizations and agricultural lobbyists to the WHO and FDA. The central question is whether CBD is simply a food supplement, an investigational new medicine, or even a narcotic. This overview paper looks into the known risks and issues related to the composition of CBD products, and makes recommendations for better regulatory control based on accurate labeling and more scientifically supported health claims. The intention of this paper is to create a better understanding of the benefits versus the risks of the current way CBD products are produced, used, and advertised.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from dierent dairy products and their emergence in the food chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
É. György ◽  
É. Laslo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Selective Agar ◽  
Overall Resistance

Abstract The antibiotic resistance of foodborne pathogens represents a healthcare concern globally. This phenomenon has an increasing impact on medicine and economy. A total of 26 spoilage and pathogenic bacterial isolates originating from different dairy products have been screened against eight different antibiotics. Based on the type of the selective agar medium used for their isolation, the isolates were: five staphylococci isolates, six Vibrio isolates, two Pseudomonas sp. isolates, three Salmonella isolates, five E. coli isolates, and five coliform isolates. The overall resistance to the tested antimicrobials of the bacterial isolates was 31.73%, the majority being susceptible. Based on the results, there are isolates with multiple antibiotic patterns that can be possible risk factors and may call for preventive measures.

scholarly journals ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY ISOLATION EVALUATION OF MAJOR MICROORGANISMS IN PERIODONTAL TISSUE PATHOLOGY

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
S.B. Kostenko
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Periodontal Tissue ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Inappropriate Use

Relevance of research The loss of effectiveness and activity of antibiotics is caused by their irrational and inappropriate use (especially in self-medication). The risk of antibiotic-resistant mikrobiom potentially be associated not only with time proceeding systemic antibacterial component in the protocol complex treatment of periodontitis but with specific combinations of different used drugs duration, efficiency previously performed mechanical treatment by open or closed curettage, especially the dosing of selected antibiotics middlemen. In – depth study and development of or personalized approaches to treatment is relevant periodontitis by individualizing the choice of appropriate antibiotics for incorporation into the algorithm of complex therapy, or universal approaches, the possibility of implementation of which depends on arguing the effectiveness of a particular combination of antibacterial agents for the vast majority of patients according to studies with sufficient samples. Study Goal is to assess the levels of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates of major microorganisms in periodontal tissue pathology. Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted on the basis of the University Dental Clinic and private dental clinics in Uzhhorod. Determination of levels antibiotic sensitivity was carried out using a disco-diffusion method with the advice and algorithm identified by order MOH Ukraine 05.04.2007 № 167 "On Approval of guidelines" Determination of the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics and in accordance with the recommendations EUCAST (Eurepean Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing). During the testing, standard sets of discs with antibiotics and appropriate test cultures were used, which were seeded with microorganisms obtained from patients with generalized periodontitis of varying severity. Research results and their discussion. During the microbiological analysis of smears obtained from periodontal pockets of whole patients study group, microorganisms were identified, which were characterized by relatively high levels of prevalence, among them: P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. cloaceae, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. viridans, S. pyogenes. A detailed analysis of the distribution of mean levels of prevalence of antibiotic sensitivity and antibiotic resistance among the analyzed isolates was performed. The results of antibioticograms differ depending on the qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated microorganisms, their levels of antibiotic sensitivity and antibiotic resistance. This distribution of results indicates the feasibility of a patient-centered approach to treatment, based on the preliminary identification of microorganisms isolated from periodontal pockets of patients, as well as determining the levels of their antibiotic sensitivity and antibiotic resistance. Conclusion. The application of the approach with preliminary determination of antibiotic sensitivity to microorganisms cultured from the oral cavity is characterized by the relevant biological principles of conducting. Prospects for further research. The analysis of the effectiveness of adjuvant antibiotic therapy in the process of complex treatment of periodontal patients and the development of personalized approaches to the treatment of periodontitis are promising.

scholarly journals The Internet: Friend or Foe of Antibiotic Resistance? Results of a Cross-Sectional Study among Italian University Students

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1091
Author(s):  
Francesca Licata ◽  
Silvia Angelillo ◽  
Alessandra Oliverio ◽  
Aida Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
University Students ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional

The study aims were to investigate knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (ABR), and to assess the extent of practices regarding antibiotic consumption and Internet use among university students in Southern Italy. Data were collected through an anonymous online questionnaire from 1 April to 14 April 2021. The eligibility criteria for the study were: (i) age between 18 and 30 years and (ii) registered as an undergraduate student at the university. Among the 1051 sampled students, only 7.4% gave the correct answer to all 7 knowledge statements about antibiotics and ABR. The main determinants of knowledge were being younger and attending to medical or life sciences majors. Almost two-thirds took an antibiotic in the previous 12 months and 24.6% reported having self-medicated with antibiotics. More than half of the sample used the Internet to seek information about antibiotics and/or ABR, and it was the strongest predictor of self-medication with antibiotics. The study findings highlighted gaps in knowledge, considerable antibiotic consumption, sometimes without prescription, together with an extensive Internet use to seek health-related information. To facilitate the health-promoting use of the Internet in conjunction with health care providers, we could make young adults aware of the rational use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE (ABR) AND COMMUNITY PHARMACIST: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-39
Author(s):  
DEEPTHI C DENNY ◽  
S KARAN
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Community Pharmacists ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
Information Providers

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a major growing global issue. The WHO report points out high proportions of resistance to common bacterial infections in all regions of the world. Common factors associated with resistance include non-adherence to the prescribed course, improper way of disposing the antibiotics (ABs), misuse and abuse, overuse, and underuse of antibiotics. Another complimenting factor for the increase in the antibiotic resistance is self-medication with antibiotics. This all has caused many infectious diseases to be untreatable. Community pharmacists act as primary source of healthcare information providers to whom the patient directly seeks medical advices. Thus, they can play a central role in ensuring the safer use of antibiotics in the community.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance

2017 ◽  
pp. E1-E3
Author(s):  
Edwin Dias ◽  
Meena Dias ◽  
Deeksha N. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Continued Use

Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is recognized by the WHO as a major health threat of the 21st century. Antimicrobial resistance threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections. Infections such as tuberculosis and septicaemia which decimated populations are once again responsible for mortality in epidemic proportions. Bacterial resistance is driven by the continued use of antimicrobials and it is unlikely that the danger of resistance can be effectively diminished by the discovery of new antimicrobials. The problem lies with the patent duration (20 years) and billion dollar investments of the pharmaceutical companies in producing a new antimicrobial. We have used, or are using, our so-called drugs of last resort. There is nothing left in the armamentarium and investments in developing new antimicrobials are missing, we are moving into the post-antimicrobial era.

scholarly journals Public Awareness and Practices towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics among the Malaysian Population. A Development of Questionnaire and Pilot-Testing

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeel Aslam ◽  
Márió Gajdács ◽  
Che Suraya Zin ◽  
Norny Syafinaz Binti Abd Rahman ◽  
Syed Imran Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Malaysian Population ◽  
Validity Indices ◽  
Level Of Knowledge

It is well documented that injudicious antibiotic use and practicing self-medication with antibiotics (SMA) can lead to antibiotic resistance. The objective was to validate and develop an instrument in Bahasa Melayu to assess the awareness and practices towards SMA in the Malaysian population. A pilot study was conducted among 100 Malaysians participants. Reliability testing in terms of test-retest, internal consistency, and content validity was performed. One-way ANOVA and t-test were applied to determine significant differences between groups. A panel of nine experts evaluated the research instrument for content validity and it was found to have strong content item validity (Indices = 1). Each domain (level of knowledge and understanding about antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance: Practice towards self-medication) showed good internal consistency of Cronbach’s alpha 0.658 and 0.90. While test-retest reliability value for each domain was 0.773 (p = 0.009), and 0.891 (p = 0.001. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) for level of knowledge about antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance was 21.8 ± 7.02 and for practice scores (SMA) 6.03 ± 2.30. The instrument established sound reliability and validity and, therefore, can be an effective tool for assessing public awareness, and practices toward self-medication with antibiotics in the Malaysian population.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document