scholarly journals Selenium Safeguards the Liver Against 5-Fluorouracil Induced Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
Nelson Clemente Ebinyo
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Hepatocyte Necrosis ◽  
Serum Aminotransferases ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Background: The hepatotoxic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can deprive cancer patients of its maximum therapeutic benefits. Selenium (Se) is a trace element with potential benefits in some animal models of diseases. Objectives: This study assessed the ability of Se to nullify the hepatotoxic effect of 5-FU in albino rats.  Methods: In this study, 40 adult male albino rats were grouped into A to D (each 5 rats). Rats in group A (control) were treated intraperitoneally (IP) with normal saline (0.2 mL) daily for 5 days. Rats in groups B1 to B3 were treated IP with Se (0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/kg) daily for 5 days, respectively. Rats in group C were treated IP with 5-FU (20 mg/kg) daily for 5 days. Rats in groups D1to D3 were treated IP with Se with 0.125, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/kg before treatment with 5-FU (20 mg/kg) daily for 5 days, respectively. After treatment, the rats were euthanized, and their blood samples were collected and evaluated for serum liver function. Liver samples were evaluated for biochemical and histological parameters. Results: Liver and serum aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin levels were significantly (P<0.001) high in 5-FU-treated rats in comparison to the control group. Liver glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione levels were significantly (P<0.001) low whereas the malondialdehyde level was significantly (P<0.001) high in 5-FU-treated rats compared with the control group. Moreover, hepatocyte necrosis was observed in 5-FU-treated rats.  Conclusion: Nonetheless, 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity was significantly nullified in rats supplemented with Se (0.125 mg/kg, P<0.05; 0.25 mg/kg, P<0.01, and 0.5 mg/kg, P<0.001) in a dose-dependent fashion in comparison to 5-FU-treated rats. Thus, Se may have a clinical benefit in 5-FU-induced hepatotoxicity

scholarly journals Hepatotoxic Assessment of Tramadol-Diclofenac Use: A Study in a Rat Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
Ebinyo Clemente Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Hepatocyte Necrosis ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The concurrent use of tramadol and diclofenac may increase hepatotoxic risk due to their individual hepatotoxic effects. This study assessed the hepatotoxic effect of tramadol-diclofenac administration in albino rats. Twenty-four adult male albino rats (200-220g) randomized into four groups were orally administered with tramadol (12mg/kg/day), diclofenac (6mg/kg/day) and tramadol-diclofenac for 14 days respectively. The rats were anesthetized, blood samples were collected and evaluated for serum liver function and lipid parameters. Liver samples were weighed and evaluated for biochemical parameters and histology. The effects of tramadol-diclofenac on the body and liver weights did not differ significantly (p>0.05) when compared to control. Also, effects were not significant (p>0.05) on blood glucose, and serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels when compared to control. Liver and serum levels of aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma–glutamyl transferase, conjugated bilirubin and total bilirubin increased significantly in rats treated with tramadol (p<0.05), diclofenac (p<0.01) and tramadol-diclofenac (p<0.001) when compared to control. Furthermore, significant decreases in liver catalase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase levels with significant increases in malondialdehyde levels occurred in rats treated with tramadol (p<0.05), diclofenac (p<0.01) and tramadol-diclofenac (p<0.001) when compared to control. Hepatocyte necrosis was observed in rats treated with tramadol-diclofenac. Tramadol-diclofenac may increase hepatotoxic risk at doses used for this study.

scholarly journals PROTECTIVE ROLE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ROSMARINUS OFFICINALIS AGAINST TRICHLOROACETATE-INDUCED TOXICITY IN LIVER OF MALE RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Medhat Mostafa Abozid ◽  
Hoda Ea Farid
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group I ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

 Objective: The current study was designed to estimate the potential protective role of the aqueous extract of rosemary (AER) (Rosmarinus officinalis) against trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-created hepatotoxicity in male albino rats.Methods: Forty male albino rats were separated into four groups of ten: Group I served as control; Group II was given AER (200 mg/kg/day) by gavage; Group III received TCA at the dose 50 mg/kg/day, and Group V was treated with AER (200 mg/kg/day) and received TCA (50 mg/kg/day). The experiment was carried out for 2 months.Results: The toxicity of TCA for rats was revealed by an elevation in liver marker enzymes activities (gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) level, and a decrease in albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The TCA administration also caused a significant increase in the activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and also malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver tissues. These biochemical effects were accompanied by histological indicators of liver damage. Treatment with ARE recovered the liver damage instigated by TCA, as showed by perfection of liver enzyme markers (GGT, ALT, AST, ALP), CB, TP and albumin; as well as antioxidant parameters (CAT, SOD, GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and amelioration of histopathology changes in the liver tissues.Conclusion: It could be concluded that AER supplementation for 2 months in TCA-induced toxicity in rats benefited hepatic antioxidant status and improved liver injury and damage in male albino rats exposed to TCA.

scholarly journals Protective potentials of ethyl acetate-ethanolic fraction of Carica papaya leaves against acetaminophen-induced liver damage in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 556-567
Author(s):  
Hussein O. B. OLOYEDE ◽  
Halimat Y. LUKMAN ◽  
Musa O. SALAWU
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group A ◽  
Extract Fraction ◽  
Group B ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The liver is an important organ performing vital roles that become affected when damaged. The protective potential of ethyl acetate-ethanolic fraction of Carica papaya leaves on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in female albino rats was investigated. Forty female rats were completely randomized into eight groups (A-H) of five rats each. Group A (control), received 1 ml of distilled water, group B (untreated) received 250 mgkg-1  bw of acetaminophen, group C received  silymarin (50 mgkg-1 bw) followed by actaminophen (250 mgkg-1 bw),  groups D-G received 100, 200, 400 and 600 mgkg-1  bw of ethyl acetate-ethanolic fraction of Carica papaya leaves respectively; followed by acetaminophen administration (250 mgkg-1 bw), while group H (toxicity control) received 600 mgkg-1 bw extract fraction daily. Ethyl acetate-ethanolic fraction of Carica papaya leaves significantly (p<0.05) decreased the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and bilirubin concentration and increased the concentrations of total protein and albumin in acetaminophen-induced liver damaged rats when compared with the untreated group. Prevention of liver damage was observed in the groups pre-administered 400 and 600 mgkg-1 bw of the extract fraction as well as the silymarin group. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase and the concentration of glutathione were significantly (p<0.05) increased while the concentration of malondialdehyde was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in rats pre-administered with silymarin or the extract fraction when compared with the acetaminophen-induced rats. Ethyl acetate-ethanolic fraction of Carica papaya leaves prevented acetaminophen-induced rat liver damage probably mainly due to the antioxidant constituents of the fraction.

scholarly journals Complex toxin binder mycotox® ng influence on the hepatotoxic effect of aflatoxin B1 in experimental treated goslings

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
I. Valchev ◽  
К. Stojanchev ◽  
N. Nicolov ◽  
R. Binev
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Abstarct. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effects of aflatoxin B1 and Mycotox NG applied either independently or together, on blood total protein, albumin, blood glucose, total bilirubin, triglycerides, cholesterol, enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ GT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and changes in liver morphology. At the same time, the potential of supplementation of feed with a mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) was evaluated. Experiments were carried out with 40 1-day-old Toulouse geese from mixed sexes divided into one control and three treatment groups (n=10). Groups were as followed: Group I – control (0 mg/kg AFB1 not supplemented with Mycotox NG); Group II (0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG), Group III (0.5 mg/kg AFB1) and Group IV (0.5 mg/kg AFB1 and 0.5 g/kg Mycotox NG). In this study, commercially available geese of Toulouse strain were reared from day one to forty two days in the deep litter system of management and the birds were divided into four groups. Normal feed tested free of aflatoxin (AFB1), was given to the control (Group – 1). 0.5 g/kg Mycotox was supplemented with the feed to Group 2, Aflatoxin (0.5 mg/kg feed) was supplemented with the feed to Group 3 and Mycotox Ng (0.5 g/kg feed) + 0.5 mg/kg feed AFB1 was supplemented with the feed to Group 4. The duration of the experiments was 42 days. The monitored blood chemical parameters were analysed on post treatment days 21 and 42. In birds treated only with AFB1, (group III) increased blood activities of studied enzymes. At the same time, blood total protein, albumin, cholesterol, glucose and triglycerides were reduced as compared to controls. The observed histopathological changes in the liver consisted in various extent of dystrophy (congestion, vacuolar and granular dystrophy, round cell proliferation, necrobiotic changes, hyperplasia of gallbladder epithelium). The addition of mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) to the feed of Groups IV reduced substantially the changes in blood chemistry and the severity and frequency of liver histological lesions. The addition of mycosorbent (Mycotox NG) to the feed of Groups IV reduced substantially the changes in blood chemistry and the severity and frequency of liver histological lesions.

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Time-Modulated Cimetidine on Methotrexate-induced Liver Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
Emmanuel Nnaedozie
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Hepatocyte Necrosis ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the frequently used chemotherapeutic agents, especially in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Objectives: MTX hepatotoxicity symptoms range from elevations in serum aminotransferases to hepatocyte necrosis and fibrosis. The time of medication administration significantly impacts treatment outcomes. Hence this study evaluated the protective effect of time-modulated cimetidine (CT) against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Methods: Thirty-six adult male albino rats were randomized into 6 groups. Group A (control) was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with normal saline (0.2 mL) for 24 h. Group B received CT (20 mg/kg IP) for 24 h. Group C was treated IP with MTX (20 mg/kg) for 24 h. Group C (pre-treatment) was injected IP with CT one hour before MTX administration for 24 h. Group E (co-treatment group) was co-treated IP with CT and MTX for 24 h. Group F (post-treatment group) was treated IP with one dose of MTX one hour before CT injection for 24 h. After treatments, the rats were weighed and euthanized. Blood samples were collected and their blood samples were evaluated for serum liver function markers, also liver samples were excised and used for biochemical and histological studies. Results: The liver of MTX-treated rats was characterized by hepatocyte necrosis. Aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, conjugated bilirubin, total bilirubin, and malondialdehyde activities were significantly (P<0.001) up-regulated in MTX-treated rats. However, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were significantly (P<0.001) down-regulated in MTX-treated rats. The above hepatotoxic changes were significantly attenuated in rats pre-treated (P<0.001), co-treated (P<0.01), and post-treated (P<0.05) with CT when compared to MTX group.  Conclusion: However, pre-treatment with CT was most effective, hence it may be clinically useful for MTX-induced hepatotoxicity. 

scholarly journals Determination of the efficacy of monensin capsule (continuous release capsule) on metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (08) ◽  
pp. 6435-2020
Author(s):  
SEVIM KASAP ◽  
MELIH ERTURK ◽  
ZAFER MECITOGLU ◽  
HUSEYIN DULGER ◽  
SERDAR BABAESKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Continuous Release ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Group A ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Control Group Group

Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic that changes the population of rumen bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of monensin controlled capsule administered 3 wk before calving on blood metabolites (serum beta-hydroxybutiric acid (BHBA), cholesterol (CHOL), urea, creatinine (CREA), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg+), calcium (Ca++), glucose (GLU) and plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration) and milk yield in the pre and post-calving term. 50 Holstein-Friesian cows were selected from the same flock. Blood samples were taken 3 weeks before the expected calving date and during weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 post calving. Cows were divided into two group: a study group (Group M, n:40) and a control group (Group C, n: 10). The group M orally received a cylindrical device (Kexxtone, ELANCO Animal Health, Guelph, ON, Canada) and the group C received no treatment. BHBA and NEFA was lower (P˂0,.05) in group M compared with group C in the 6 and 8 week post-calving. GLU was higher (P˂0.05) in group M compared with group C in the 4 week post-calving. Urea was higher (P˂0.05) in group M compared with group C in the 1 week post-calving. There was no statistically difference between two groups (P˂0.05) in milk yields. Although milk yield was similar in both groups, the change in concentration of BHBA, NEFA, GLU and urea showed that monensin CRC could be as a glycogenic precursor.

scholarly journals Liver Profile of Artemether-lumefantrine-tinidazole in Healthy and Parasitized Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
Udeme Owunari Georgewill
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Impaired Liver Function ◽  
Stress Indices ◽  
Impaired Liver ◽  
Hepatotoxic Effect ◽  
Hepatocyte Necrosis ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

Artemether/lumefantrine/tinidazole (A/L/T) has shown additive antiplasmodial activity; therefore its safety assessment is imperative. This study examined its hepatotoxic effect on healthy and diseased mice. Fifty four Swiss albino mice of n=6 were used. The mice were diseased with Plasmodium berghei ( ) and treated with T (28.6 mg/kg), A/L (2.3/13.7mg/kg) and A/L/T for 4 days, respectively. Healthy mice were treated with T (28.6 mg/kg), A/L (2.3/13.7mg/kg) and A/L/T for 28 days, respectively. After drug treatment; the mice were weighed and anesthetized. Liver samples were excised, weighed and evaluated for oxidative stress indices and histology. Blood samples were assessed for serum liver function indices. Treatment with T, A/L and A/L/T produced no significant (p>0.05) effects on all evaluated parameters in parasitized mice when compared to control. Significant decrease in body weight with significant increase in liver weight occurred in healthy mice treated with A/L (p<0.05) and A/L/T (p<0.01) when compared to control. Impaired liver function  characterized by significantly increased serum aminotranferases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and bilirubin levels with significantly decreased total protein and albumin levels occurred in healthy mice treated with T (p<0.05), A/L (p<0.01) and A/L/T (p<0.001) when compared to control. Significantly decreased glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase levels with significantly increased malondialdehyde levels occurred in healthy mice treated with T (p<0.05), A/L (p<0.01) and A/L/T (p<0.001) when compared to control. A/L/T caused hepatocyte necrosis in healthy mice. The use of A/L/T for malaria treatment seems safe on the liver, but may impair liver function with prolonged use. 

scholarly journals Protective Effect of Resveratrol against Hepatotoxicity of Cadmium in Male Rats: Antioxidant and Histopathological Approaches

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Najah M. Al-Baqami ◽  
Reham Z. Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Super Oxide Dismutase ◽  
Biochemical Alterations ◽  
Plant Metabolite ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolite

Cadmium (Cd) is widely used in some industries and emitted from fossil fuels. It is a heavy metal with a number of side effects, including hepatotoxicity. Resveratrol (Rs) is considered an important polyphenol, which is a secondary plant metabolite and has the ability to scavenge free radicals. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on Cd, which induced hepatotoxicity, by the assessment of some histopathological and biochemical alterations. Forty male albino rats were divided into four groups: the 1st group was the control group, the 2nd group was treated with Cd (5 mg/kg), the 3rd group was given Rs (20 mg/kg), and the 4th group was treated with Cd in combination with Rs intraperitoneally for 30 successive days. The results indicate that Cd increased liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase ALP and gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) while reducing the total protein level; Cd increased the malondialdhyde (MDA) level while decreasing the levels of other antioxidant enzymes super oxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (SOD, CAT and GPx). Serious congestion and hemorrhage related to the hepatic tissues were noticed in the Cd group, and Rs plays a major role in alleviating histopathological injuries and hepatic oxidative damage. It is clear that Rs has the ability to minimize the hepatotoxicity induced by Cd in male rats.

scholarly journals Liver Profile of Atazanavir/Ritonavir in Pregnant Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
Elias Adikwu ◽  
James Kemelayefa ◽  
Winifred Ocheiga
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Dose Dependent

Medication use during pregnancy is challenging due to the occurrence of maternal or fetal toxicities. Atazanavir/ritonavir (ATV/r) has hepatotoxic potential hence; use in pregnant patients living with human immunodeficiency virus may cause maternal hepatotoxicity. This study assessed the liver profile of ATV/r in pregnant albino rats. Thirty pregnant albino rats randomized into groups were orally treated daily with ATV/r (4.28/1.43 mg/kg-34.3/11.4 mg/kg) for 16 days. After treatment, the rats were weighed and sacrificed. Blood samples were collected and examined for serum biochemical parameters. Liver samples were weighed and assessed for biochemical and histological changes. Body and liver weights were normal (p>0.05) in ATV/r-treated pregnant rats when compared to control. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood glucose levels were significantly (p<0.01) elevated whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly (p<0.01) decreased in rats treated with ATV/r (34.3/11.4 mg/kg) when compared to control. Liver and serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, and conjugated bilirubin levels were significantly increased in a dose-dependent fashion in rats treated with ATV/r; 8.57/2.86 mg/kg (p<0.05), 17.1/5.72 mg/kg (p<0.01) and 34.3/11.4 mg/kg (p<0.001) when compared to control. Liver superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and glutathione peroxidase levels were significantly decreased whereas malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased in a dose-dependent fashion in rats treated with ATV/r; 8.57/2.86 mg/kg (p<0.05), 17.1/5.72 mg/kg (p<0.01) and 34.3/11.4 mg/kg (p<0.001) when compared to control. Necrotic hepatocytes were observed at higher doses of ATV/r. ATV/r may not be hepatotoxic in pregnant women living with HIV at the clinical dose.

Effect of aqueous extract of Gangronema latifolium (G. latifolium) (Utazi) on n-acetyl-para-aminophenol (acetaminophen) - induced hepatic injury on Wistar albino rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Godwin Delight Chigamezu ◽  
Wilfred Obaalologhi ◽  
Okure Victoria
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oral Dosage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Gamma Glutamyl Transferase ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Glutamyl Transferase

The present study investigated the effect of leaf extract of Gangronema latifolium (G. latifolium) on acetaminophen (APAP) - induced liver injury in Wistar albino rats. In this study, sixty (60) male Wistar albino rats were divided into five (5) groups of twelve (12) rats each. Animals in group 1 served as control group and received a placebo of 0.9% saline solution. Group 2 served as APAP control group, administered with 800 mg/kg body weight of APAP only. Groups 3, 4 and 5 served as the experimental groups and received oral dosage of 800 mg/kg body weight of APAP plus 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg body weight of G. latifolium respectively. The results showed that the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the serum were decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in the experimental groups dosed with 150 mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 250 mg/kg of G. latifolium respectively. For 150 mg/kg G. latifolium treated group, ALT decreased from 23.3 ± 7.31 to 9.00 ± 1.52 IU/L, while AST and ALP decreased from 17.6 ± 2.66 to 15.00 ± 1.00 IU/L and 92.8 ± 2.34 to 83.8 ± 7.94 IU/L respectively. In conclusion, the results showed that aqueous extract of G. latifolium has a protective effect on rat liver induced with APAP injury.

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