scholarly journals Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Fruit Crops: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Nimbolkar ◽  
Jyoti Bajeli ◽  
Arunima Tripathi ◽  
A. K. Chaube
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Ionic Components ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Salinity in soil and water is a critical factor that is causing hindrance in crop production under salt affected areas. Plant metabolic activities are apparently restricted due to accumulation of salt. The event of salt stress happens to be the reason of severe alteration in the sequence of plant growth and development which ultimately reduces the survivability of plants. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of tolerance to various osmotic and ionic components of salinity stress are evaluated at the cellular, organ and whole plant level. The course of adaptation towards salinity stress could be of various types such as avoidance, exclusion, extrusion, ion compartmentalization etc. Appropriate understanding of mechanism involved in salt tolerance at different levels in plant tissues provide a new opportunity to integrate physiological and biochemical knowledge to improve the salinity tolerance of fruit crops, especially from the nutritional aspect. Such information not only helpful in escalating the productivity in salt affected areas, but also facilitate in bringing relatively more salt affected areas under cultivation.

Salt Tolerance at the Whole-Plant Level

2000 ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Yeo ◽  
Mikiko L. Koyama ◽  
Sudhakar Chinta ◽  
Timothy J. Flowers
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

scholarly journals Calcineurin B-Like Proteins CBL4 and CBL10 Mediate Two Independent Salt Tolerance Pathways in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Ren-Jie Tang ◽  
Hai-Xia Xu ◽  
Wen-Zhi Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Genetic Interaction ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Interacting Protein ◽  
Sos Pathway ◽  
Calcineurin B ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Relationship Of

In Arabidopsis, the salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathway, consisting of calcineurin B-like protein 4 (CBL4/SOS3), CBL-interacting protein kinase 24 (CIPK24/SOS2) and SOS1, has been well defined as a crucial mechanism to control cellular ion homoeostasis by extruding Na+ to the extracellular space, thus conferring salt tolerance in plants. CBL10 also plays a critical role in salt tolerance possibly by the activation of Na+ compartmentation into the vacuole. However, the functional relationship of the SOS and CBL10-regulated processes remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the genetic interaction between CBL4 and CBL10 and found that the cbl4 cbl10 double mutant was dramatically more sensitive to salt as compared to the cbl4 and cbl10 single mutants, suggesting that CBL4 and CBL10 each directs a different salt-tolerance pathway. Furthermore, the cbl4 cbl10 and cipk24 cbl10 double mutants were more sensitive than the cipk24 single mutant, suggesting that CBL10 directs a process involving CIPK24 and other partners different from the SOS pathway. Although the cbl4 cbl10, cipk24 cbl10, and sos1 cbl10 double mutants showed comparable salt-sensitive phenotype to sos1 at the whole plant level, they all accumulated much lower Na+ as compared to sos1 under high salt conditions, suggesting that CBL10 regulates additional unknown transport processes that play distinct roles from the SOS1 in Na+ homeostasis.

scholarly journals Response of Lettuce Germplasm to Salt Stress at Different Developmental Stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavli OI ◽  
◽  
Kempapidis K ◽  
Maggioros L ◽  
Foti C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Salinity is one of the most detrimental abiotic stresses leading to considerable yield and economic losses worldwide. Lettuce is a relatively salt sensitive species, thus placing the interest in the release of salt-tolerant cultivars to enhance production in saline soils. This study aimed at investigating the response of lettuce germplasm to salt stress at the germination and at the whole plant level and to examine possibilities of early selection for salt tolerant genotypes. Fifteen lettuce commercial varieties were initially screened for salt tolerance on the basis of seed germination and seedling growth potential under salt stress conditions (0, 50, 100, 150 mM NaCl). The in vitro evaluation revealed the existence of considerable genetic variation related to salt tolerance at germination and allowed for the classification of genotypes into tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive to salt stress. Based on this classification, six cultivars were assessed at the whole plant level using plant height, chlorophyll content and fresh and dry biomass weight as evaluation criteria. Overall findings point to the existence of a satisfactory association of genotype performance between germination and later growth stages, thus suggesting the feasibility of screening for salt tolerance at early growth stages. This approach may considerably upgrade the efficiency of selecting suitable germplasm material for cultivation in saline soils or introgression into relevant breeding programs.

scholarly journals Screening of rice genotypes for salt tolerance by physiological and biochemical characters

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uttam Bhowmik ◽  
Mohammad Golam Kibria ◽  
Mohammad Saidur Rhaman ◽  
Yoshiyuki Murata ◽  
Md. Anamul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Proline Content ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Modern Cultivar ◽  
Biochemical Responses

Crop production is unexpectedly hampered by different abiotic stresses. Salinity is one of the leading stresses, which snappishly hampers plant developmental progression. Local rice landraces exhibit noticeable salt tolerance as well as high yield. However, research is scarce about the physio-biochemical responses of local landraces and modern cultivar under saline conditions. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to reveal the physio-biochemical responses of local landraces and modern cultivar under salinity stress. Five landraces (Jotai, Icheburogolghor, Morishal, Chapail, Kumro buro) and two modern cultivars (BR23 and BRRI dhan41) were subjected to 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mM NaCl treatment. The effects of salt stress on morphological parameters, proline contents, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were assessed. Salt stress reduces the morphological parameters of all tested cultivars. The Morishal and BRRI dhan41 exhibited higher growth of plant and physiological parameters than other cultivars under the highest salinity. The catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), exhibited a significant increase whereas peroxidase (POX) activity significantly declined in all the cultivars under salinity stress. Morishal and BRRI dhan41 showed the highest proline content under the maximum saline condition. These results suggest that the high tolerant landrace and modern cultivars were Morishal and BRRI dhan41 respectively. These results also suggest that Morishal and BRRI dhan41 exhibited high tolerance to salinity by enhancing proline content and antioxidant enzyme activities.

scholarly journals In this study, NaCl at varrious concentrations of 4 – 10 g/L was used to investigate the salt tolerance of in vitro shoot cuttings of Chrysanthemum indicum. Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes during the response of shoot cuttings in the

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Phuong Thi Bach Vu ◽  
Hong Thi Anh Pham ◽  
Phuong Ngo Diem Quach
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Chrysanthemum Indicum ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

In this study, NaCl at varrious concentrations of 4 – 10 g/L was used to investigate the salt tolerance of in vitro shoot cuttings of Chrysanthemum indicum. Morphological, physiological and biochemical changes during the response of shoot cuttings in the salinity stress were analyzed. NaCl at 6 g/L reduced the development of shoot cuttings. Under salinity stress conditions, there have just a little reduction of the chloroplast in parenchymal cells near the midrib of leaf before they turn brown and die. Besides, carotenoid, starch content, and photosynthesis intensity were decreased. In contrast, respiration rate, proline and total soluble sugar content, and the activity of IAA and gibberellin were strongly increased. The application of IAA 0.25 mg/L, zeatin 0.1 mg/L and GA3 0.1 mg/L improved the shoot development in the salinity stress condition. Shoots in MS medium supplemented with BA 0.2 mg/L, NAA 2 mg/L and NaCl 6 g/L grow better in salinity stress condition.

scholarly journals Unraveling Field Crops Sensitivity to Heat Stress：Mechanisms, Approaches, and Future Prospects

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
Minghua Wang ◽  
Liaqat Shah ◽  
Shaoqi Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Molecular Responses ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

The astonishing increase in temperature presents an alarming threat to crop production worldwide. As evident by huge yield decline in various crops, the escalating drastic impacts of heat stress (HS) are putting global food production as well as nutritional security at high risk. HS is a major abiotic stress that influences plant morphology, physiology, reproduction, and productivity worldwide. The physiological and molecular responses to HS are dynamic research areas, and molecular techniques are being adopted for producing heat tolerant crop plants. In this article, we reviewed recent findings, impacts, adoption, and tolerance at the cellular, organellar, and whole plant level and reported several approaches that are used to improve HS tolerance in crop plants. Omics approaches unravel various mechanisms underlying thermotolerance, which is imperative to understand the processes of molecular responses toward HS. Our review about physiological and molecular mechanisms may enlighten ways to develop thermo-tolerant cultivars and to produce crop plants that are agriculturally important in adverse climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Drought stress and its impact on plant mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (AAEBSSD) ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Anjali Tiwari ◽  
Shailaja Punetha ◽  
Kapil Kesarvani
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Mechanisms Of Adaptation ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Drought is one the most common adverse environmental problem is increasing as a result of increasing population of world and intensive use of natural resources. Drought stress has major constraints to agricultural productivity worldwide, particularly in warm, arid and semi-arid areas. It adversely affects plants Morphological, Physiological and Biochemical processes and prolonged drought stress limits plant growth and productivity. The effect of drought stress at a whole plant level results non-normal physiological process that impact one or a combination of biological and environmental factors. That is why this review paper is mainly focused on recent information about the influence of water stress on plants, as well as its mechanisms of adaptation. It is shown that plants have evolved physiological and biochemical adaptations to cope with water stress. Plant used molecular mechanism to increase tolerance against drought are discussed. The literature analysed in this review shows an understanding of how these systems are regulated and upgrade the effect of drought stress on plants mechanism. The provided information needed to improve plants tolerance against drought stress by using biotechnological tools.

scholarly journals Polyethylene glycol damages grafted citrus plants based on biometric, physiological,and biochemical responses

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽  
Andréa Dias Brandão ◽  
Rubens Duarte Coelho ◽  
Hilton Thadeu Zarate do Couto ◽  
Marcos Silveira Buckeridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Root Starch ◽  
Plant Level ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Abstract Drought tolerance is a major trait for the selection of citrus rootstocks in breeding programs. PEG 4000 solution at 110 g L-1 (osmotic potential of -376 kPa) was used to evaluate biometric, physiological, and biochemical responses of grafted citrus plants in pots. ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants grafted onto ‘Rangpur’ lime (drought tolerant) rootstock showed greater plant growth compared to that on ‘Swingle’ citrumelo (drought sensitive) rootstock, regardless of PEG-induced stress; however, biological responses to PEG were similar on both rootstocks. Plant dry weight, gas exchange, and leaf and root starch concentrations were reduced by PEG. Water potential at 2:00 p.m. and Fe and Mn leaf concentrations increased with severe phytotoxic symptoms. The results corroborate the limitation of PEG for assessing drought tolerance of citrus plants at the whole plant level.

scholarly journals Salinity Stress in Potato: Understanding Physiological, Biochemical and Molecular Responses

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Kumar Nishant Chourasia ◽  
Milan Kumar Lal ◽  
Rahul Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Devanshu Dev ◽  
Hemant Balasaheb Kardile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Membrane Damage ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Molecular Responses

Among abiotic stresses, salinity is a major global threat to agriculture, causing severe damage to crop production and productivity. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is regarded as a future food crop by FAO to ensure food security, which is severely affected by salinity. The growth of the potato plant is inhibited under salt stress due to osmotic stress-induced ion toxicity. Salinity-mediated osmotic stress leads to physiological changes in the plant, including nutrient imbalance, impairment in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane damage, and reduced photosynthetic activities. Several physiological and biochemical phenomena, such as the maintenance of plant water status, transpiration, respiration, water use efficiency, hormonal balance, leaf area, germination, and antioxidants production are adversely affected. The ROS under salinity stress leads to the increased plasma membrane permeability and extravasations of substances, which causes water imbalance and plasmolysis. However, potato plants cope with salinity mediated oxidative stress conditions by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. The osmoprotectants, such as proline, polyols (sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol, and maltitol), and quaternary ammonium compound (glycine betaine) are synthesized to overcome the adverse effect of salinity. The salinity response and tolerance include complex and multifaceted mechanisms that are controlled by multiple proteins and their interactions. This review aims to redraw the attention of researchers to explore the current physiological, biochemical and molecular responses and subsequently develop potential mitigation strategies against salt stress in potatoes.

scholarly journals Imaging Salt Uptake Dynamics in Plants Using PET

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Ariño-Estrada ◽  
Gregory S. Mitchell ◽  
Prasenjit Saha ◽  
Ahmad Arzani ◽  
Simon R. Cherry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Small Animal Pet ◽  
Transport Dynamics ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Over Time

AbstractSoil salinity is a global environmental challenge for crop production. Understanding the uptake and transport properties of salt in plants is crucial to evaluate their potential for growth in high salinity soils and as a basis for engineering varieties with increased salt tolerance. Positron emission tomography (PET), traditionally used in medical and animal imaging applications for assessing and quantifying the dynamic bio-distribution of molecular species, has the potential to provide useful measurements of salt transport dynamics in an intact plant. Here we report on the feasibility of studying the dynamic transport of 22Na in millet using PET. Twenty-four green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) plants, 12 of each of two different accessions, were incubated in a growth solution containing 22Na+ ions and imaged at 5 time points over a 2-week period using a high-resolution small animal PET scanner. The reconstructed PET images showed clear evidence of sodium transport throughout the whole plant over time. Quantitative region-of-interest analysis of the PET data confirmed a strong correlation between total 22Na activity in the plants and time. Our results showed consistent salt transport dynamics within plants of the same variety and important differences between the accessions. These differences were corroborated by independent measurement of Na+ content and expression of the NHX transcript, a gene implicated in sodium transport. Our results demonstrate that PET can be used to quantitatively evaluate the transport of sodium in plants over time and, potentially, to discern differing salt-tolerance properties between plant varieties. In this paper, we also address the practical radiation safety aspects of working with 22Na in the context of plant imaging and describe a robust pipeline for handling and incubating plants. We conclude that PET is a promising and practical candidate technology to complement more traditional salt analysis methods and provide insights into systems-level salt transport mechanisms in intact plants.

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