scholarly journals ​Ecotoxicology and Its Impact on Ecosystem: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Singh ◽  
Naresh Chandra ◽  
Madhu Swamy ◽  
Shashi Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
New Science ◽  
Human Interventions ◽  
Risk Assessment And Prevention ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Proper Disposal

Ecotoxicology is a relatively new science that helps to protect the existing ecosystem from toxic environmental pollutants. The scientists are working towards prediction, observation, monitoring, risk assessment and prevention from these toxicants and their harmful effects on population, community and ecosystem. It is a multidisciplinary field, which integrates toxicology, chemistry and ecology. Presently the human interventions and chemical production without proper disposal are one of the most responsible factors for presence of harmful pollutants in the biosphere. The toxic chemical may cause detrimental effects like change in behavior pattern of population, reduced growth, physiological and molecular changes and developmental changes ultimately may change the whole exposed ecosystem. Although, ecotoxicologists are facing a lot of problems to predict the effect of a chemical on an individual living population, they are doing a great job to protect our ecosystem.

scholarly journals Semen quality as a potential susceptibility indicator to SARS-CoV-2 insults in polluted areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Montano ◽  
Francesco Donato ◽  
Pietro Massimiliano Bianco ◽  
Gennaro Lettieri ◽  
Antonino Guglielmino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractThe epidemic of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has impacted worldwide with its infectious spread and mortality rate. Thousands of articles have been published to tackle this crisis and many of these have indicated that high air pollution levels may be a contributing factor to high outbreak rates of COVID-19. Atmospheric pollutants, indeed, producing oxidative stress, inflammation, immuno-unbalance, and systemic coagulation, may be a possible significant co-factor of further damage, rendering the body prone to infections by a variety of pathogens, including viruses. Spermatozoa are extremely responsive to prooxidative effects produced by environmental pollutants and may serve as a powerful alert that signals the extent that environmental pressure, in a specific area, is doing damage to humans. In order to improve our current knowledge on this topic, this review article summarizes the relevant current observations emphasizing the weight that environmental pollution has on the sensitivity of a given population to several diseases and how semen quality, may be a potential indicator of sensitivity for virus insults (including SARS-CoV-2) in high polluted areas, and help to predict the risk for harmful effects of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. In addition, this review focused on the potential routes of virus transmission that may represent a population health risk and also identified the areas of critical importance that require urgent research to assess and manage the COVID-19 outbreak.

scholarly journals Farmakologija protiepileptičnih zdravil v obdobju novorojenčka in dojenčka

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Esih ◽  
Petja Fister ◽  
Zvonka Rener-Primec
Keyword(s):  
Drug Response ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
Dosing Regimen ◽  
New Science ◽  
Developmental Characteristics

Te aim of this review article is to elucidate the profound effect of developmental characteristics of newborns and infants on the dosing regimen of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). AEDs have different mechanisms of action that can broadly be grouped in three categories. Te pharmacokinetics of AEDs are largely affected by developmental changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Te cytochrome P450 enzymes represent an important component of the drug metabolism and vary widely with the child’s development and genetics. In the light of this, an important path is paved by a new science–pharmacogenetics, the study of drug response in relation to specifc genes, which is becoming increasingly important in adjusting the drug dosage. Some recommendations regarding the genetic profle have already been approved but are not yet implemented into daily clinical practice. Considering both, the developmental changes and AED characteristics, an optimal dosage with minimal adverse effects may be achieved.

scholarly journals The analysis of complex influence of the adverse ecological/ professional factors on reproduction health of the women

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-46
Author(s):  
Vitaly F. Bezhenar ◽  
Evgeny F. Kira ◽  
Yuri V. Tsvelev ◽  
А. E. Antushevich ◽  
А. M. Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Radiation Accident ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Occupational Factors ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Complex Influence

As a result of the study and generalization of the results of a comprehensive examination of 3339 women, the main mechanisms of occurrence, clinical manifestations and dynamics of reproductive health disorders in women under the combined influence of unfavorable environmental and occupational factors (radiation accident, toxic chemical production) were established and the main directions for their diagnosis, treatment and prevention were substantiated.

scholarly journals Complexity in Manufacturing: Some Lessons to Learn in Planning and Implementation

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
G. Sunderraman
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Complex Adaptive System ◽  
Random Perturbations ◽  
New Science ◽  
Human Interventions ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
Learning Heuristics

This paper by Sunderraman explains the need to complement the reductionism of planning' with the holism of ‘learning’ from the perspective of the new science of complexity. The interconnectedness, nonlinearity, discontinuity, feed back loops and human interventions make manufacturing a complex adaptive system. Inherent complexity and random perturbations cause unpredictable fluctuations in manufacturing at all levels. The learning heuristics of adaptive system can effectively tackle situations in manufacturing where the underlying cause structure is unknowable or difficult to isolate. The basic understanding of the tenets of chaos and complexity helps respond to manufacturing reality. The appreciation of real-time learning as a useful complement to planning will bridge the growing divide between implementors and planners in manufacturing.

The Niagara Labyrinth — The Human Ecology of Producing Organochlorine Chemicals

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 1681-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Chemical ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Niagara River ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
St Lawrence River

Organochlorine chemical production, by United States chemical manufacturers, has resulted in severe contamination of the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River and of Canadian resources by transboundary pollution. In 1978, Canada and the United States signed the second Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement which was designed to overcome toxic chemical as well as eutrophication problems. This paper is a review of the effectiveness of the implementation of the provisions of the 1978 Agreement concerning toxic chemicals. To aid with organization of the material the sociological framework of human ecology has been employed. To focus the discussion on the more important facets, the critical pathway analysis methodology, developed for radiation protection, has been used.

scholarly journals Silvopastoral Systems Contribute to Water Buffalo Welfare and Normal Behavior Pattern Under Eastern Amazon Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Núbia De Fátima Alves Dos Santos ◽  
Jamile Andréa Rodrigues Da Silva ◽  
Airton Alencar De Araújo ◽  
Rinaldo Batista Viana ◽  
Alexandre Rossetto Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Silvopastoral System ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Relative Air Humidity ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Intense Solar Radiation ◽  
Harmful Effects

This research aimed to study the behavior of female Murrah buffaloes in a silvopastoral system. The trial was carried out at Embrapa Eastern Amazon, under Afi climate according to the Köppen classification, between August and November 2009, during the less rainy season. Three different periods of the day were considered during activity evaluation: morning period – between 6:00 AM and 9:55 AM; intermediary period – between 10:00 AM and 1:55 PM; and afternoon period – between 2:00 PM and 5:55 PM. The animals were maintained in a silvopastoral system (SPS) (ST; n=10) with shade from Racosperma mangium. The meteorological variables of temperature and relative air humidity were measured, as well as the following animal behavior variables: time grazing, ruminating and idling, time standing and lying, and time in shaded and non-shaded areas. These variables were compared by T test (P<0.05). Air temperatures were higher in the non-shaded area of the SPS. All activities were reduced in the intermediary period, except idling. The grazing and rumination times in the morning were longer in non-shaded areas, while the time idling standing was longer during the intermediary period in shaded areas as a way of avoiding the harmful effects of the intense solar radiation and high air temperatures of the Amazonian humid climate. Hence, SPSs may contribute to animal welfare and increase their productive behavior.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pharmaceutical Waste Disposal in Community Pharmacies of Karachi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Amna Khan ◽  
◽  
Nazish Jaffar ◽  
Sadaf Razzak ◽  
Faizan Zeesahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pharmaceutical Waste ◽  
Semi Solid ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Proper Disposal ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of community pharmacies about recommended methods of drug disposal and hazardous effects of improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste and to determine the attitude as well as practice of community pharmacies about the proper disposal of pharmaceutical waste. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed with 139 community pharmacies in Karachi, Pakistan by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Predesigned structured questionnaire was distributed to different community pharmacies in Karachi and filled questionnaires were collected after one day. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22.0 Results: About 65 (46.8%) of the participants reported to have a system for regularly removing the expired or unused drugs by returning them to contractors/distributors. More than half 86 (61.9%) of the participants disposed of solid, liquid, semi-solid, controlled, and p-listed drugs in the rubbish bin. Approximately half of the participants believed that standard method for disposal of solid, liquid, semi-solid, controlled, and p-listed drugs is by flushing them down the toilet/sink. Conclusion: Our study showed that knowledge and practices of community pharmacies regarding disposal of unused and expired medicines were not satisfactory. However, most of the participants were well aware of the harmful effects caused by improper disposal of pharmaceutical waste on environment and showed positive attitude towards learning safe methods of management and disposal of unused and expired drugs.

scholarly journals Effect of crocin on PKHD1 and KLLN genes expression in kidney tissue of female rats treated with cadmium

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Akram Mohamdyari ◽  
Keshtmand Zahra ◽  
Nastaran Asghari Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apoptotic Pathway ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Harmful Effects

According to data from studies, antioxidant herbal compounds are, likely to have a useful role in reducing the harmful effects of environmental pollutants and toxic chemicals that most people are exposed to. Cadmium is one of the toxic elements that accumulate in many organs, especially in kidneys. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crocin on the expression of PKHD1 and KLLN genes in cadmium-treated rats. In this experimental study, 40 adults male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were randomly divided into the following groups: control group received normal saline, cadmium group (15mg/kg), crocin group (20mg/kg) and cadmium group daily fed with crocin at a dose of 20 mg/kg. After eight weeks of treatment, rats were dissected, and kidney tissues were removed for evaluation of PKHD1 and KLLN gene expression by real time method. The data were analyzed using oneway ANOVA and significant difference between groups was P<0.05. Our results showed an increase in PKHD1 gene expression and a decrease in KLLN gene expression in kidney tissue in the cadmium group compared to the control group (P <0.001). Also, a significant decrease in PKHD1 gene expression (P <0.001) and an increase in KLLN gene expression P <0.05) were observed in the tissues of all cadmium-treated rats compared to cadmium. Crocin consumption can have a protective effect against the impaired expression of PKHD1 and KLLN cadmium-induced apoptotic pathway.

scholarly journals Awareness towards Disposal of Unused Medication in District Shaheed Benazirabad Sindh

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Ghulam Abbas Kaloi ◽  
Imran Suheryani ◽  
Muhammad Ali Ghoto ◽  
Ubed-ur-Rehman Mughal ◽  
Razia Sultana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Proper Disposal

Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine level of awareness about proper disposal of unused medicine. It is a growing problem. People directly dispose unused medicines into waste or flush into sink. Finally, these improperly disposed medicines mix with wastewater leach out into sea water, ground water, drinking water and effect human and other forms of life and develop microbial resistance and accidental poising and various societal repercussion. Confusion exists in people about proper disposal of unused medicine. Despite of already available guidelines people very rarely follow proper disposal methods. Particularly in developing countries situation is very alarming. It is well established fact that knowledge and level of awareness play pivotal role for practice of proper disposal methods. Study Design: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study was conducted in Nawab Shah and its vicinities: Sakrand, Kaziahamed, Bachalpur, during September 2019 to May 2020. The number of participants were included in the study according Slovin's Formula. The simple random sampling method was used to select participants. The level of awareness about proper disposal of unused medicine of 400 participants was assessed through a well-designed questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to the participants at their homes with the help of volunteers. The descriptive statistics were analyzed through latest version of MS excel 2016. Results: Out of 400, 320 (80%) of the participants admitted have no knowledge for proper disposal of unused medicines. 185 (46.25%) of the participants viewed throwing unused medicines into waste was correct. Whereas 176 (44%) of the participants believed improperly thrown medicines has no effect on environment. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about proper disposal of unused medicine was found very low in study participants. It is suggested government should incorporate guidelines about the harmful effects of improper disposal of unused medicines in curriculum at primary level of education.

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document