scholarly journals Modern gender policy in Russia and China

POPULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Marina Berikova ◽  
Garold Latinov

The problems of building and realizing the self-identity of men and women through the practice of gender awareness education are relevant to all countries and cultures to varying degrees. The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of gender policy in Russia and China at the present stage in two aspects: education in the field of equality of rights and opportunities of men and women; correction of gender stereotypes and biases. The specificity of the approach to solving gender problems correlates with the national-cultural, political, religious, and ethical characteristics of the Russian and Chinese peoples. In Russia, as in China, the norms and principles of interaction between men and women, as well as the equality of their rights and opportunities in social life, are formally recognized by society and legalized, that contributes to spread of egalitarian views and attitudes. However, the declarative nature of this recognition often manifests itself in the lives of citizens of both States. Nevertheless, the traditional gender stereotypes are being overcome in Russian and Chinese society (in each in its own way), the authorities are trying to expand the legislative framework on gender equality of men and women, attract administrative resources to improve the level of gender culture of the population, as well as develop and implement programs designed for women. The strategic direction of gender policy and gender awareness education remains the development of a systematic approach to the presence of a gender component in the understanding of social processes, to the integration of the achievements of both sexes in the organization of society.

Inner Asia ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
M. L. Butovskaya ◽  
E. B. Guchinova

AbstractKalmyk social life has been transformed over the 20th century, and this article documents changes specifically in the sexual division of labour and gender relations. Previous social norms (which differed from widely-held suppositions aboutmale dominance in all spheres of life)were drastically altered by the Soviet regime, changing work patterns and living conditions for both sexes. The article focuses mainly on Post-Socialist transformations, which are discussed through analysis of field-data concerning Kalmyk children. It was found that there are significant differences between the play activities of boys and girls, the gender norms they uphold, and the actual patterns of relations between men and women found among adults. The gender norms children uphold in speech are stereotyped and more ‘conservative’ than either their own behaviour or that of their parents. Nevertheless, observation of boys and girls at play showed definite differences in aggressiveness and responsiveness, the types of games preferred, and patterns of inter-relations among / between the sexes, and the article concludes that human behavioural universals may be evident here.


2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis E. Phills ◽  
Amanda Williams ◽  
Jennifer M. Wolff ◽  
Ashley Smith ◽  
Rachel Arnold ◽  
...  

Two studies examined the relationship between explicit stereotyping and prejudice by investigating how stereotyping of minority men and women may be differentially related to prejudice. Based on research and theory related to the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008), we hypothesized that stereotyping of minority men would be more strongly related to prejudice than stereotyping of minority women. Supporting our hypothesis, in both the United Kingdom (Study 1) and the United States (Study 2), when stereotyping of Black men and women were entered into the same regression model, only stereotyping of Black men predicted prejudice. Results were inconsistent in regard to South Asians and East Asians. Results are discussed in terms of the intersectional invisibility hypothesis (Purdie-Vaughns & Eibach, 2008) and the gendered nature of the relationship between stereotyping and attitudes.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Misbah Zulfa Elizabeth

<p>Visual expression is something un-denayable in social life because the viasuality is the expression of the social life. This article has the purpose to explore how visual expression of women resistance toward gender inequality. Applying qualitative research with the method of documentation study this article in detail analyses the interpretation of religious text as the source of inequality and gender reality in social context. It is revealed that visual expression of the poster suggesting to treat men and women respectfully is the resistance toward religious text interpretation which is inequally treat men and women.</p>


Author(s):  
Rachel Schmidt

Abstract The growing literature on desertion from insurgent groups focuses almost exclusively on male deserters, with few comparisons to combatants who choose to stay and little consideration of women combatants or the gendered norms and narratives that restrict combatants’ options. As governments increasingly emphasize “counter-narratives” to prevent radicalization and encourage disengagement from non-state armed groups, there is insufficient empirical evidence on how such framing contests between governments and insurgents might affect how recruits calculate their options. With “deradicalization” programs proliferating globally, and disarmament, disengagement, and reintegration (DDR) programs continuing to perpetuate gender stereotypes, it is critical to examine why some men and women disengage from violence while others stay, how they evaluate these decisions, and how gendered norms affect these decisions. Based on over 100 interviews with men and women ex-combatants across seven departments of Colombia, this article examines the effects of framing contests between the FARC guerrillas and the Colombian government, in which gender norms and gendered power dynamics play key roles. This paper argues that these gendered framing contests are critical to individual combatants’ disengagement decisions and, in particular, influence how women combatants perceive their alternatives and manage their exit pathways out of non-state armed groups. Las crecientes publicaciones sobre la deserción de combatientes de los grupos rebeldes se centran casi exclusivamente en los desertores hombres, con pocas comparaciones con los combatientes que deciden quedarse y poca consideración de las combatientes mujeres o la influencia del género en las normas y la narrativa que restringen las opciones de los combatientes. A medida que los gobiernos hacen cada vez más hincapié en las “contranarrativas” para evitar la radicalización y fomentar la desmovilización de los grupos armados no estatales, no hay pruebas empíricas suficientes sobre cómo dichas disputas de estructuración entre los gobiernos y los rebeldes podrían afectar la manera en que los reclutas determinan sus opciones. Con la proliferación de programas de “desradicalización” en todo el mundo, y dado que las iniciativas de desarme, desmovilización y reintegración (Disarmament, Disengagement, and Reintegration, DDR) siguen perpetuando los estereotipos de género, es fundamental analizar por qué algunos hombres y mujeres se desvinculan de la violencia mientras que otros no, cómo evalúan estas decisiones y de qué manera las normas en función del género influyen en estas determinaciones. A partir de más de 100 entrevistas a hombres y mujeres excombatientes en siete departamentos de Colombia, este artículo analiza los efectos de las disputas de estructuración entre la guerrilla de las FARC y el gobierno colombiano, donde las normas y las dinámicas del poder en función del género juegan un papel clave. En este documento, se sostiene que dichas disputas de estructuración influenciadas por el género son fundamentales para las decisiones de desmovilización de los combatientes y, en especial, influyen en la manera en que las combatientes mujeres perciben sus alternativas y gestionan sus vías de escape de los grupos armados no estatales. La littérature croissante portant sur la désertion des groupes d'insurgés se concentre presque exclusivement sur les hommes déserteurs, avec peu de comparaisons avec les combattants qui choisissent de rester et peu de considération pour les femmes combattantes ou les normes et récits sexospécifiques qui limitent le panel de combattants abordés. Alors que les gouvernements mettent de plus en plus l'accent sur les « contre-récits » pour prévenir la radicalisation et encourager le désengagement des groupes armés non étatiques, les preuves empiriques de la mesure dans laquelle un tel cadrage des conflits entre gouvernements et insurgés pourrait affecter la façon dont les recrues calculent leurs options sont insuffisantes. Tandis que les programmes de « déradicalisation » prolifèrent dans le monde entier et que les programmes de désarmement, de désengagement et de réintégration continuent à perpétuer les stéréotypes de genre, il est essentiel d’étudier les raisons pour lesquelles certains hommes et certaines femmes se désengagent de la violence contrairement à d'autres, les facteurs que ces personnes prennent en compte dans leur décision, et la manière dont les normes sexospécifiques affectent ces décisions. Cet article s'appuie sur plus de 100 entretiens avec des hommes et femmes ayant précédemment combattu dans sept départements de Colombie pour analyser les effets du cadrage des conflits entre les insurgés des FARC et le gouvernement colombien, dans lesquels les normes de genre et les dynamiques de pouvoir liées au genre jouent des rôles clés. Il soutient que ce cadrage sexospécifique des conflits est essentiel aux décisions de désengagement des combattants individuels, en particulier pour influencer la manière dont les combattantes perçoivent leurs alternatives et gèrent leurs voies de sortie des groupes armés non-étatiques.


Author(s):  
Chiara Santoro ◽  
Mª Carmen Monreal Gimeno

Abstract.GENDER MODELS IN THE SPANISH UNIVERSITY STUDENT: A FOCUS ON SELF-SERVICE AND GENDER RELATIONS.This paper presents the results concerning the resistance of normative gender models of masculinity and femininity in the self-perception and gender relations of Spanish students, as one of the specific objectives of the research “gender models among university students from an intercultural perspective”. This research, which is part of the IRSES Gendercit European project, has the general objective of study from an intercultural perspective current gender models in Argentinian, Italian and Spanish university students. This research is carried out from an approach that understands gender from a relational perspective and uses gender models as indicators of the resistance of a patriarchal culture that hinders the achievement of substantial equality between men and women that the law 3/2007, of 22 March, promotes in Spain. Furthermore, the questionnaire on gender models, used in this research, and the results related to self-perception and gender relations in the Spanish sample, composed of 198 undergraduate students, are presented. In the conclusions, we show how the differential resistance of gender models in men and women in self-perception, may be related to gender relations’ modalities and forms and to the causes of their main differences. The analysis of these elements allows us to deepen the understanding of the resistances and dynamics of the sex-gender system in an educational context, such as the university, so important for the construction of a more egalitarian society.Key words: gender equality, university students, self identity, gender relations.Resumen.En esta ponencia se presentan los resultados relativos a la resistencia de los modelos de género normativos de masculinidad y feminidad en la autopercepción y las relaciones de género de los/las estudiantes españoles/as, como uno de los objetivos específicos de la investigación “Los modelos de género entre el alumnado universitario desde una perspectiva intercultural”. Esta investigación, que es parte del proyecto europeo IRSES Gendercit, tiene como objetivo general el estudio desde una perspectiva intercultural de los actuales modelos de género en las y los estudiantes universitarios/as de Italia, España y Argentina. La misma se desarrolla a partir de un enfoque que entiende el género desde una perspectiva relacional y utiliza a los modelos de género como medidores de la resistencia de una cultura patriarcal que dificulta el conseguimiento de la igualdad sustancial entre hombres y mujeres, que en el contexto español promueve la ley 3/2007, de 22 de Marzo. A continuación, se presenta el cuestionario sobre modelos de género, utilizado en esta investigación, y los resultados relativos a la autopercepción y a la percepción de los demás en la muestra española, compuesta por 198 estudiantes de grado. En las conclusiones, se evidencia como la resistencia diferencial de los modelos de género en hombres y mujeres en la autopercepción de si, puede estar relacionadas con las modalidades y las formas que adquieren las relaciones de género entre los sexos y las causas de sus principales diferencias por sexo. El análisis de estos elementos nos permite así profundizar en la comprensión de las resistencias y de las dinámicas del sistema sexo-género en un contexto educativo, como el universitario, tan importante para la construcción de una sociedad igualitaria.Palabras clave: igualdad de género, estudiantes universitarios, identidad, relaciones de género


Author(s):  
P. Tkach ◽  
◽  
Kh. Boichuk ◽  

The article analyzes the implementation of the author's mentoring project by Khrystyna Boychuk #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ within the strategic communications of National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine. The project aims to maintain the image of the National Guard of Ukraine by building leadership potential and gender awareness among young men and women who plan to link their future with service in the security and defense sector of Ukraine. The aim of the study was to identify the features of the development of leadership potential and gender awareness in the process of implementing a mentoring set. The #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ project is a mentoring platform designed to educate modern leaders. The project aims to develop leadership potential in students, including students with enhanced military and physical training, by providing them with basic tools to combat gender and other types of discrimination and skills that will help in the future to adequately respond to social challenges related to gender stereotypes. The first implementation of the project #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ was carried out on the basis of National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine, where a training program was conducted based on the main module on gender equality and 2 training modules - legal and leadership, which previously integrated the principles of gender equality. The aim was to demonstrate the possibilities of non-formal education with an integrated aspect of gender equality, as well as inclusiveness and tolerance. The second implementation of the #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ project envisaged an increase in the target audience and took place on the basis of educational institutions with enhanced military and physical training in Kharkiv in five stages: acquaintance with the program, gender aspects of military service, legal course, leadership course and public speaking course. The results of these courses were evaluated using a survey conducted at the beginning of the training modules and after their completion. These surveys showed how much the participants' knowledge of gender issues has increased. An important result of the training modules, as the survey showed, was that the project drew students' attention to the importance of developing leadership potential and the ability to consciously approach the formulation of goals and make choices for future self-realization. As the information support of the project is an important component of the strategic communications of the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine, information about the implementation of the #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ project was disseminated on various Internet resources. The approbation of the project #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ as a direction of the strategic communications of National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine showed the relevance of the topic and the interest of the target audience. The mentoring project resulted in the development of participants' leadership potential, raising awareness of gender issues, overcoming gender stereotypes and establishing harmonious communication between girls and boys, based on respect, non-discrimination, equality and mutual understanding.


1998 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Charlotte Methuen

The broader theme of gender and Christian religion presupposes three definitions: of Christianity, of religion, and of gender. Probably none of these is as simple as it might first appear, but that of gender is perhaps the most critical for our theme. Although there are still some who would use the terms ‘gender’ and ‘sex’ interchangeably, there is a growing tendency to recognize an important distinction between gender – that is, femininity and masculinity, regarded as largely socially constructed – and sex, the biological distinction between male and female human beings. Gender is best considered as born out of interactions between men and women. This means that the gender roles which make up what we experience as masculinity and femininity cannot be defined by looking only at men or at women, although ideas about both can be gained from looking at one group or the other. That is why gender history is different from women’s history, and that is why both women’s history and gender history are essential enterprises. We need women’s history because we need to know where women were as well as where they were not.


2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-159
Author(s):  
Tatyana N. Shmeleva

The article deals with the peculiarities of gender stereotypes in Kate Chopin’s work «Elizabeth Stock’s One Story». The Feminist criticism statements aiming at the revealing of femininity manifestation in a text are analysed. Characteristic features marking «female writing» are given, among them besides specific woman’s life experience, gender identity and ecstatic communication with the world, peculiar «two voice» discourse is also distinguished (it traces its roots back to the Mikhail Bakhtin’s ideas about «someone else’s» word through the French poststructuralists). «Elizabeth Stock’s One Story» is the only example of Chopin’s reference to the problem of women’s creativity. The assessing voice of the society intensifying clichés of the woman’s «natural role» can be detected in heroine’s ironical presentation of her own literary experience. The heroine is interested in literature and it’s not only an art for her but also a means of self-expression and a way to self-identity. Despite of the intimacy of Elizabeth’s story her narration is filled with the description of public morality and details which join it into the social life of the whole country. In Chopin’s short story the heroine’s claim of identity being through traditionally men’s forms of self-identification is truly significant.


2021 ◽  
pp. 319-328
Author(s):  
Bettina Pfleiderer ◽  
Paulina Juszczyk

Rigid gender roles and gender stereotypes can limit both women's and men's choices, opportunities and access to power and resources. While both sexes suffer from domestic violence, women are more likely to experience repeated and severe forms of abuse, including sexual violence. However, the concept of gender goes beyond numbers, and it is an important human factor that is not integrated sufficiently in existing training, risk assessment tools and procedures. Understanding the gendered nature of domestic violence, but nevertheless taking into account that both men and women can suffer from violence, or be perpetrators, enables front-line responders to develop services that are sensitive to the different needs of individuals affected by domestic violence (DV). This chapter introduces the principles of innovative gender-sensitive training and education for various front-line responder groups. This chapter explains the reasons for it and how the gender norms and perceptions identified in the IMPRODOVA research, which may have a negative impact on front-line responders' responses to DV, were addressed in all IMPRODOVA instruments and guidelines in teaching formats.


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