Socio–cultural Factors Influencing Women to be more vulnerable in Natural Disasters: A Qualitative Review on Tamil Nadu state

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. H.S. Jayarathne ◽  
V. Suresh Babu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Environmental Disasters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tamil Nadu State

South Asia is one of the most vulnerable areas of an increasingly disaster-impacted world, with floods, droughts cyclones and earthquakes causing several casualties and disrupting lives and livelihoods every year. India is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters (Gokhale, 2008). The country has faced a number of natural disasters in the last decade which have claimed hundreds thousands of precious lives and heavy economic losses. It has been observed that more than half of the victims in the past disasters were women. Yet the impacts of disasters are not equally distributed across the peoples of the region. Women and men experience disaster differently, and their needs in the aftermath of disaster are often differ. Women are especially hard-hit by the social impacts of environmental disasters. Existing inequalities are the root cause for women’s disaster vulnerability. Global forces and social changes placing more people at greater risk of disaster also disproportionately impact women specially in Indian context. Highly vulnerable women have specific needs and interests before, during, and after disasters. Women’s socialposition in the society makes them more vulnerable to natural hazards, they are not helpless victims. Women are particularly vulnerable because they have fewer resources in their own right. They have no place in decision - making systems and they suffer traditional, routine and gratuitous gender-biased oppression. By virtue of their lower economic and social status, women tend to be more vulnerable to disasters.

scholarly journals Taiwan Vulnerability Analysis: A Comparative Study with Japan, China, U.S.A., U.K., France, and the Netherlands

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Shou Su
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

<p>Taiwan has performed well economically during the past four decades. However, economic development can be profoundly hampered by natural disasters. Sustainable economic development requires environmental resilience. With 23 million people occupying only 13,974 square miles of land, Taiwan is both densely populated and highly exposed to natural disasters: 73.1% of the total population lives in vulnerable areas, and Taiwan is ranked as the country most exposed to multiple hazards (The World Bank, 2005). Storms and floods damage Taiwan frequently, with an average of six typhoons hitting Taiwan annually for the past four decades. Taiwan had the highest occurrence and highest death toll on the natural disaster density indicator (NDDI) in comparison with China, Japan, U.S.A, U.K., France, and the Netherlands from 1985 to 2014. Also, Taiwan’s economic losses during the past thirty years are estimated at $650, 000 per km². This is approximately 5 times that of the Netherlands’ $134,362 and the U.K.’s $135,292, 8 times that of the U.S.A.’s $78,186 losses, and 9 times that of France’s $70,599. Research finds that every dollar invested into disaster preparedness would save $4 to $7 dollars in post-disaster damages (Multihazard Mitigation Council, 2005; The National Academy of Sciences, 2012). Hence, promoting urban resilience policies for disaster risk reduction should become a priority in Taiwan and other Asian nations in the future. Most important is the need of a strong political commitment and leadership to initiate and implement spatial policies toward resilience.</p>

Single Image Façade Segmentation and Computational Rephotography of House Images Using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Dilawar Ali ◽  
Steven Verstockt ◽  
Nico Van De Weghe
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Single Image ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Over Time

Rephotography is the process of recapturing the photograph of a location from the same perspective in which it was captured earlier. A rephotographed image is the best presentation to visualize and study the social changes of a location over time. Traditionally, only expert artists and photographers are capable of generating the rephotograph of any specific location. Manual editing or human eye judgment that is considered for generating rephotographs normally requires a lot of precision, effort and is not always accurate. In the era of computer science and deep learning, computer vision techniques make it easier and faster to perform precise operations to an image. Until now many research methodologies have been proposed for rephotography but none of them is fully automatic. Some of these techniques require manual input by the user or need multiple images of the same location with 3D point cloud data while others are only suggestions to the user to perform rephotography. In historical records/archives most of the time we can find only one 2D image of a certain location. Computational rephotography is a challenge in the case of using only one image of a location captured at different timestamps because it is difficult to find the accurate perspective of a single 2D historical image. Moreover, in the case of building rephotography, it is required to maintain the alignments and regular shape. The features of a building may change over time and in most of the cases, it is not possible to use a features detection algorithm to detect the key features. In this research paper, we propose a methodology to rephotograph house images by combining deep learning and traditional computer vision techniques. The purpose of this research is to rephotograph an image of the past based on a single image. This research will be helpful not only for computer scientists but also for history and cultural heritage research scholars to study the social changes of a location during a specific time period, and it will allow users to go back in time to see how a specific place looked in the past. We have achieved good, fully automatic rephotographed results based on façade segmentation using only a single image.

Schizophrenia—A Hundred Years Ago and Today

1961 ◽  
Vol 107 (450) ◽  
pp. 819-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin S. Klaf ◽  
John G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Important Condition ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Search For Information

Have there been changes in the clinical picture of schizophrenic illness over the past hundred years? Or, to put the question more precisely, are the schizophrenic patients of the 1950s any different phenomenologically from their counterparts in the 1850s?Recent studies (4, 5, 9, 14, 20) have aimed at determining the presence or absence of an increased incidence of psychosis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Opinion is evenly divided as to whether the social changes of the twentieth century have significantly altered the epidemiology of psychotic illness. In spite of an increasing preoccupation with social psychiatry (13), the psychiatric literature is silent on the vital question “Have the changes of the past hundred years altered the clinical picture of schizophrenic illness itself?”The present study, comparing a selected group of schizophrenics of both sexes from the 1850s and 1950s, begins the search for information on the change or lack of change in this important condition over the past hundred years.

scholarly journals Orthodoxy and the myriad of challenges posed in the socio-economic sphere of Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
His Grace Athanasios Akunda (RIP)
Keyword(s):  
Generation Gap ◽  
African Culture ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Unit ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Ground ◽  
Cultural Erosion

The above title does not only pause a challenge to us but also displays before us the celebration of our achievements in Africa which are worthy of celebration. In this paper therefore I will address the problems of Africa on social and economic ground in relation to culture. I addressed this issue before and have discussed it at length with my brother-in-Christ father Evangelos who is an ethicist. The social and economic problems are not entities in themselves but they each have a root cause and unless we address the roots we may not find any positive or lasting solutions. The root problem faced by many is a sense of cultural erosion which has led to lack of self-identity and thus resulted in many of the visible problems we are experiencing and we are desperately trying to find solutions to them. This problem may be self-inflicted as some of us may think but it is largely blamed on Religious missions in Africa from the past centuries to now, and also on the colonial powers who imposed themselves on Africa. The positive and negative effects of the two have left a great impact on an African way of thinking and acting. We have become aliens in our own African land, whether we are Black, Arab, White or Indian or whatever race of African. As each day dawns we are faced with the consequences of the past mistakes and even in trying to find solutions we repeat the same mistakes on an ongoing basis. I will discuss my reflection on several of these bases; 1) dialogue with African culture a) identity crisis, b) Cultural erosion c) Cultural disintegration d) family unit and social unit break ups and confusion, e.) Generation gap f.) Economic gap g.) Religious bias and mission misrepresentation h) indigenous languages, species i) Colonial Stigma j) Economic imbalance and trade unfairness.

scholarly journals Vulnerability, resilience, hazard, risk, damage, and loss: a socio-ecological framework for natural disaster analysis

Web Ecology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Modica ◽  
Roberto Zoboli
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Natural Catastrophes ◽  
Hazard Risk ◽  
The Social

Abstract. Evaluating socio-economic losses due to natural disasters is a challenging task because of the combined complexity of the social and ecological systems affected. However, also under pressure from the expected effects of climate change, evaluating the socio-economic costs of natural catastrophes has become a vital need for policy makers, urban planners, and private agents (such as insurance companies and banks). This paper suggests a general framework encompassing all the important concepts which should be taken into account by the above agents in the assessment of natural disasters. In particular, we propose a simple and consistent set of relationships among vulnerability, resilience, hazard, risk, damage, and loss which can guide socio-economic assessment.

scholarly journals ‘That Used to be a Famous Village’: Shedding the past in rural north India

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER PHILLIMORE
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
North India ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Entity ◽  
The World ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper examines the changing reputation of one village in Himachal Pradesh, India, looking back over 30 years. This village has long had a singular identity and local notoriety for its association with jadu (‘witchcraft’). I argue that in this village today the idea of ‘witchcraft’ as a potent malignant force is losing its old persuasiveness, and with this change the village is also shedding its unwanted reputation. Against claims for ‘the modernity of witchcraft’ in various parts of the world, I argue that, in this case at least, witchcraft is construed as distinctly unmodern. The capacity of jadu to cause fear and, equally, its value as an explanatory idiom are, I suggest, being overwhelmed by social changes, the cumulative effect of which has been to reduce the previous insularity of this village and greatly widen the social networks of its members. I pose two main questions. Why should this village have held such a particular reputation? And why should it now be on the wane? Linked to the second question is the relationship between this decline and local understandings of ‘modernity’. In developing my argument around the specificity of an unusual village, I also consider the significance of ‘the village’ as both social entity and, formerly, one cornerstone of the anthropological project. Finally, I reflect on the methodological opportunities of long-term familiarity with a setting, exemplified in the iterative nature of learning ethnographically, as the children known initially in early fieldwork become the adult conversationalists of today, partners in interpreting their own village's past. In exploring their explanations for the decline in the salience of jadu, the pivotal impact of education and the pressures of ‘time’ created by the ‘speed’ of modernity are both salient.

scholarly journals Obrazy w działaniu. Strategie interwencyjne współczesnych badań wizualnych

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-187
Author(s):  
Maciej Frąckowiak
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Cultural Representation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Degree Of Participation ◽  
And Control

The topic of this article is the reconstruction of the scope of the contemporary use of visual investigative methods. It begins with a discussion of the social changes and changes of social theory which have led to a substantial redefinition of the form of video and visual techniques for intervention activities applied by the social sciences. Such activities are based on a greater degree of participation of those who will make use of them than was usual in the past, the technology of the creation and distribution of images is much more widespread, and also there has been an important change in the definition of technical images for the use of the social sciences — these all allow their contemporary utilisation, and are described by the author in the form of five models of strategy: advocacy, cultural representation, the animation of local communities, education in visual competence and control of values and safety. In the second part of the article they are presented using selected and representative examples.

scholarly journals Cultural Identity and Social Interaction of Indigenous Peoples in the Middle of Modernization (Case Study of Indigenous Peoples of Kasepuhan Banten Kidul)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Abdul Malik
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Strong Ties ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indigenous Institutions ◽  
The Social

<p>The indigenous community of Kasepuhan Banten Kidul is society entity that still maintains the past Sundanese traditions strictly, but is quite open and adaptive to the development of the age. The condition is reflected in their accommodative attitude towards all social changes that occur due to modernization. However, this condition does not make them lose their cultural identity as kasepuhan community. In the social interaction, the cultural identity is always inherent in them, both in the way of acting or reacting, and symbolized through the clothes and accessories worn. This condition can not be separated from the existence of indigenous institutions that have central role in upholding indigenous rules, so that all members of kasepuhan community have so strong ties to their cultural identity. Therefore, although in always changing social situation, they are able to adapt and even adopt the changes by not losing their cultural identity.</p>

scholarly journals „Minél magasabbra!” Az Alpok megmászása a XIX. századtól napjainkig [Recenzió P. Clastres, D. Debons, J-F. Pitteloud, & G. Quin (szerk.) Gravir les Alpes du XIXe siècle à nos jours. Pratiques, émotions, imaginaires. című könyvéről]

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Eszter Anna Nyúl ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
High Mountains ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Alpine Landscape

The recently published book of studies aims to tell the story of the mountaineers of the past, showing their relationship with the Alpine landscape through their writings, drawings and photographs. It takes us from the early expeditions to the speed climbers of the present day, while answering many questions: among others what attracted the lovers of rocks, what did they hope for and fear on their journeys through the high mountains. The book is multidisciplinary, the authors are mostly historians and archivists, but there are also sociologists, geographers, economists, ethnologists and philosophers of art among them. The history of mountaineering shows the impact of alpinism on the development of the lagging regions, the relationship between town and country, the imprint of social changes, as well as the explanation of the orientation towards new, untrodden paths and unknown landscapes. Given the above, alpine tourism developments should not only consider climate change, but also the social and psychological processes that attract people to the mountains.

Transience, Residential Persistence, and Mobility in Moscow and St. Petersburg, 1900-1914

Slavic Review ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Bater
Keyword(s):  
Social Geography ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Urban Population Growth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

A sizable literature on the temporal and spatial dimensions of urbanization in Russia has appeared during the past decade, and it is probably fair to say that we now have a reasonable understanding of the process in general terms. What is needed is much closer scrutiny of the impact of the gathering of people into towns. Urbanization inevitably brought change to social organizations, institutions, behavior patterns, and perceptions; in short, to the social geography of the city. But prerequisite to understanding how quickly and with what consequences such social changes took place is an understanding of the dynamics of urban population growth itself.

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