scholarly journals Can Manipulation of Soil Microbiota Enhance, Stabilize and Sustain Cannabinoid Production?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulbul Ahmed ◽  
Mohamed Hijri
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Soil Microbiota ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Pot Size

Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated crops in the history for food, fiber and drugs for thousands of years. Extension of cannabis genetic variation developed in a wide- ranging choice of varieties with various complementary phenotypes and secondary metabolites. Cannabis grow practices is very diverse, especially indoor cultivation factors, such as different lighting conditions, pot size, humidity, fertilizers. These growth factors influence a lot on the production of cannabinoids. For medical or pharmaceutical purposes, ratio of CBD or THC is very important. Plants traits and metabolic compounds are related to various conditions produced by microbes. Investigating this crosstalk between plants and microbes can play a vital role not only for stimulating the biosynthetic and signaling pathways of the host plants for the production of agronomically or pharmaceutically essential metabolic compounds but also against pathogens. This study emphasis on decoding the crosstalk between cannabis and associated microbes in the belowground environmental niches that would unravel the complexity of stabilizing cannabinoid production.

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Endophytic Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1836-1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Ancheeva ◽  
Georgios Daletos ◽  
Peter Proksch
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cytotoxic Agents ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Genes

Background: Endophytes represent a complex community of microorganisms colonizing asymptomatically internal tissues of higher plants. Several reports have shown that endophytes enhance the fitness of their host plants by direct production of bioactive secondary metabolites, which are involved in protecting the host against herbivores and pathogenic microbes. In addition, it is increasingly apparent that endophytes are able to biosynthesize medicinally important “phytochemicals”, originally believed to be produced only by their host plants. Objective: The present review provides an overview of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi with pronounced biological activities covering the literature between 2010 and 2017. Special focus is given on studies aiming at exploration of the mode of action of these metabolites towards the discovery of leads from endophytic fungi. Moreover, this review critically evaluates the potential of endophytic fungi as alternative sources of bioactive “plant metabolites”. Results: Over the past few years, several promising lead structures from endophytic fungi have been described in the literature. In this review, 65 metabolites are outlined with pronounced biological activities, primarily as antimicrobial and cytotoxic agents. Some of these metabolites have shown to be highly selective or to possess novel mechanisms of action, which hold great promises as potential drug candidates. Conclusion: Endophytes represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pharmacologically important compounds. Moreover, endophytic fungi could be exploited for the sustainable production of bioactive “plant metabolites” in the future. Towards this aim, further insights into the dynamic endophyte - host plant interactions and origin of endophytic fungal genes would be of utmost importance.

scholarly journals Use of PRP, PRF and CGF in Periodontal Regeneration and Facial Rejuvenation—A Narrative Review

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Eitan Mijiritsky ◽  
Haya Drora Assaf ◽  
Oren Peleg ◽  
Maayan Shacham ◽  
Loredana Cerroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Facial Rejuvenation ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Past ◽  
Autologous Platelet

Growth factors (GFs) play a vital role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and angiogenesis. Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) which contain high levels of GFs make them especially suitable for periodontal regeneration and facial rejuvenation. The main generations of APCs presented are platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and concentrated growth factor (CGF) techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide the clinician with an overview of APCs’ evolution over the past decade in order to give reliable and useful information to be used in clinical work. This review summarizes the most interesting and novel articles published between 1997 and 2020. Electronic and manual searches were conducted in the following databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase. The following keywords were used: growth factors, VEGF, TGF-b1, PRP, PRF, CGF and periodontal regeneration and/or facial rejuvenation. A total of 73 articles were finally included. The review then addresses the uses of the three different techniques in the two disciplines, as well as the advantages and limitations of each technique. Overall, PRP is mainly used in cases of hard and soft tissue procedures, while PRF is used in gingival recession and the treatment of furcation and intrabony defects; CGF is mainly used in bone regeneration.

scholarly journals Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Soft Coral Genus Sinularia since 2013

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 335
Author(s):  
Xia Yan ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Xue Leng ◽  
Han Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Coral Genus

Sinularia is one of the conspicuous soft coral species widely distributed in the world’s oceans at a depth of about 12 m. Secondary metabolites from the genus Sinularia show great chemical diversity. More than 700 secondary metabolites have been reported to date, including terpenoids, norterpenoids, steroids/steroidal glycosides, and other types. They showed a broad range of potent biological activities. There were detailed reviews on the terpenoids from Sinularia in 2013, and now, it still plays a vital role in the innovation of lead compounds for drug development. The structures, names, and pharmacological activities of compounds isolated from the genus Sinularia from 2013 to March 2021 are summarized in this review.

scholarly journals Peptides Derived from Growth Factors to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6071
Author(s):  
Suzanne Gascon ◽  
Jessica Jann ◽  
Chloé Langlois-Blais ◽  
Mélanie Plourde ◽  
Christine Lavoie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Native Proteins ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive neuron losses in memory-related brain structures. The classical features of AD are a dysregulation of the cholinergic system, the accumulation of amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. Unfortunately, current treatments are unable to cure or even delay the progression of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies have emerged, such as the exogenous administration of neurotrophic factors (e.g., NGF and BDNF) that are deficient or dysregulated in AD. However, their low capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier and their exorbitant cost currently limit their use. To overcome these limitations, short peptides mimicking the binding receptor sites of these growth factors have been developed. Such peptides can target selective signaling pathways involved in neuron survival, differentiation, and/or maintenance. This review focuses on growth factors and their derived peptides as potential treatment for AD. It describes (1) the physiological functions of growth factors in the brain, their neuronal signaling pathways, and alteration in AD; (2) the strategies to develop peptides derived from growth factor and their capacity to mimic the role of native proteins; and (3) new advancements and potential in using these molecules as therapeutic treatments for AD, as well as their limitations.

scholarly journals Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of the Genus Diaporthe and Anamorph Phomopsis from Terrestrial and Marine Habitats and Endophytes: 2010–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Tang-Chang Xu ◽  
Yi-Han Lu ◽  
Jun-Fei Wang ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Song ◽  
Ya-Ge Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Unidentified Species

The genus Diaporthe and its anamorph Phomopsis are distributed worldwide in many ecosystems. They are regarded as potential sources for producing diverse bioactive metabolites. Most species are attributed to plant pathogens, non-pathogenic endophytes, or saprobes in terrestrial host plants. They colonize in the early parasitic tissue of plants, provide a variety of nutrients in the cycle of parasitism and saprophytism, and participate in the basic metabolic process of plants. In the past ten years, many studies have been focused on the discovery of new species and biological secondary metabolites from this genus. In this review, we summarize a total of 335 bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from 26 known species and various unidentified species of Diaporthe and Phomopsis during 2010–2019. Overall, there are 106 bioactive compounds derived from Diaporthe and 246 from Phomopsis, while 17 compounds are found in both of them. They are classified into polyketides, terpenoids, steroids, macrolides, ten-membered lactones, alkaloids, flavonoids, and fatty acids. Polyketides constitute the main chemical population, accounting for 64%. Meanwhile, their bioactivities mainly involve cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-algae, phytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities. Diaporthe and Phomopsis exhibit their potent talents in the discovery of small molecules for drug candidates.

scholarly journals Inducibility of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Stem Predicts Genetic Variation in Resistance Against a Key Insect Herbivore in Maritime Pine

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xosé López-Goldar ◽  
Caterina Villari ◽  
Pierluigi Bonello ◽  
Anna Karin Borg-Karlson ◽  
Delphine Grivet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Insect Herbivore

scholarly journals The proliferative effect of cortisol on bovine endometrial epithelial cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junsheng Dong ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Jianji Li ◽  
Luying Cui ◽  
Xia Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Akt Signaling ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Physiological Level ◽  
Endometrial Epithelial Cells

Abstract Background Bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) undergo regular regeneration after calving. Elevated cortisol concentrations have been reported in postpartum cattle due to various stresses. However, the effects of the physiological level of cortisol on proliferation in BEECs have not been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate whether cortisol can influence the proliferation properties of BEECs and to clarify the possible underlying mechanism. Methods BEECs were treated with different concentrations of cortisol (5, 15 and 30 ng/mL). The mRNA expression of various growth factors was detected by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), progression of the cell cycle in BEECs was measured using flow cytometric analysis, and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathways was detected with Western blot and immunofluorescence. Results Cortisol treatment resulted in upregulated mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF); however, it had no influence on transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). Cortisol (15 ng/mL) accelerated the cell cycle transition from the G0/G1 to the S phase. Cortisol upregulated the expression of β-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclinD1 and promoted the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. Conclusions These results demonstrated that cortisol may promote proliferation in BEECs by increasing the expression of some growth factors and activating the Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Bone remodeling stages under physiological conditions and glucocorticoid in excess: Focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-227
Author(s):  
V. V. Povoroznyuk ◽  
N. V. Dedukh ◽  
M. A. Bystrytska ◽  
V. S. Shapovalov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Signaling Molecules ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Bone Cell Differentiation ◽  
Repressive Effect

This review provides a rationale for the cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling stages under physiological conditions and glucocorticoids (GCs) in excess. Remodeling is a synchronous process involving bone resorption and formation, proceeding through stages of: (1) resting bone, (2) activation, (3) bone resorption, (4) reversal, (5) formation, (6) termination. Bone remodeling is strictly controlled by local and systemic regulatory signaling molecules. This review presents current data on the interaction of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone remodeling and defines the role of osteoprogenitor cells located above the resorption area in the form of canopies and populating resorption cavities. The signaling pathways of proliferation, differentiation, viability, and cell death during remodeling are presented. The study of signaling pathways is critical to understanding bone remodeling under normal and pathological conditions. The main signaling pathways that control bone resorption and formation are RANK / RANKL / OPG; M-CSF – c-FMS; canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways Wnt; Notch; MARK; TGFβ / SMAD; ephrinB1/ephrinB2 – EphB4, TNFα – TNFβ, and Bim – Bax/Bak. Cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, and estrogens also act as regulators of bone remodeling. The role of non-encoding microRNAs and long RNAs in the process of bone cell differentiation has been established. MicroRNAs affect many target genes, have both a repressive effect on bone formation and activate osteoblast differentiation in different ways. Excess of glucocorticoids negatively affects all stages of bone remodeling, disrupts molecular signaling, induces apoptosis of osteocytes and osteoblasts in different ways, and increases the life cycle of osteoclasts. Glucocorticoids disrupt the reversal stage, which is critical for the subsequent stages of remodeling. Negative effects of GCs on signaling molecules of the canonical Wingless (WNT)/β-catenin pathway and other signaling pathways impair osteoblastogenesis. Under the influence of excess glucocorticoids biosynthesis of biologically active growth factors is reduced, which leads to a decrease in the expression by osteoblasts of molecules that form the osteoid. Glucocorticoids stimulate the expression of mineralization inhibitor proteins, osteoid mineralization is delayed, which is accompanied by increased local matrix demineralization. Although many signaling pathways involved in bone resorption and formation have been discovered and described, the temporal and spatial mechanisms of their sequential turn-on and turn-off in cell proliferation and differentiation require additional research.

scholarly journals Lichen-Derived Depsides and Depsidones Modulate the Nrf2, NF-κB and STAT3 Signaling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer Cells

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (16) ◽  
pp. 4787
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Papierska ◽  
Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak ◽  
Jarosław Paluszczak ◽  
Robert Kleszcz ◽  
Marcin Skalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Stat3 Signaling ◽  
Activation Of Transcription ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Cells ◽  
Pathway Networks

The study aimed to evaluate the possible modulation of Nrf2, NF-ĸB and STAT3 signaling pathways in the colorectal cancer (CRC) cells line DLD-1 and HCT116 by secondary metabolites of lichens. An attempt was made to indicate the most promising targets in these signaling pathways. Attention was also paid to the effects of the compounds tested on CRC cells using anakoinosis—that is, simultaneous analysis of several signaling pathways. The effects of the tested natural compounds on the activity of selected transcriptional factors related to CRC were analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR assays. The highest activity against CRC cells was shown by physodic and salazinic acids from the studied secondary metabolites of lichens. As a result, an increase in the activation of transcription factor Nrf2 and the expression of its selected target genes was observed. Physodic and salazinic acids induced the opposite effect in relation to the NF-κB and STAT3 pathways. These results confirmed our earlier observations that lichen-derived compounds have the ability to modulate signaling pathway networks. While caperatic acid affected Wnt/β-catenin to the most extent, salazinic acid was the most potent modulator of Nrf2, NF-κB and STAT3 pathways. Physodic acid seemed to affect all the investigated pathways.

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