P22 Phage Shows Promising Antibacterial Activity Under Pathophysiological Conditions

The prevalence of multidrug resistant bacterial diseases is a major global health risk. Multidrug resistant bacterial diseases are prevalent, and the need for novel methods of treatment is essential to the preservation of public health. Annually foodborne pathogens cause 1.35 million infections and 26,500 hospitalizations in the United States alone. Foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. are a major threat to public health. Bacteriophages offer a unique method for the treatment of these multidrug resistant bacteria. We studied the infection dynamics of a potential mono-phage therapy of Salmonella typhimurium under various pathophysiological conditions. Furthermore, we determined the resistance dynamics of Salmonella typhimurium against P22 phage treatment. We also determined synergy with antibiotics such as ampicillin and kanamycin. This research helps to further define and show the versatility of bacteriophages as potential novel treatment methods.

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Public Health Response to US Cases of Candida auris, a Globally Emerging, Multidrug-Resistant Yeast, 2013–2017

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofx163.002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S72-S73

Author(s):

Sharon Tsay ◽

Rory M Welsh ◽

Eleanor H Adams ◽

Nancy A Chow ◽

Lalitha Gade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infection Control ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Candida Auris ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Clinical Cases

Abstract Background Candida auris is an often multidrug-resistant yeast that causes invasive infections and, unlike most Candida species, spreads in healthcare facilities. CDC released a clinical alert in June 2016 requesting reporting of C. auris cases. We investigated cases to contain transmission and inform prevention measures for this novel organism. Methods Clinical cases were defined as C. auris from any clinical specimen from a patient in the United States. Response to cases included implementation of infection control measures, enhanced cleaning and disinfection, and testing of close contacts for C. auris colonisation (isolation from a person’s axilla or groin was defined as a screening case). Microbiology records were reviewed at reporting facilities for missed cases. All isolates were forwarded to CDC for confirmation, antifungal susceptibility testing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results As of April 13, 2017, 61 clinical cases of C. auris were reported from six states: New York (39), New Jersey (15), Illinois (4), Indiana (1), Maryland (1), and Massachusetts (1). All but two occurred since 2016 (Figure). An additional 32 screening cases were identified among contacts. Median age of clinical case-patients was 70 years (range 21–96); 56% were male. Nearly, all had underlying medical conditions and extensive exposure to healthcare facilities before infection. Most clinical isolates were from blood (38, 62%), followed by urine (8, 13%) and respiratory tract (5, 8%). Among the first 35 isolates, 30 (86%) were resistant to fluconazole, 15 (43%) to amphotericin B, and one (3%) to caspofungin. No isolate was resistant to all three. WGS revealed isolates from each state were highly related and different from other states, suggestive of transmission. Microbiology record reviews did not identify additional cases before 2016. Conclusion C. auris is an emerging pathogen, with similarities to multidrug-resistant bacteria, that has been transmitted in US healthcare settings. CDC and public health partners are committed to prompt and aggressive action through investigation of cases and heightened infection control practices to halt its spread. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10050872 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 872 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katarzyna Żbikowska ◽

Monika Michalczuk ◽

Beata Dolka

Keyword(s):

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Legal Framework ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Food Contact Surfaces ◽

Public Health And Safety

The emergence of multidrug-resistant infections and antibiotic failures have raised concerns over human and veterinary medicine worldwide. Poultry production has had to confront the problems of an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, including zoonotic pathogens. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis have been the most frequently reported human foodborne diseases linked to poultry. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists’ interest in bacteriophages (phages) since the beginning of the 21st century. Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. In this review, we focused on the use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents to treat infections and reduce counts of pathogenic bacteria in poultry, as biocontrol agents to eliminate foodborne pathogens on/in food, and also as disinfectants to reduce contamination on food-contact surfaces or poultry carcasses in industrial conditions. Most of the phage-based products are targeted against the main foodborne pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. Phages are currently addressed at all stages of the poultry production "from farm to fork", however, their implementation into live birds and food products still provokes discussions especially in the context of the current legal framework, limitations, as well as public health and safety.

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Characterization of Multidrug Resistance Patterns of Emerging Salmonella enterica Serovar Rissen along the Food Chain in China

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100660 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 660

Author(s):

Xuebin Xu ◽

Silpak Biswas ◽

Guimin Gu ◽

Mohammed Elbediwi ◽

Yan Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Chain ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistance Patterns

Salmonella spp. are recognized as important foodborne pathogens globally. Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is one of the important Salmonella serovars linked with swine products in numerous countries and can transmit to humans by food chain contamination. Worldwide emerging S. Rissen is considered as one of the most common pathogens to cause human salmonellosis. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance properties and patterns of Salmonella Rissen isolates obtained from humans, animals, animal-derived food products, and the environment in China. Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 311 S. Rissen isolates from different provinces or province-level cities in China were included here. Bacterial isolates were characterized by serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 14 clinically relevant antimicrobials were obtained by broth microdilution method. S. Rissen isolates from humans were found dominant (67%; 208/311). S. Rissen isolates obtained from human patients were mostly found with diarrhea. Other S. Rissen isolates were acquired from food (22%; 69/311), animals (8%; 25/311), and the environment (3%; 9/311). Most of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and ampicillin. The S. Rissen isolates showed susceptibility against ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. In total, 92% of the S. Rissen isolates were multidrug-resistant and ASSuT (27%), ACT (25%), ACSSuT (22%), ACSSuTAmc (11%), and ACSSuTFox (7%) patterns were among the most prevalent antibiotic resistance patterns found in this study. The widespread dissemination of antimicrobial resistance could have emerged from misuse of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in China. These findings could be useful for rational antimicrobial usage against Salmonella Rissen infections.

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Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040191 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sobur ◽

Hasan ◽

Haque ◽

Mridul ◽

Noreddin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Detection ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Fish Market ◽

Pcr Method ◽

High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

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Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria from Edible Offal and Muscle Meats in Nashville, Tennessee

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1190

Author(s):

Siqin Liu ◽

Agnes Kilonzo-Nthenge ◽

Samuel N. Nahashon ◽

Bharat Pokharel ◽

Abdullah Ibn Mafiz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Beef Liver ◽

E Coli ◽

Retail Meats

This study investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in retail edible offal and muscle meats in Nashville, Tennessee. A total of 348 retail meats (160 edible offal and 188 muscle) were analyzed for Salmonella enterica serovar, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, and enterococci. Bacteria was identified using biochemical and PCR methods. Salmonella enterica serovar (4.4% and 4.3%), Campylobacter (1.9% and 1.1%), E. coli (79.4% and 89.4%), and enterococci (88.1% and 95.7%) was detected in offal and muscle meats, respectively. Chicken liver (9.7%) was most frequently contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar, followed by ground chicken (6.9%) and chicken wings (4.2%). No Salmonella enterica serovar was detected in beef liver, beef tripe, and ground beef. The prevalence of Campylobacter was 6.9%, 2.3%, and 1.4% in beef liver, ground beef, and ground chicken, respectively. None of the meats were positive for E. coli O157:H7. Resistance of isolates was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in erythromycin (98.3%; 99.1%), followed by tetracycline (94%; 98.3%), vancomycin (88.8%; 92.2%) as compared to chloramphenicol (43.1%; 53.9%), amoxicillin/clavulanic (43.5%; 45.7%), and ciprofloxacin (45.7%; 55.7%) in offal and muscle meats, respectively. Imipenem showed the lowest resistance (0%; 0.9%). A total of 41 multidrug-resistant patterns were displayed. Edible offal could be a source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Antibiotics in Food Chain: The Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 688

Author(s):

Shashi B. Kumar ◽

Shanvanth R. Arnipalli ◽

Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Food Chain ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Alternative Strategies ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Continuous Use

Antibiotics have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly 100 years and, increasingly, as a preventive agent in the agricultural and animal industry. Continuous use and misuse of antibiotics have provoked the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria that progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, thereby posing a tremendous threat to public health. The goal of our review is to advance the understanding of mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings. We conclude with an overview of alternative strategies, including probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies, as primary or adjunct preventive antimicrobial measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The solution for antibiotic resistance will require comprehensive and incessant efforts of policymakers in agriculture along with the development of alternative therapeutics by experts in diverse fields of microbiology, biochemistry, clinical research, genetic, and computational engineering.

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Global priority pathogens: virulence, antimicrobial resistance and prospective treatment options

Future Microbiology ◽

10.2217/fmb-2019-0333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 649-677 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juliana C de M Campos ◽

Luis CM Antunes ◽

Rosana BR Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Treatment Options ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Major Threat ◽

Global Priority ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Therapeutic Alternatives ◽

New Strategies

Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. are part of a group of pathogens that pose a major threat to human health due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Moreover, these bacteria have several virulence factors that allow them to successfully colonize their hosts, such as toxins and the ability to produce biofilms, resulting in an urgent need to develop new strategies to fight these pathogens. In this review, we compile the most up-to-date information on the epidemiology, virulence and resistance of these clinically important microorganisms. Additionally, we address new therapeutic alternatives, with a focus on molecules with antivirulence activity, which are considered promising to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Five Apitoxins from Apis mellifera on Two Common Foodborne Pathogens

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9070367 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 367

Author(s):

Alexandre Lamas ◽

Vicente Arteaga ◽

Patricia Regal ◽

Beatriz Vázquez ◽

José Manuel Miranda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Chain ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Public Health Challenges ◽

Alternative Agent ◽

Potential Alternative

Antimicrobial resistance is one of today’s major public health challenges. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria have been responsible for an increasing number of deaths in recent decades. These resistant bacteria are also a concern in the food chain, as bacteria can resist common biocides used in the food industry and reach consumers. As a consequence, the search for alternatives to common antimicrobials by the scientific community has intensified. Substances obtained from nature have shown great potential as new sources of antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of five bee venoms, also called apitoxins, against two common foodborne pathogens. A total of 50 strains of the Gram-negative pathogen Salmonella enterica and 8 strains of the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes were tested. The results show that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were highly influenced by the bacterial genus. The MIC values ranged from 256 to 1024 µg/mL in S. enterica and from 16 to 32 µg/mL in L. monocytogenes. The results of this study demonstrate that apitoxin is a potential alternative agent against common foodborne pathogens, and it can be included in the development of new models to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the food chain.

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Polymicrobial multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from street vended fresh fruit juices in Pakistan

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-09-2017-0529 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 120 (6) ◽

pp. 1358-1365

Author(s):

Muhammad Hussnain Siddique ◽

Muhammad Usman Qamar ◽

Sumreen Hayat ◽

Bilal Aslam ◽

Habibullah Nadeem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Fresh Fruit ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Local Market ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Content Type ◽

Preliminary Identification ◽

Surface Spread

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the prevalence and antibiograms of bacteria isolated from various fresh fruit juices at a local market in Faisalabad. Design/methodology/approach Fresh fruit juice samples (n=125) were randomly collected using aseptic technique. Each sample (10 mL) was serially diluted with 90 mL of sterile peptone water, from 1×10−1 to 1×10−5. Each dilution was then used to inoculate nutrient agar by surface spread plating. Aerobic colony counts (ACCs) were determined by colony counting. The isolates were sub-cultured on blood and MacConkey agar. Preliminary identification was achieved on the basis of colony morphology and culture characteristic, and confirmed by API® 20E, 20NE, and API® Staph testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, per CLSI 2015 guidelines. Findings The mean ACC ranged from 2.0×106 CFU/mL to 4.93×106 CFU/mL, with the highest ACC determined for orange juice. Overall, 153 polymicrobial were identified in 125 samples; 103 of these were Gram-negative rods (GNR) and 28 were Gram-positive cocci (GPC). Escherichia coli (n=38), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=32) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=24) were the predominant GNR; Staphylococcus aureus (n=28) was the predominant GPC. Antibiogram analysis revealed that all GNR were resistant to ampicillin. However, most E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftazidime (72.4 percent of isolates), and ceftriaxone and cefepime (68.9 percent), while most K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to cefepime (72 percent) and ceftriaxone (64 percent). All S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, while most (64 percent) were resistant to piperacillin; the most effective drugs against bacteria were vancomycin and imipenem. Practical implications The findings suggest that the local government regulatory food and public health authorities should take immediate emergency measures. Appropriate surveillance studies and periodic monitoring of food items should be regularly performed to safeguard public health. Originality/value The current study revealed the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in freshly prepared fruit juices sold by local street vendors.

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Management of Inpatients Colonized or Infected With Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Hospitals in the United States

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/502517 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 138-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Rebecca H. Sunenshine ◽

Laura A. Liedtke ◽

Scott K. Fridkin ◽

Larry J. Strausbaugh ◽

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

The United States ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Resistant Organism ◽

Emerging Infections ◽

Contact Precautions ◽

Surveillance Cultures ◽

Multidrug Resistant Organisms ◽

General Wards

AbstractBackground:Although guidelines for multidrug-resistant organisms generally include recommendations for contact precautions and surveillance cultures, it is not known how frequently U.S. hospitals implement these measures on a routine basis and whether infectious diseases consultants endorse their use.Methods:The Emerging Infections Network surveyed its members, infectious diseases consultants, to assess their use of and support for contact precautions and surveillance cultures for routine management of multidrug-resistant organisms in their principal inpatient workplace. Specifically, members were asked about use of these strategies for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacilli on general wards, ICUs, and transplant units.Results:Overall, 400 (86%) of 463 respondents supported the routine use of contact precautions to control one or more multidrug-resistant organisms in at least one unit, and 89% worked in hospitals that use them. In contrast, 50% of respondents favored routine use of surveillance cultures to manage at least one multidrug-resistant organism in any unit, and 30% of respondents worked in hospitals that use them routinely in any unit. Members favored routine use of surveillance cultures significantly more in ICUs and transplant units than in general wards for each multidrug-resistant organism (P<.001).Conclusions:Most of the infectious diseases consultants endorsed the use of contact precautions for routine management of patients colonized or infected with multidrug-resistant organisms and work in hospitals that have implemented them. In contrast, infectious diseases consultants are divided about the role of routine surveillance cultures in multidrug-resistant organism management, and few work in hospitals that use them.

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