scholarly journals Infection Control of Spatial Disseminated Multi-Antibiotics Resistant And Phylo-Diverse Staphylococcus Aureus Pathotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL AKINDUTI ◽  
Joshua Osiyemi ◽  
Temitope Banjo ◽  
Oluwaseun Ejilude ◽  
Maged Ashker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Accessory Gene ◽  
Resistance Rates

Abstract Focal dissemination of multi-antibiotic resistant (MAR) Staphylococci pathotypes regulated by agr functionalities was investigated and evaluated for infection control. Non-repetitive Staphylococcus aureus strains from soft and skin infections disseminated in several communities were recovered and biotyped, assayed for biofilm and profiled for antibiotic resistance. Strains were further genotyped for spa types, virulence and resistant genes; and mapped for geospatial distribution. Clonal diversity and functional accessory gene regulators (agr) were also evaluated. Staphylococcal infection was not significant with age group (p>0.05), but high rate of MSSA (53.0%) and MRSA (1.5%) was observed. Median resistance rates were significantly differ (p=0.001) but highest 75 th percentile and media resistance rates were observed in wound infection. Resistance rate of 78.8% at MIC 50 32µg/ml and MIC 90 128µg/ml to amoxicillin-clavulanate, and more than 40% resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline with MIC 90 and MIC 50 at 32 µg/ml were observed. More than 0.83 multi-antibiotic resistance index (MARI) were observed among the strains that clustered into separate phylo-group expressing high beta- lactamase and strong biofilm production. Heterogeneous spa types t442 (wound and pus), t657 (wound), t091 (ear) and t657 (ear and wound) revealed high phylo- diversity. Only 4.6% pvl + MSSA-CC1 agr I, pvl+ MSSA-CC5 (13.6%) and pvl+ MRSA-CC7 agr II (4.6%), expressed enterotoxin; sea, sec, sed, sej, Leukocidins ( LukF-PV, lukD, lukE ), proteases (aur, slpA sspB, sspE ) and resistance genes (fosB, msr (A), bla mph(C),aphA3, sat, fosB, sdrM, Q7A4X2) . Phylogenetic related spa types of livestock origin, specifically bovine milk clustered with detected strains that were prevalent in urban communities with focal dissemination to other nearest suburbs. Clonal dissemination resistant pvl+MAR MSSA-CC1 and MRSA- CC5 encoding agr were predominant in several peri-urban communities. This require adequate geno-surveillance, population-target antimicrobial stewardship, extensive community health care intervention policy and well-structured infection control programs to prevent further focal dissemination.

scholarly journals Clonal diversity and spatial dissemination of multi-antibiotics resistant Staphylococcus aureus pathotypes in Southwest Nigeria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247013
Author(s):  
Akinniyi Paul Akinduti ◽  
Joshua Adekunle Osiyemi ◽  
Temitope Temitayo Banjo ◽  
Oluwaseun Ejilude ◽  
Maged El-Ashker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Clonal Diversity ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Accessory Gene ◽  
Southwest Nigeria ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Spread of genetically diverse Staphylococcus aureus characterized with multi-antibiotic resistance and regulated by high level agr functionalities in several communities in southwest Nigeria was investigated and evaluated for infection control. Staphylococcus aureus pathotypes recovered from 256 cases including purulent pus from skin infections, soft tissue aspirates, wounds, otorrhea, eye, throat and endocervical infections were assayed for biofilm and antibiogram. Further genotyped with micro-array, mapped for geospatial distribution and evaluated for clonal diversity and functional accessory gene regulators (agr). Significant Staphylococci infection among the ages (OR:0.021, CI:0.545–1.914) and female gender with prevalence rate of MSSA (53.0%) and MRSA (1.5%) (OR:1.021, CI:0.374–1.785) were observed. More than 52.5% resistance rates to tetracycline and amoxicillin with significant median resistance were observed in all the infection cases (p = 0.001). Resistance rate of 78.8% at MIC50 32μg/ml and MIC90 128μg/ml to amoxicillin-clavulanate, and more than 40% resistance to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline of MIC90 and MIC50 at 32 μg/ml were observed. Strains with multi-antibiotic resistance index above 0.83, high beta-lactamase and strong biofilm clustered into separate phylo-group. Heterogeneous t442 (wound and pus), t657 (wound), t091 (ear) and t657 (ear and wound) revealed high phylogenetic diversity. Only 4.6% pvl+ MSSA-CC1 agrI, pvl+ MSSA-CC5 (13.6%) and pvl+ MRSA-CC7 agrII (4.6%), expressed enterotoxin, leukocidins, proteases and resistance gene determinants. Livestock clonal types clustered with identified community-associated strains. Clonal dissemination of resistant pvl+ MSSA-CC1 and MRSA-CC5 encoding agr were predominant in several peri-urban communities where adequate geno-surveillance, population-target antimicrobial stewardship, extensive community structured infection control programs are needed to prevent further focal dissemination.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of the clonal lineage ST5-SCCmecII-t2460 was associated with high mortality in a Wuhan hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuehan Li ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Yifan Zhang ◽  
Junying Zhou ◽  
Xinwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Invasive Procedures ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Small Colony Variant ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen that can cause serious infectious diseases. An emerging MRSA strain, ST5-SCCmecII spa-type-t2460 (SMRSA), has spread rapidly since its recent emergence in China, but little information is available about this lineage. In this study, 91 MRSA isolates were collected from patients treated in the Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, from 2018 to 2019, and investigated for their molecular characteristics, antibiotic resistance profiles, and clinical characteristics. The predominant lineage, SMRSA, accounted for 37.4% (34/91) of the isolates, followed by ST239-SCCmecIII-t030 (19.8%, 18/91) and ST59-SCCmecIV-t437 (8.8%, 8/91). In contrast to the latter two non-SMRSA (nSMRSA) lineages, which are among the main MRSA found in Chinese settings, SMRSA exhibited small colony variant (SCV) phenotype and had extremely high resistance rates to erythromycin (100.0%), clindamycin (100.0%), levofloxacin (100.0%), tetracycline (97.1%), moxifloxacin (97.1%), and ciprofloxacin (100%), but was more susceptible to rifampicin (resistance rate 3%). The levels of white blood cells (WBC) and procalcitonin (PCT) and the 30-day mortality in patients infected with SMRSA were (12.54 ± 6.61) × 109/L, 0.66 ng/mL, and 52.9%, respectively, which were much higher than those in patients infected with nSMRSA. In addition, patients infected with SMRSA were more frequently admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and submitted to invasive procedures than those infected with nSMRSA. In conclusion, SMRSA showed SCV phenotype and exhibited multiple antibiotic-resistance profiles. In this study, SMRSA was associated with serious infections and poor prognosis. Compared with ST239, ST59, or other nSMRSA strains, patients infected with SMRSA strains have higher 30-day mortality, increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers, and more frequent ICU hospitalization and invasive procedures.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated From Pediatrics With Ocular Infections: A 6-Year Hospital-Based Study in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yu Zheng ◽  
Bonnie Nga Kwan Choy ◽  
Ming-Ming Zhou ◽  
Zheng-Yan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important pathogen of ocular infections in pediatrics. The study aimed to identify the prevalence and resistance pattern of S. aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), in Chinese children with ocular infections. All patients with S. aureus infections were reviewed at a tertiary children's hospital during 2015–2020, and those with ocular infections were investigated for susceptibility results. Of 1,668 S. aureus strains, there were 177 unique isolates from ocular infection. Among them, 45 (25.4%) were MRSA and 132 (74.6%) were methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The proportion of MRSA did not change over time. Most of the strains were obtained from the neonate ward and ophthalmology department (n = 88, 49.7%, and n = 85, 48.0%, respectively), while eye secretion and pus were the main specimen types (n = 128, 72.3%, and n = 37, 20.9%, respectively). MRSA was significantly resistant against penicillin class (97.8%), erythromycin (71.1%), clindamycin (71.1%), and tetracycline (32.1%), with a high multidrug resistance (MDR) rate of 71.1%. However, MRSA was highly sensitive to levofloxacin. Resistance rates against erythromycin and ciprofloxacin as well as MDR percentage all increased among MSSA in children above 1 year of age, ophthalmology department, and outpatient population and decreased in eye secretion specimen. The mean resistance percentage remained stable for MRSA and MSSA during the study period. The survey of ocular S. aureus pathogens in pediatrics and their antibiotic resistance patterns helps in clinical treatment. MRSA with many strains demonstrating MDR is highly prevalent in children with ocular infections in Southeast China. Levofloxacin is an effective topical antibiotic for ocular MRSA infection, while erythromycin has a high resistance rate. The antibiotic resistance patterns of MRSA and MSSA differs and varies by different stratifications. A cautious use of antibiotics should be considered.

Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization among Vietnamese adults: prevalence, risk factors and antibiotic susceptibility profile

MedPharmRes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phan ◽  
Hien Pham ◽  
Thuc Nguyen ◽  
Hoai Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Weight History ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vietnamese Community

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.

scholarly journals Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Cellulitis and from Osteomyelitis in a Taiwan Hospital, 2016–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Ti Peng ◽  
Tsung-Yu Huang ◽  
Yao-Chang Chiang ◽  
Yu-Yi Hsu ◽  
Fang-Yi Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Joint Infection ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mrsa Strains ◽  
Resistance Rates

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes superficial infections such as cellulitis or invasive infections such as osteomyelitis; however, differences in MRSA isolates from cellulitis (CL-MRSA) and from osteomyelitis (OM-MRSA) at the same local area remain largely unknown. A total of 221 MRSA isolates including 106 CL-MRSA strains and 115 OM-MRSA strains were collected at Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan between 2016 and 2018, and their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics were compared. We found that OM-MRSA isolates significantly exhibited higher rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics than CL-MRSA isolates. Genotypically, OM-MRSA isolates had higher proportions of the SCCmec type III, the sequence type ST239, and the spa type t037 than CL-MRSA isolates. Besides the multidrug-resistant lineage ST239-t037-SCCmecIII more prevalent in OM-MRSA, higher antibiotic resistance rates were also observed in several other prevalent lineages in OM-MRSA as compared to the same lineages in CL-MRSA. Furthermore, when prosthetic joint infection (PJI) associated and non-PJI-associated MRSA strains in osteomyelitis were compared, no significant differences were observed in antibiotic resistance rates between the two groups, albeit more diverse genotypes were found in non-PJI-associated MRSA. Our findings therefore suggest that deep infections may allow MRSA to evade antibiotic attack and facilitate the convergent evolution and selection of multidrug-resistant lineages.

scholarly journals Clonality, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood in Shandong, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuezhi Wang ◽  
Dongzi Lin ◽  
Zengqi Huang ◽  
Jinmei Zhang ◽  
Wenyan Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Staphylococcal Protein A ◽  
Infection Control Measures

Abstract Background Bloodstream infection (BSI) caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) can be life-threatening and pose a great challenge to infection control and clinical treatment. However, little information exists regarding the characterization of S. aureus in BSI patients in Shandong, China. To identify the clonality, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in blood, a total of 101 nonrepetitive blood isolates were collected. The antibiotic resistance phenotypes were determined, and virulence genes were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, the genetic relatedness was investigated with Staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, Staphylococcal protein A (spa), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for all of 101 isolates. Results Of the 101 S. aureus isolates, 24 MRSA isolates and 77 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates were identified. Overall, MRSA isolates had higher resistance rates than MSSA isolates when exposed to any of the 15 antibiotics tested in this study except for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Among the 17 virulence genes tested in this study, hla, hld, and hlg could be detected in all isolates. MRSA isolates were more likely to carry seb and hlb genes, while MSSA isolates were more likely to carry seg and sei genes. Thirty-five sequence types (STs) and 49 spa types were identified, of which ST59-t437 and ST398-t571 were the most abundant. These two genotypes were also the most abundant ST-spa types in MRSA and MSSA isolates, but their abundances shifted over time, with ST398-t571 being the predominant genotype from 2016 to 2017, and ST59-t437 from 2018 to 2020. Besides, all the ST59-t437 isolates harbored hlgb gene, whereas most (88.9%) ST398-t571 did not. In addition, twenty-four MRSA isolates were subject to SCCmec typing. SCCmec IVa was the most prevalent SCCmec type, and all the ST59-t437 MRSA isolates were SCCmec IVa. We also observed 15 new STs, and some of them were MRSA. Conclusion These findings provide additional observations and epidemiological data for blood S. aureus isolates, which can improve future infection-control measures and aid in potential clinical treatments in hospitals and other clinical settings.

scholarly journals Microbiologic characteristics and antibiotic resistance rates of diabetic foot infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
Author(s):  
DÊNISSON GUEDES PONTES ◽  
IVAN TRAMUJAS DA COSTA E SILVA ◽  
JESSICA JANSEN FERNANDES ◽  
AMANDA DE FÁTIMA GURGEL MONTEIRO ◽  
PEDRO HENRIQUE DA SILVA GOMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Positive Culture ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Diabetic Foot Infections ◽  
Foot Lesions ◽  
Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Purpose: the purpose of this research was to identify the sociodemographic and microbiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance rates of patients with diabetic foot infections, hospitalized in an emergency reference center. Methods: it was an observational and transversal study. The sociodemographic data were collected by direct interview with the patients. During the surgical procedures, specimens of tissue of the infected foot lesions were biopsied to be cultured, and for bacterial resistance analysis. Results: the sample consisted of 105 patients. The majority of patierns were men, over 50 years of age, married and with low educational level. There was bacterial growth in 95 of the 105 tissue cultures. In each positive culture only one germ was isolated. There was a high prevalence of germs of the Enterobacteriaceae family (51,5%). Gram-negative germs were isolated in 60% of cultures and the most individually isolated germs were the Gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus aureus (20%) and Enterococcus faecalis (17,9%). Regarding antibiotic resistance rates, a high frequency of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (63,0%) and to ciprofloxacin (55,5%) was found; additionally, 43,5% of the Gram-negative isolated germs were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: the majority of patients were men, over 50 years of age, married and with low educational level. The most prevalent isolated germs from the infected foot lesions were Gram-negative bacteria, resistant to ciprofloxacin, and the individually most isolated germ was the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characteristics of Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella in Children’s Hospital in Hangzhou, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiucheng Shi ◽  
Yihua Ye ◽  
Peng Lan ◽  
Xinhong Han ◽  
Jingjing Quan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Whole Genome Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
M 14

The non-Typhi Salmonella (NTS) infection is critical to children’s health, and the ceftriaxone is the important empirical treatment choice. With the increase resistance rate of ceftriaxone in Salmonella, the molecular epidemiology and resistance mechanism of ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella needs to be studied. From July 2019 to July 2020, a total of 205 NTS isolates were collected, 195 of which (95.1%) were cultured from stool, but 10 isolates were isolated from an extraintestinal site. Serogroup B accounted for the vast majority (137/205) among the isolates. Fifty-three isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone, and 50 were isolated from children younger than 4years of age. The resistance rates for ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin were significantly higher in younger children than the older children. The resistance genes in the ceftriaxone-susceptible isolates were detected by PCR, and ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella were selected for further whole-genome sequencing. Whole-genome analysis showed that serotype Typhimurium and its monophasic variant was the most prevalent in ceftriaxone-resistant isolates (37/53), which comprised ST34 (33/53), ST19 (2/53), and ST99 (2/53), and they were close related in the phylogenetic tree. However, the other isolates were diverse, which included one Enteritidis (ST11), one Indiana (ST17), one Derby (ST40), four Kentucky (ST198), two Goldcoast (ST2529, ST358), one Muenster (ST321), one Virchow (ST359), one Rissen (ST469), one Kedougou (ST1543), two Uganda (ST684), and one Kottbus (ST8839). Moreover, CTX-M-55 ESBLs production (33/53) was found to be mainly responsible for ceftriaxone resistance, followed by blaCTX-M-65 (12/53), blaCTX-M-14 (4/53), blaCTX-M-9 (2/53), blaCTX-M-64 (1/53), blaCTX-M-130 (1/53), and blaCMY-2 (1/53). ISEcp1, IS903B, IS Kpn26, IS1F, and IS26 were connected to antimicrobial resistance genes transfer. In conclusion, the dissemination of ESBL-producing Salmonella isolates resulted in an increased prevalence of ceftriaxone resistance in young children. The high rate of multidrug resistance should be given additional attention.

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