Subchronic Acephate Exposure Induces Immunotoxicity in White Leghorn Cockerels

Abstract We investigated the subchronic immunotoxicity of the phosphoramidothioate organophosphorous insecticide, acephate in white leghorn cockerels (WLH). The cockerels were divided into five groups; C1 (plain control), C2 (vehicle control), T1, T2, and T3 which received acephate suspended groundnut oil for 60 days at doses of 21.3, 28.4 and 42.6 mgkg−1respectively. The live body weight gain, absolute and relative weights of the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius, hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte counts (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV) and lymphocytes were significantly decreased. However, monocytes, eosinophils, heterophils, and basophils were significantly increased. Total protein, albumin and albumin to globin ratio, the antibody response to RD-F and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to DNCB dye or PHA-P, erythrocyte and brain Acetylcholinesterase activity was also significantly reduced in T2 and T3. At 40 and 60 days of acephate exposure, nitrate and nitric oxide production by RD-F and mitogen Con A stimulated peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigen RD-F and mitogen Con A stimulation, were significantly decreased in groups T2 and T3. Furthermore, dose-dependent increases in the frequency of micronuclei formation, varying intensity serum protein bands with different protein fractions (14.85KDa), and splenic DNA laddering (180 bp) were observed in groups T2 and T3. Histopathologically, the spleen and bursa showed morphological changes and mild lymphocyte depletion. In conclusion, low-level acephate exposure may affect acetylcholinesterase, lymphocytes, and immune responses in cockerels. As a result, it should be considered when assessing immunotoxicity and the risk to human and animal health.

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Subchronic Acephate Exposure Induces Immunotoxicity in White Leghorn Cockerels

10.21203/rs.3.rs-553261/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Syamantak Mani Tripathi ◽

Prem Kumar Govindappa ◽

Megha Kadam Bedekar ◽

Yash Pal Sahni ◽

B. C. Sarkhel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Morphological Changes ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Animal Health ◽

Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽

White Leghorn ◽

Groundnut Oil ◽

Con A ◽

Live Body Weight

Abstract We investigated the subchronic immunotoxicity of the phosphoramidothioate organophosphorous insecticide, acephate in white leghorn cockerels (WLH). The cockerels were divided into five groups; C1 (plain control), C2 (vehicle control), T1, T2, and T3 which received acephate suspended groundnut oil for 60 days at doses of 21.3, 28.4 and 42.6 mgkg− 1respectively. The live body weight gain, absolute and relative weights of the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius, hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocyte counts (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV) and lymphocytes were significantly decreased. However, monocytes, eosinophils, heterophils, and basophils were significantly increased. Total protein, albumin and albumin to globin ratio, the antibody response to RD-F and delayed-type hypersensitivity response to DNCB dye or PHA-P, erythrocyte and brain Acetylcholinesterase activity was also significantly reduced in T2 and T3. At 40 and 60 days of acephate exposure, nitrate and nitric oxide production by RD-F and mitogen Con A stimulated peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes, as well as lymphocyte proliferation in response to antigen RD-F and mitogen Con A stimulation, were significantly decreased in groups T2 and T3. Furthermore, dose-dependent increases in the frequency of micronuclei formation, varying intensity serum protein bands with different protein fractions (14.85KDa), and splenic DNA laddering (180 bp) were observed in groups T2 and T3. Histopathologically, the spleen and bursa showed morphological changes and mild lymphocyte depletion. In conclusion, low-level acephate exposure may affect acetylcholinesterase, lymphocytes, and immune responses in cockerels. As a result, it should be considered when assessing immunotoxicity and the risk to human and animal health.

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Comparative Immunomodulatory Efficacy of Rosemary and Fenugreek Against Escherichia Coli-Infection via Suppression of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Broilers

10.21203/rs.3.rs-243370/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sameh Mohamed Farouk ◽

Haidy G. Abd-El-Rahman ◽

Osama A. Abdallah ◽

Nashwa G. El-Behidy

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Immunological Response ◽

Health Condition ◽

Significant Decline ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Normal Tissues ◽

Escherichia Coli Infection

Abstract Broilers are frequently infected with Escherichia coli (E.Coli) bacteria, which often leads to the emergence of many diseases and high economic losses. Hence, the present study was performed to assess the comparative efficacy of dietary rosemary and fenugreek, under E.Coli-infection in broilers, via evaluation of growth performance, biochemical indices, immunological response and histo-morphological changes. Eighty Cobb broilers were allotted to four equal groups (n=20 chicks/group); control non-infected (CN), control infected (CI), rosemary infected (RI) and fenugreek infected (FI) groups. RI and FI groups showed a significant elevation in their body weight and body weight gain compared with CI group. Moreover, both groups revealed a significant decline in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities, as well as uric acid and creatinine levels. Significant decreases of total antioxidant capacity, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were noted among CI chicks. Moreover, distinctly higher levels were evident in both RI and FI groups. Immunomodulatory markers assessment showed a significant increase in immunoglobulin G with a significant decline in interleukin-6 level in both RI and FI groups, with the lowest IL-6 value within FI group. Histopathological evaluations focused on the deleterious effect associated with E-Coli infection of broilers’ liver, kidney, intestine, spleen, bursa of fabricius, and thymus. A partial histological improvement was noticed among RI group, and nearly normal tissues were recorded in FI group. Overall, these findings suggest the ability of fenugreek to mitigate the adverse effects of E.Coli-infection on broiler performance and tissue pictures, through improvement of the chicken general health condition.

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Effects of including autolyzed yeast in the finishing of feedlot steers

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n4p2471 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 2471-2488

Author(s):

Giovanna Bobato Pontarolo ◽

◽

Mikael Neumann ◽

Fernando Braga Cristo ◽

Edelmir Silvio Stadler Júnior ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Production Efficiency ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Diet ◽

Animal Health ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Control Group ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Feedlot Steers

Functional additives, such as autolyzed yeasts, have been used to achieve greater production efficiency and animal health. These compounds are also alternatives to the use of performance-enhancing antimicrobials. The objective was to evaluate the productive performance, ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility of feed DM and the carcass characteristics of beef steers finished in feedlot receiving autolyzed yeasts in the diet. The experimental design was randomized blocks, consisting of three treatments and six repetitions, where each repetition was represented by a stall with two animals. 36 bulls, ½ Angus × ½ Nelore blood, from the same herd, with an average age of 11 months and an average body weight of ± 330 kg were used.The treatments were as follows: CON - yeast-free diet; Y4 - yeast diet (4 g animal day-1) and Y7 - yeast diet (7 g animal day-1). The product used is a functional ingredient containing the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inclusion of autolyzed yeasts resulted in greater daily body weight gain and better feed conversion in the initial feedlot phase. The apparent digestibility of DM of diets containing autolyzed yeast was superior to the control diet, and its use did not interfere with the animal ingestive behavior. Supplementation with autolyzed yeasts at the inclusion level of 4 g day-1 promoted better results in the finishing of feedlot steers, and that the supplemented groups (4 g animal day-1 and 7 g animal day-1) achieved the same degree of carcass finishing, higher than the control group.

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Identification of cells secreting a thymostimulin-like substance and examination of some histoenzymatic pathways in aging avian primary lymphatic organs: II. Bursa of Fabricius

European Journal of Histochemistry ◽

10.4081/843 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 325

Author(s):

AM Mazzone ◽

M Aita ◽

F Gabrielli ◽

E Moriconi ◽

D De Orsi

Keyword(s):

Positive Reaction ◽

Basal Lamina ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Histochemical Staining ◽

Enzymatic Activities ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

White Leghorn ◽

Old Adult ◽

Lymphatic Organs

The Bursa of Fabricius of 15 day, 1-, 3-, and 6 month-old adult chickens (White Leghorn strain) were studied by histological and histochemical staining, histoenzymatic reactions (LDH, SDH, a-GPDH, NAD, NADPH, Ca++-dependent ATP-ase, pH 8.5) and by anti-thymostimulin immunoreaction. Positive reactions for mucopolysaccharides and enzymatic activities were located in the epithelia of the follicles, i.e. in follicleassociated- epithelium (FAE), inter-follicle-epithelium (IFE) and in different epithelial compartments of cortical and medullary zones. Positive reaction for thymostimulin-like (TSlike) substance was restricted to FAE cells and weakly to the basal lamina of IFE. In 6-month-old chickens, the FAE cells disappeared; the phenomenon of bursal regression was evident, although not all the follicles were involved. In the few still normal follicles, the good reactivity to the enzymes tested suggests that residual physiological activity is still present, even if reduced.

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Anti-aflatoxin B1 effects of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora) in broilers: evaluation of performance and liver histopathology

Veterinary Science Development ◽

10.4081/vsd.2016.6090 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Omid Fani Makki ◽

Arash Omidi ◽

Hossein Ansari Nik ◽

Seyed Ahmad Hasheminejad ◽

Seyed Morteza Hosseini Senjedak

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Average Weight ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Liver Histopathology ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Significant Efficacy

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of <em>Zataria multifora</em> (ZM) on the performance and liver histopathology of broiler chickens contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). One hundred and sixty Ross 308 male broilers (one-day-old) were divided into four treatment groups with four replicates with 10 birds in each replicate. The chickens were reared on the floor for 35 days. The groups were contaminated with AFB1 at two different concentrations,<em> i.e.,</em> 0 and 1000 ppb, and fed ZM in their feed at the concentrations of 0 and 20 gr Kg 1. The evaluated performance parameters were subjected to a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of the treatments using SAS software (version 9/1). AFB1 had a statistical lowering effects on the feed intake, body weight, body weight gain and average weight of the carcass, thigh, chest, bursa of fabricius, back and neck. Also, the weights of liver, gizzard, pancreas, proventriculus, abdominal fat, full intestine, and heart were increased with AFB1 (P<0.05). In histopathological evaluations, the liver of chickens that received feed containing AFB1 showed multifocal and varied cytoplasmic vacuolization, severe fatty change, degenerating foci, fibrosis of the portal regions, and bile duct hyperplasia. The variables that were evaluated in this study showed that ZM had significant efficacy in diminishing the aflatoxins negative effects on the chickens.

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Histopathological alterations of selenium toxicity induced in broiler (Birds)

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.v0iof.7259 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Avnish Kumar Gautam ◽

Deepak Kumar ◽

Manoj Kumar Sinha

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Toxic Effect ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Packed Cell Volume ◽

Sodium Selenite ◽

Biochemical Parameter ◽

Lymphoid Cells ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

White Leghorn ◽

Group A

A study was conducted to determine the pathological toxic effect of selenium (Sodium selenite). A total number 120 one day old White Leghorn (WLH) healthy broiler birds were randomly divided into A, B and C groups. Each group contain 40 birds daily administration of sodium selenite @ 30ppm and @ 15 ppm in group A and B, respectively and group C was given plain drinking water daily for 42 days and kept as control. Macroscopically and microscopically revealed varying degrees of congestion and haemorrhages in lungs, liver, kidneys, heart and intestine in selenium treated birds. The bursa of Fabricius showed depletion of lymphoid cells between the interfollicular spaces. A significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in the haemoglobin and packed cell volume was noticed in both the selenium fed groups but the total erythrocyte count remain unchanged. Biochemical parameter revealed slight decline in their activity of serum ALT and AST and increased level of BUN and creatinine in group A and B as compared to group C, suggesting some degree of renal dysfunctioning.

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Experimental inoculation of day-old ducks with Brachyspira pilosicoli and B. alvinipulli

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/avet.2011.013 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 165-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ákos Thuma ◽

Ádám Dán ◽

Éva Kaszanyitzky ◽

Béla Fazekas ◽

Ádám Tóth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Mucous Membrane ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Experimental Period ◽

The Body ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Brachyspira Pilosicoli ◽

Significant Difference

Two groups of one-day-old Peking ducklings (Groups I and II, 12 birds/group) were inoculated orally withBrachyspira pilosicoliand two groups withB. alvinipulli(Groups III and IV, 12 birds/group). T-2 toxin was added to the feed of Groups II and IV in a dose of 1 mg/kg of feed. Groups V and VI served as uninfected control groups (ducks of Group VI received T-2 toxin). The body weight gain of the ducks was measured and clinical signs were monitored continuously. The birds were sacrificed and necropsied on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 post infection (PI). The liver, spleen, kidney, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, ileum, caecum and colon were examined histologically. Culturing ofBrachyspiraspp. and immunohistochemistry were performed from the sampled parts of the intestines as well. No gross pathological or histological lesions that could be associated withB. pilosicoliorB. alvinipulliwere detectable in the intestinal mucous membrane including the colonised intestinal glands. Mortality did not occur during the experimental period. Decrease in body weight gain was significant in the T-2-toxin-treated groups, and it was slight (not significant) in theBrachyspira-infected groups. Crust on the beaks, necrosis, crusting and ulceration in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and on the skin of the feet, atrophy of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius due to the effect of T-2 toxin, accompanied by lymphocyte depletion, were observed. These lesions were most prominent on days 14 and 21 PI but were seen on day 28 PI as well. Immunohistochemical detection and reisolation ofB. pilosicoliandB. alvinipulliwere successful on days 7, 14, 21 and 28 days from different segments of the intestine of certain birds, but no significant difference was observed in the colonisation rate between the T-2-toxin-treated and the untreated groups.

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Molecular Survey of Viral Poultry Diseases with an Indirect Public Health Significance in Central Ethiopia

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11123564 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3564

Author(s):

Behailu Assefa Wayou ◽

Gezahegne Mamo Kassa ◽

Daniela Pasotto ◽

Teshale Sori ◽

Claudia Maria Tucciarone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Virus ◽

Animal Health ◽

Food Resource ◽

Bursa Of Fabricius ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Fta Cards ◽

High Quality Protein ◽

Bursal Disease ◽

Routine Basis ◽

Health Significance

The importance of poultry production is globally increasing, in Ethiopia as well, where high-quality protein and contained costs make poultry a valuable food resource. However, this entails some problems linked to rural, backyard and intensively reared flock proximity and pathogen circulation. This study is aimed at monitoring the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) in Ethiopia. Respiratory and cloacal swabs and bursa of Fabricius and kidney imprints on FTA cards were collected in 2021 from 16 farms and tested for IBV, aMPV, NDV and IBDV. One farm was positive for IBDV, resulting in strains similar to those present in vaccines, belonging to genogroup A1a; two farms were positive for IBV but, due to sensitivity limits, only one sample was sequenced, resulting in a 4/91-like strain (GI-13); a layer farm tested positive for NDV with a Lasota-like vaccine strain. These findings suggest a low presence of these pathogens, probably due to the implementation of vaccination strategies, which is also testified by the detection of vaccine strains. A close diagnostic activity should be implemented on a routine basis in order to monitor pathogen circulation, ameliorate biosecurity measures and protect animal health and production levels.

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Dietetic supplementation of weaning piglets with caramel plant wastewater: growth and components of the insulin-like growth factor axis

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v89i3-4.1034 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 89 (3-4) ◽

pp. 123-132

Author(s):

Melvin Pagán ◽

María de los M. Soltero ◽

María d el P. Díaz ◽

Carmen Santana ◽

Abner A. Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Growth Factor ◽

Feed Intake ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Animal Health ◽

Live Weight ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽

Igf Binding Proteins ◽

Igf I ◽

Circulating Levels

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs -II and -III) in response to a 10% inclusion of caramel plant wastewater (CPWW) in weaning pig diets; the objective was to assess associations between those growthrelated proteins to feed intake (Fl) and body weight gain (BWG). Sixteen purebred Landrace piglets were randomly distributed among eight pens (a gilt and boar per pen) and assigned to one of two treatments: 0% (control) and 10% inclusion of CPWW. During four consecutive weeks, live weight and Fl were recorded. Blood samples were drawn by jugular venipuncture during the first, second, and third weeks of the experiment and serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-II and IGFBP-III were determined. Feed intake, BWG and feed efficiency (FE) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the addition of 10% CPWW tothe diet, nor was animal health status visibly affected. Serum IGF-I levels were higher in control animals (P < 0.05) and increased from d 14 to d 28 of the experimental period (P < 0.05). Weekly increases were observed for IGFBP- III (P < 0.05) whereas IGFBP-II circulating levels decreased from d 14 to d 28 of the post-weaning test period. Simple correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive association between circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-III (r = 0.88; P < 0.0001). However, the opposite was observed between these two and IGFBP-II (r = -0.84, P < 0.0001; r = -0.67, P < 0.0025, respectively). The changes observed in circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-III and IGFBP-II were associated with weekly increases in Fl and BWG that occurred during the entire experimental period (P < 0.05).

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Cinnamon and Eucalyptus Oils Suppress the Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26237410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (23) ◽

pp. 7410

Author(s):

Chen Zhao ◽

Yuwei Cao ◽

Zhuo Zhang ◽

Dechao Nie ◽

Yanling Li

Keyword(s):

Tissue Injury ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Animal Health ◽

Interleukin 10 ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Eucalyptus Oil ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Inflammation caused by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) disrupts epithelial homeostasis and threatens both human and animal health. Therefore, the discovery and development of new anti-inflammatory drugs is urgently required. Plant-derived essential oils (EOs) have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Thus, this study aims to screen and evaluate the effects of cinnamon oil and eucalyptus oil on anti-inflammatory activities. The associated evaluation indicators include body weight gain, visceral edema coefficient, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrogen monoxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Urea, Crea, ALT, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IκB-α, iNOS, and Mn-SOD. In addition, tissue injury was determined by H&E staining. The results revealed that cinnamon oil and eucalyptus oil suppressed inflammation by decreasing SOD, TNF-α, and NF-κB levels. We also found that cinnamon oil increased the level of GSH-Px, MDA, and Mn-SOD, as well as the visceral edema coefficient of the kidney and liver. Altogether, these findings illustrated that cinnamon oil and eucalyptus oil exhibited wide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities against LPS-induced inflammation.

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