scholarly journals A Network-Based Model to Explore the Role of Testing in Epidemic Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yapeng Cui ◽  
Shunjiang Ni ◽  
Shifei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Contact Tracking ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background: Testing is one of the most effective means to deal with epidemics. However, there is an upper bound on daily testing volume due to the limited healthcare staff and working hours, and different testing methods may also be adopted such as random testing and contact-tracking testing. Methods: In this paper, a network-based epidemic transmission model combined with testing mechanism is proposed to study the role of testing in epidemic control. We simulate the epidemic spread process on complex networks and introduce testing preference to describe different testing strategies. Results: Through a series of numerical simulations, we find that testing can flatten the infection curve and delay the outbreak of epidemics. In addition, the higher the priority for testing individuals in close contacts with confirmed cases, the smaller the infection scale. Compared with the increase speed of daily testing volume, the upper bound of daily testing volume plays a more important role in epidemic control. We also discover that when testing combined with other measures is adopted, the daily testing volume required to control epidemics (i.e., control infection scale below 5%) will be reduced by more than 40% even if other measures only reduce individuals’ infection probability by 10%. Conclusions: In short, although testing can effectively inhibit the spread of infectious diseases, it requires a huge amount of daily testing volume. It is highly recommended that testing be adopted combined with other measures such as wearing masks and social distancing to deal with infectious diseases. Our research contributes to understanding the role of testing in epidemic control and provides useful suggestions for the government and individuals in response to epidemics.

scholarly journals A network-based model to explore the role of testing in the epidemiological control of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yapeng Cui ◽  
Shunjiang Ni ◽  
Shifei Shen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Start Time ◽  
The Government

Abstract Background Testing is one of the most effective means to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is an upper bound on daily testing volume because of limited healthcare staff and working hours, as well as different testing methods, such as random testing and contact-tracking testing. In this study, a network-based epidemic transmission model combined with a testing mechanism was proposed to study the role of testing in epidemic control. The aim of this study was to determine how testing affects the spread of epidemics and the daily testing volume needed to control infectious diseases. Methods We simulated the epidemic spread process on complex networks and introduced testing preferences to describe different testing strategies. Different networks were generated to represent social contact between individuals. An extended susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) epidemic model was adopted to simulate the spread of epidemics in these networks. The model establishes a testing preference of between 0 and 1; the larger the testing preference, the higher the testing priority for people in close contact with confirmed cases. Results The numerical simulations revealed that the higher the priority for testing individuals in close contact with confirmed cases, the smaller the infection scale. In addition, the infection peak decreased with an increase in daily testing volume and increased as the testing start time was delayed. We also discovered that when testing and other measures were adopted, the daily testing volume required to keep the infection scale below 5% was reduced by more than 40% even if other measures only reduced individuals’ infection probability by 10%. The proposed model was validated using COVID-19 testing data. Conclusions Although testing could effectively inhibit the spread of infectious diseases and epidemics, our results indicated that it requires a huge daily testing volume. Thus, it is highly recommended that testing be adopted in combination with measures such as wearing masks and social distancing to better manage infectious diseases. Our research contributes to understanding the role of testing in epidemic control and provides useful suggestions for the government and individuals in responding to epidemics.

scholarly journals Heterogeneity in testing for infectious diseases

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Berrig ◽  
Viggo Andreasen ◽  
Bjarke Frost Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mass Screening ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Nation States

Testing strategies have varied widely between nation states during the COVID-19 pandemic, in intensity as well as methodology. Some countries have mainly performed diagnostic testing while others have opted for mass-screening for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 as well. COVID passport solutions have been introduced, in which access to several aspects of public life requires either testing, proof of vaccination or a combination thereof. This creates a coupling between personal activity levels and testing behaviour which, as we show, leverages the heterogeneous behaviours in the population and turns this heterogeneity from a disadvantage to an advantage for epidemic control.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PASAR TENAGA KERJA SEKTOR INDUSTRI TERHADAP TINGKAT UPAH DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Yulia Putri ◽  
Mike Triani
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
The Government ◽  
Variable Influence

This study aims to to know and to analyze influence ( 1 ) the number of labor in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .( 2 ) working hours in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .( 3 ) together the amount of labor and working hours in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .Type research, this research is descriptive where data used is secondary data in cross section or of the year 2017 and related institutions.In this research using a technique of analysis a linear regression berganda to find how free variable influence on variables bound.The research results obtained show that: ( 1 ) the number of workers on the industrial sector in indonesia influential positive and insignificant on wage levels in indonesia.( 2 ) working hours on the industrial sector in indonesia positive and significant influence on wage levels in indonesia.In bersama-sama numbers of workers and working hours on the industrial sector in indonesia significant impact on wage rates in indonesia with the level of influence 41 %.So it can from the research suggested that the importance of the role of manpower and the government to cooperate in improving the wage rates in indonesia.

Internal Mobility of Researchers in Japan and China

2014 ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
I. Kirichenko ◽  
I. Onischenko
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Triple Helix ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
The Government ◽  
Japan And China

This article is devoted to problems of internal mobility of researchers in China and Japan. Internal mobility is an important mechanism that supports transfer of knowledge from universities to industry. That is why it is important to study trends, factors of the development and forms of internal mobility in order to see if the experience of these countries could help to build efficient NIS in Russia. The two Asian countries have similar problems: the mobility of researchers is limited by specific features of their labor markets. Both try to overcome these barriers in order to construct efficient schemes of collaboration between universities and industry. In this article this process is considered in the context of the Triple Helix concept. The aim is to understand the role of all of the Helix’ elements – government, universities and industry – in the promotion of the internal mobility. Without adequate institutional basis universities and industry cannot arrange the mobility of researchers because their individual interests do not coincide with the interests of organizations to cooperate. Government should build this basis. For instance, it is essential to reform Japan’s pension system which currently stimulates academician researchers to stay in university during their whole working life. With the main prerequisites provided by the government the organizations can create their own schemes to motivate researchers becoming mobile. Such schemes include different organizational forms of cooperation. In particular, joint enterprises, motivating instruments such as wages and bonuses, administrative regulations. For instance some of universities in China permit professors to use 20% of working hours to consult industry. The authors analyze the measures that the governments of two countries undertake to build institutional basis of internal mobility of researchers and the reaction of universities and industry to such initiatives. The article also tries to show strengths and weaknesses of instruments that use organizations to motivate the mobility of researchers working for them. Acknowledgement. The research is supported by grant RHF № 13-03-00089, 2013-2015.

scholarly journals KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PENGENDALIAN COVID-19 DI PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-71
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman ◽  
Lalu Satria Utama
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The Government ◽  
Difficult Times

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced this nation to change attitudes and see things in different ways. All sectors in the country are not able to produce optimally, both the service sector and the field sector. However, the safety of the entire citizenry must be pursued even in difficult times. The role of academics in helping the government fight the COVID-19 pandemic is to share their thoughts in the fight against the pandemic. One of the things that can be done is to help the government disseminate Regulations Regional West Nusa Tenggara Province Number 7 Year 2020 About the Infectious Diseases Control and provide thoughts on anticipatory and preventive measures for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Faith, Politics, and the Parable of the Kosher Deli: Explorations of Narrative in a Congressional Hearing

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Joshua Kraut
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Patient Protection ◽  
Congressional Hearing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Narrative

This paper takes a discourse analytic approach in exploring how a short narrative, delivered in the testimony of a panel-witness during a 2011 US congressional hearing investigating potential violations of religious liberty in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly known as “Obamacare”), shapes and reflects the larger political conflict over the legislation.  Exploring the so-called “parable of the kosher deli” from a structuralist, functionalist, and post-structuralist perspective reveals several key elements of how narratives can function in such a context.  The choice of genre not only facilitates communication via a culturally familiar structure, but also positions the communicator reflexively, and in strategic fashion.  This choice also provides an efficient means for glossing over the adversary’s most significant concerns: because parables are abstractions meant to reflect back on real situations, one can choose which elements to incorporate, and which to ignore about those situations in one’s interpretation.            Additionally, I observe how the parable is an effective means for positioning an opposing side (Davies and Harré, 1990), as the narrative takes aim at not only the government, positioned as an illegitimate disciplinarian, and an inappropriate judge, but also at advocates of the legislation generally, characterized as “off-topic” or else blind to the most important issue.  Finally, from a post-structuralist perspective, I note that the narrative, reflecting the general stance of the majority members of committee overseeing the hearing, construes the opposing side as a “generalized other” (Benhabib, 1992), ignoring the role of individual experience, needs, motivations, and desires in the attempt to make a case for broader exemptions to the proposed legislation.  Such a move short-circuited any possibility of “elaboration” (Cobb, 2006) in which both sides might have worked toward a mutually agreeable narrative which contained both of the moral perspectives presented.   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:I would like to thank Sara Cobb as well as the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.  

scholarly journals Deteriorated Covid19 control due to delayed lockdown resulting from strategic interactions between Governments and oppositions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Carrozzo-Magli ◽  
Alberto d’Onofrio ◽  
Piero Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Simple Game ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Us ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundIn many European countries and the US, the burden of Covid-19 epidemic could be much lower if Governments had been able to learn from the China and Lombardy stories and to declare full lockdown without delays.MethodsWe use a simple game-theoretic framework for the strategic interaction between the Government, political oppositions and lobbies, combined with a Covid-19 transmission model, to analyse the role of political factors delaying the lockdown declaration, depending on the degrees of “responsibility” of political actors.ResultsThe lockdown can always be declared immediately (i.e., without delay) as sustained transmission arises, only if the government feels fully “responsible” towards all citizens. If this is not the case, epidemic growth will eventually dominate the agents’ payoffs, so that sooner or later the lockdown will always be declared i.e., both the government and the opposition will be forced by the epidemic to switch towards a higher degree of responsibility, but with a delay. There is a further nontrivial situation where the lockdown can be declared without delay, occurring when the political opposition is at least as responsible as the Government. This however requires the solution of a coordination issue, which cannot be taken for granted. Eventually, a vicious circle emerges, where the delayed lockdown requires a much longer lockdown period to achieve adequate control results, thereby causing the explosion of economic losses and so calling for unlocking long before it should.ConclusionsLockdown delays have dramatically worsened the impact of the current Covid-19 wave in a number of countries. Citizens should be made cogently aware of this to claim maximal responsibility from political actors and economic lobbies to avoid that such stories repeat in the future when further threats, due to Covid-19 itself or other pathogens, will re-appear.

On retroeconomy

2017 ◽  
pp. 148-159
Author(s):  
V. Papava
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
International Competition ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

This paper analyzes the problem of technological backwardness of economy. In many mostly developing countries their economies use obsolete technologies. This can create the illusion that this or that business is prosperous. At the level of international competition, however, it is obvious that these types of firms do not have any chance for success. Retroeconomics as a theory of technological backwardness and its detrimental effect upon a country’s economy is considered in the paper. The role of the government is very important for overcoming the effects of retroeconomy. The phenomenon of retroeconomy is already quite deep-rooted throughout the world and it is essential to consolidate the attention of economists and politicians on this threat.

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

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