Root Distribution and Mineral Uptake of Coarse-rooted Trees Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-treated Containers

Seedlings of nine coarse-rooted species–sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth), white oak (Q. alba L.), cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia Elliott), post oak (Q. stellata Wangenh.), black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), pignut hickory [Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet], pecan [C. illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch], Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume), and common baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) L. Rich]—were grown for one growing season in nontreated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with white interior latex paint containing 100 g Cu(OH)2/liter. Seedlings of each species and container treatment were harvested twice: once after being transplanted from 3.2- to 15.0-liter containers and at the end of the growing season. Cupric hydroxide-treated containers decreased the amount of circled, kinked, and matted roots formed at the container wall-medium interface in all species tested. Plants grown in Cu(OH)2-treated containers also had altered root dry-weight partitioning. The partitioning patterns were species specific and included 6% to 20% increases in the percentage of root dry weight in interior vs. exterior portions of the rootball (white oak, black walnut, Chinese chestnut, and baldcypress), 10% to 21% increases in the percentage of root dry weight in upper vs. lower halves of the rootball (sawtooth oak, cherrybark oak, black walnut, and baldcypress), and an increase in the percentage of primary lateral roots (lateral roots originating from taproots or roots functioning as taproots) on the upper (proximal) half of taproots (cherrybark oak, pecan, and baldcypress). Nutrients in leaves, stems, and roots of sawtooth oak seedlings were analyzed at both harvests. Seedlings grown in Cu(OH)2-treated containers had more Cu in most plant tissues than nontreated seedlings. Also, seedlings grown in Cu(OH)2-treated containers had higher total Ca and Mg concentrations at transplanting and higher total N and Zn concentrations at the end of the growing season than nontreated seedlings.

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857 PB 434 ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF SIX PALM SPECIES GROWN IN CUPRIC HYDROXIDE-TREATED CONTAINERS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.556c ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 556c-556

Author(s):

Sven E. Svenson ◽

Timothy K. Broschat

Keyword(s):

Root Distribution ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Copper Toxicity ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Medium Interface ◽

Growing Medium ◽

Palm Species ◽

Cupric Hydroxide ◽

Species Specific ◽

Livistona Chinensis

The root distribution of seedlings of Acoelorrhaphe wrightii, Carpentaria acuminata, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Livistona chinensis, Phoenix roebellenii, and Washingtonia robusta were grown in nontreated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with 25, 50 or 100 g CU(OH)2/1. Seedlings of all species grown in treated containers had reduced circling or matted roots at the container wall-growing medium interface. The distribution of root dry weight and root length was species specific, and was significantly influenced by the rate of copper hydroxide applied. Copper treatment did not induce visual signs of copper toxicity, nor differences in shoot growth, nor differences in the number of higher-order lateral roots.

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Water relations of winter wheat: 1. Growth of the root system

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600056653 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 91-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 208

Author(s):

P. J. Gregory ◽

M. McGowan ◽

P. V. Biscoe ◽

B. Hunter

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Root Growth ◽

Root System ◽

Water Relations ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Main Stem ◽

Soil Cores ◽

Root Dry Weight

SummaryThe production of root axes and the growth of the root system are reported for a commercially grown crop of Maris Huntsman winter wheat. Soil cores were extracted on 17 occasions during the growing season permitting a detailed study of root length and root dry weight with depth and time.Production of seminal root axes was complete by the beginning of March when all plants possessed six (occasionally seven) axes which persisted throughout the life of the crop. Nodal axes were produced continuously from mid-February until late May and finally numbered approximately 20 stem nodal axes per main stem. Total root dry weight increased exponentially until the beginning of April and then almost linearly to reach a maximum of 105 g root/m2 field in mid-June (anthesis). After anthesis, total root dry weight decreased but root growth continued below 80 cm. From April onwards, approximately 65% of the total root dry weight was in the 0–30 cm layer.

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Effect of Prodiamine and Oxadiazon on Growth of Bedding Plants and Ground Covers

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-11.1.17 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 17-19

Author(s):

Janet C. Henderson-Cole ◽

Michael A. Schnelle

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Ground Cover ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Weed Species ◽

Bedding Plants ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Japanese Barberry ◽

Application Rates ◽

Bedding Plant

Abstract Four bedding plant species, rose periwinkle, petunia, geranium, and scarlet salvia; four ground cover cultivars, golden Japanese barberry, common periwinkle, Bowles periwinkle, and greater periwinkle; and pots seeded with two weed species, crabgrass or pigweed were sprayed with 0, 1.1 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (0, 1.0 or 4.0 lb/A) prodiamine (Barricade) or 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) oxadiazon (Ronstar). Heights or dry weights or both of all bedding plant species decreased linearly with increasing prodiamine (Barricade) application rates. Ground covers were not affected by oxadiazon (Ronstar) or prodiamine (Barricade) except for a reduction in root dry weight of common periwinkle with prodiamine (Barricade) applications. Crabgrass and pigweed were completely controlled by prodiamine (Barricade) throughout the growing season, but oxadiazon (Ronstar) lost its effectiveness after three months.

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Nitrogen Fertigation Rates Affect Stored Nitrogen, Growth, and Blooming in Iris germanica ‘Immortality’

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.51.2.186 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 186-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiaojie Zhao ◽

Guihong Bi ◽

Richard L. Harkess ◽

Jac J. Varco ◽

Tongyin Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

N Content ◽

Total N ◽

N Concentration ◽

Inflorescence Stems ◽

Iris Germanica ◽

N Rates

Tall bearded (TB) iris (Iris germanica L.) has great potential as a specialty cut flower due to its fragrance and showy, multicolor display; however, limited research has been reported on optimal nitrogen (N) nutrient management for TB iris. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of N fertilizer rate on plant growth and flowering of ‘Immortality’ iris and determine the influence of both stored N and spring-applied N fertilizer on spring growth and flowering. On 14 Mar. 2012, rhizomes of ‘Immortality’ iris were potted in a commercial substrate with no starter fertilizer. Plants were fertigated with 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm N from NH4NO3 twice per week from 28 Mar. to 28 Sept. 2012. In 2013, half of the plants from each of the 2012 N rate were supplied with either 0 or 10 mm N from 15NH415NO3 twice per week from 25 Mar. to 7 May 2013. Growth and flowering data including plant height, leaf SPAD, number of fans and inflorescence stems, and length of inflorescence stem were collected during the growing season. Plants were harvested in Dec. 2012 and May 2013 to measure dry weight and N concentration in leaves, roots, and rhizomes. Results showed higher 2012 N rates increased plant height, leaf SPAD reading, and number of inflorescence stems at first and second blooming in 2012. Greater 2012 N rates also increased plant dry weight and N content in all structures, and N concentration in roots and rhizomes. Rhizomes (58.8% to 66.3% of total N) were the dominant sink for N in Dec. 2012. Higher 2012 N rates increased plant height, number of fans, and the number of inflorescence stems at spring bloom in 2013. In May 2013, N in leaf tissue constituted the majority (51% to 64.3%) of the total plant N. Higher 2012 N rates increased total dry weight, N concentration, and N content in all 2013 15N rates; however, leaf dry weight in all plants was improved by 2013 15N rate. Percentage of tissue N derived from 2013 15N (NDFF) decreased with increasing 2012 N rate. New spring leaves were the dominant sink (56.8% to 72.2%) for 2013 applied 15N. In summary, ‘Immortality’ iris is capable of a second blooming in a growing season, this second blooming dependent on N fertilization rate in current year. A relatively high N rate is recommended to produce a second bloom.

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Survival and Growth of Planted Hardwoods in Harvested Openings with First-Order Lateral Root Differences, Root-Dipping, and Tree Shelters

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/17.2.45 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 45-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Felix Ponder

Keyword(s):

Lateral Roots ◽

Height Growth ◽

Black Walnut ◽

Good Survival ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

White Oak ◽

First Order ◽

Tree Shelters ◽

Black Oak

Abstract Survival and height of four hardwood species—black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), white oak (Q. alba L.), and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)—were evaluated 4 yr after the trees were outplanted in a recently harvested hardwood site. The study evaluated the influence of numbers of first-order lateral roots (FOLR); preplanting-root treatments (RT) that included both separate and combination treatments of a biostimulant, Roots®, a moisture loss retardant, SuperSorb-F® (SS), and a water control; and tree shelters (TS) on seedling performance.Except for black walnut, 4 yr survival was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher with tree shelters than without them. However, survival was not affected by FOLR or RT. The number of FOLR significantly affected the 4 yr height growth of northern red oak and black oak, but they did not affect the height growth of black walnut and white oak. Four-year height growth for black walnut and northern red oak was greater for unsheltered trees than for sheltered trees; the reverse was true for white oak and black oak. First-order lateral roots, root collar diameter (RCD), and TS were significantly correlated with first-year height and/or 4 yr height growth. Root treatments did not affect height growth. The overall good survival and limited treatment effect indicate that the number of FOLR was of limited importance on this site for these tree species. However, treatment effects may have been different on a more stressful site. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):45-50.

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PEG-Induced Osmotic Stress Alters Root Morphology and Root Hair Traits in Wheat Genotypes

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10061042 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1042

Author(s):

Arif Hasan Khan Robin ◽

Shatabdi Ghosh ◽

Md. Abu Shahed

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Stress ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Principal Component ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Main Axis ◽

Wheat Genotypes ◽

First Order ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Peg Stress

Wheat crop in drought-prone regions of Bangladesh suffers from osmotic stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of wheat genotypes with respect to root morphology and root hair traits under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress. A total of 22 genotypes of wheat were grown hydroponically and two treatments—0% and 10% PEG—were imposed at 14 days after germination. Plant growth was reduced in terms of plant height, number of live leaves per tiller, shoot dry weight, number of root-bearing phytomers, and roots per tiller. Notably, PEG-induced osmotic stress increased root dry weight per tiller by increasing length of the main axis and lateral roots, as well as the diameter and density of both lateral roots and root hairs of the individual roots. A biplot was drawn after a principal component analysis, taking three less-affected (high-yielding genotypes) and three highly affected (low-yielding genotypes and landrace) genotypes under 10% PEG stress, compared to control. Principal component 1 separated PEG-treated wheat genotypes from control-treated genotypes, with a high and positive coefficient for the density of lateral roots and root hairs, length and diameter of the main axis, and first-order lateral roots and leaf injury scores, indicating that these traits are associated with osmotic stress tolerance. Principal component 2 separated high-yielding and tolerant wheat genotypes from low-yielding and susceptible genotypes, with a high coefficient for root dry weight, density of root hairs and second-order lateral roots, length of the main axis, and first-order lateral roots. An increase in root dry weight in PEG-stress-tolerant wheat genotypes was achieved through an increase in length and diameter of the main axis and lateral roots. The information derived from this research could be exploited for identifying osmotic stress-tolerant QTL and for developing abiotic-tolerant cultivars of wheat.

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Physiology and Growth of Containerized Coastal Douglas Fir Seedlings Given Different Durations of Short Days to Induce Dormancy

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.3.342 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 342-346

Author(s):

Joanne E. MacDonald ◽

John N. Owens

Keyword(s):

Seedling Survival ◽

Common Garden ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

First Year ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Terminal Buds ◽

Short Days

We compared the effects of different durations of short days (SDs) as a dormancy-induction regime on bud development, bud endodormancy, and morphology of first-year containerized coastal douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii] seedlings in the nursery together with seedling survival and growth after one growing season in a common garden. In early July, four durations of 8-h SDs were applied: 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks. During the first week of SDs, budscale initiation started and was completed; then initiation of needles for next year's leading shoot (leader) began. Needle initiation was completed 10 weeks after the start of the regime in seedlings given 5 or 6 weeks of SDs and 13 weeks for those given 3 or 4 weeks of SDs. In early October, duration of SDs had no effect on bud endodormancy; 50% to 88% of terminal buds were endodormant. On this date, seedling height and shoot dry weight were unaffected by duration of SDs, whereas root dry weight and shoot diameter were significantly reduced in seedlings given 6 weeks of SDs compared with other durations. After one growing season, duration of SDs had no effect on seedling survival, leader length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, or shoot diameter. We recommend the 3-week duration of SDs for coastal douglas fir crops.

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Genetic variation for rate of establishment in caucasian clover

Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association ◽

10.33584/jnzg.1998.60.2282 ◽

1998 ◽

pp. 213-217

Author(s):

K.H. Widdup ◽

T.L. Knight ◽

C.J. Waters

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Root Growth ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

White Clover ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Red Clover ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Cool Season ◽

Trifolium Ambiguum ◽

Root Dry Weight

Slow establishment of caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum L.) is hindering the use of this legume in pasture mixtures. Improved genetic material is one strategy of correcting the problem. Newly harvested seed of hexaploid caucasian clover germplasm covering a range of origins, together with white and red clover and lucerne, were sown in 1 m rows in a Wakanui soil at Lincoln in November 1995. After 21 days, the caucasian clover material as a group had similar numbers of emerged seedlings as white clover and lucerne, but was inferior to red clover. There was wide variation among caucasian clover lines (48-70% seedling emergence), with the cool-season selection from cv. Monaro ranked the highest. Recurrent selection at low temperatures could be used to select material with improved rates of seedling emergence. Red clover and lucerne seedlings produced significantly greater shoot and root dry weight than caucasian and white clover seedlings. Initially, caucasian clover seedlings partitioned 1:1 shoot to root dry weight compared with 3:1 for white clover. After 2 months, caucasian clover seedlings had similar shoot growth but 3 times the root growth of white clover. Between 2 and 5 months, caucasian clover partitioned more to root and rhizome growth, resulting in a 0.3:1 shoot:root ratio compared with 2:1 for white clover. Both clover species had similar total dry weight after 5 months. Unhindered root/ rhizome devel-opment is very important to hasten the establishment phase of caucasian clover. The caucasian clover lines KZ3 and cool-season, both selections from Monaro, developed seedlings with greater shoot and root growth than cv. Monaro. KZ3 continued to produce greater root growth after 5 months, indicating the genetic potential for improvement in seedling growth rate. Different pasture estab-lishment techniques are proposed that take account of the seedling growth characteristics of caucasian clover. Keywords: establishment, genetic variation, growth, seedling emergence, Trifolium ambiguum

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Respon Akar Bibit Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) Di Pembibitan Pada Pemberian Dosis dan Interval Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa

Agrifarm : Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian ◽

10.24903/ajip.v7i1.368 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Yetti Elidar

Keyword(s):

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Treatment Combination ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Dose Study ◽

Palm Sugar ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters.

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Genome-wide association analysis unveils novel QTLs for seminal root system architecture traits in Ethiopian durum wheat

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07320-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Admas Alemu ◽

Tileye Feyissa ◽

Marco Maccaferri ◽

Giuseppe Sciara ◽

Roberto Tuberosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Root System ◽

System Architecture ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root System Architecture ◽

High Density ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Seminal Roots

Abstract Background Genetic improvement of root system architecture is essential to improve water and nutrient use efficiency of crops or to boost their productivity under stress or non-optimal soil conditions. One hundred ninety-two Ethiopian durum wheat accessions comprising 167 historical landraces and 25 modern cultivars were assembled for GWAS analysis to identify QTLs for root system architecture (RSA) traits and genotyped with a high-density 90 K wheat SNP array by Illumina. Results Using a non-roll, paper-based root phenotyping platform, a total of 2880 seedlings and 14,947 seminal roots were measured at the three-leaf stage to collect data for total root length (TRL), total root number (TRN), root growth angle (RGA), average root length (ARL), bulk root dry weight (RDW), individual root dry weight (IRW), bulk shoot dry weight (SDW), presence of six seminal roots per seedling (RT6) and root shoot ratio (RSR). Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between accessions for all RSA traits. Four major (− log10P ≥ 4) and 34 nominal (− log10P ≥ 3) QTLs were identified and grouped in 16 RSA QTL clusters across chromosomes. A higher number of significant RSA QTL were identified on chromosome 4B particularly for root vigor traits (root length, number and/or weight). Conclusions After projecting the identified QTLs on to a high-density tetraploid consensus map along with previously reported RSA QTL in both durum and bread wheat, fourteen nominal QTLs were found to be novel and could potentially be used to tailor RSA in elite lines. The major RGA QTLs on chromosome 6AL detected in the current study and reported in previous studies is a good candidate for cloning the causative underlining sequence and identifying the beneficial haplotypes able to positively affect yield under water- or nutrient-limited conditions.

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