Growth and Flowering Responses of Cyclamen persicum to Temperature and Photosynthetic Photon Flux

This research was conducted to investigate the growth and flowering responses of Cyclamen persicum Mill. `Piccolo' to temperature and photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF), and to obtain fundamental data for production of good quality pot plant. Cyclamen plants with 10 fully unfolded leaves were grown in growth chambers maintained at three day/night temperatures [20/10 (LT), 25/15 (MT), and 30/20 °C (HT)] combined with three PPF [250 (LF), 350 (MF), and 650 (HF) μmol·m-2·s-1] under 14 h-photoperiod. After 3 months, the higher the temperature was, the greater plant width was. It was the greatest under MT/MF and HT/MF. The number of leaves was greater with increasing temperature and PPF. Petiole length, leaf size, and fresh weight were higher with increase in temperature but decrease in PPF. Days to flowering were lower in MT/MF and MT/HF, but higher under LT regardless of PPF. The number of flowers was the highest under MT/MF and MT/HF, and higher under MF in each temperature treatment. Flowering period was longer in LT and MT compared with HT. Most leaves of plants grown under HT curled upward because of boron deficiency induced by higher temperature and lower humidity. Chlorophyll content was higher in medium and low temperature, except LT/HF. The lower side of leaf in low temperature was more reddish compared to that in higher temperature due to some pigments considered as anthocyanin. Photosynthesis was the highest in MT/MF, but low in MT/HF and LT/HF in accordance with the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) which was lower under the same environment. These results indicate that 25/15°C and 350 μmol·m-2·s-1 yielded the best pot cyclamen in this study.

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Temperature and Light Influence Growth and Flower Production in Heliconia `Golden Torch'

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.2.213 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 213-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jocelyn L. Catley ◽

Ian R. Brooking

Keyword(s):

Photon Flux ◽

Flower Production ◽

Developmental Factors ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Shoot Production ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Flower Quality ◽

Shoot Emergence

Flowering responses of Heliconia psittacorum L.f. × H. spathocircinata Aristeguieta `Golden Torch' to temperature and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) were determined in controlled-environment conditions using a 2 × 2 factorial combination of temperature (32C day/20C night and 24C day/20C night) and PPF (475 and 710 μmol·m–2·s–1). Temperature had no significant effect on new shoot production, with an average of 9.3 shoots per plant being produced over the 248 days of treatment. More shoots, however, were produced at the higher PPF level (10.1 compared with 8.3 shoots). The proportion of shoots that initiated flowers (85%) was similar in all treatments. The duration from shoot until inflorescence emergence was significantly less at 32C day/20C night than at 24C day/20C night (140 and 146 days, respectively) and was unaffected by PPF. This duration also was significantly affected by the interacting effects of order of shoot appearance and the number of leaves subtending the inflorescence. The second shoots to emerge had the shortest duration from shoot emergence to inflorescence emergence. The number of leaves subtending the inflorescence increased at the higher temperature and decreased as shoot order increased but was unaffected by PPF. Temperature and PPF levels influenced total leaf area at flowering, with highest areas being achieved in the high temperature–low PPF combination. Acceptable flower quality with at least two, opened, well-formed, well-colored bracts was obtained in all treatments, although flower stems were taller and thicker at 32C day/20C night and these dimensions increased further with increasing order of shoot appearance. Stem diameters tended to be thinner at the lower PPF level. Overall, temperature was more dominant than light in influencing production and quality of flowers, but developmental factors associated with the order of shoot appearance also played a significant role. Flower production of `Golden Torch' should be feasible in temperature-controlled glasshouses in temperate regions where mean air temperatures can be maintained at ≈20C.

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Cyclamen Flower Development in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 447e-447

Author(s):

Meriam Karlsson ◽

Jeffrey Werner

Keyword(s):

Flower Development ◽

The Other ◽

Day Length ◽

Cyclamen Persicum ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Total Leaf Area ◽

Open Flower ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Response To Temperature ◽

Increasing Temperature

Commercially plug-produced Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots 15 weeks from seeding and placed at 16 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length throughout the study. Three weeks from transplant, the plants were placed at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. At the time of temperature change, flower buds were first visible. Time to first open flower decreased with increasing temperature to 20 °C. On average, the cyclamens grown at 20 °C required 60 ± 4.5 days from transplant (165 days from seeding) to first open flower. There was no difference in rate of flowering for the plants grown at 16 or 24 °C (74 ± 9.5 days from transplant). Cyclamens grown at 12 °C required on average 28 more days and cyclamens grown at 8 °C, 45 more days to first open flower compared to plants grown at 20 °C. There was no difference in number of leaves per plant (55 ± 14.4). However, the plants grown at 24 °C had significantly larger leaves and total leaf area per plant (1060 ± 235 cm2) than plants in the other temperature treatments (585 ± 104 cm2). The number of flowers and buds per plant was 45 ± 10.6 for plants grown at 16, 20 or 24 °C. Significantly less flowers and buds were produced by plants grown at 12 °C (34 ± 7.9) or 8 °C (17 ± 3.7).

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Phenology of sunflower cultivars. II. Controlled-environment studies of temperature and photoperiod effects

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar9820251 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 251 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

PJ Goyne ◽

GL Hammer

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Plant Height ◽

Low Temperatures ◽

Male Parent ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

General Decline ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Effects Of Radiation ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Temperature Interactions

The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the phenology of the open-pollinated sunflower cultivar, Sunfola 68-2, the hybrid, Hysun 30, and its parents, were studied in five experiments using the CSIRO Canberra phytotron. Photoperiod and temperature influenced the number of days to first anthesis (FA) mainly during the emergence (E) to head-visible (HV) stage of growth. Leaf counts and plant height measurements supported this finding. There were major differences in the responses of the two cultivars to short photoperiods and low temperatures. The differences were removed by increasing temperature to a regimen of 27/22�C (day/night) or by increasing the photoperiod to 14 h. At low temperature, Sunfola 68-2 showed little response to photoperiods of between 10 and 14 h, whereas Hysun 30 showed a marked increase in duration of the E-HV stage for photoperiods shorter than 14 h. At photoperiods of 10 and 12 h there was a general decline in all measured attributes with increases in temperature, except the number of leaves on Sunfola 68-2 which remained relatively constant. Hysun 30 was similar to its male parent ('R' line) in response to photoperiod and temperature. The experiments suggest that the effects of radiation levels on sunflower phenology and photoperiod x temperature interactions in the 14-18 h photoperiod range require further investigation.

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Morpho-physiological changes in pineapple plantlets [Ananas comosus (L.) merr.] during acclimatization

Ciência e Agrotecnologia ◽

10.1590/s1413-70542012000600004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 624-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ariel Villalobo ◽

Justo González ◽

Ramón Santos ◽

Romelio Rodríguez

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Photosynthetic Activity ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Physiological Changes ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Plant Length

Pineapple producing countries lack good quality propagation material to expand cultivars into new areas. Previously, research protocols may increase the offer of high quality plantlets and speed the introduction of new pineapple cultivars. The present work is to evaluate the morpho-physiological changes in plantlets of pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. 'MD-2'] during the acclimatization phase. Plantlets were acclimatized under 80% relative humidity, 25.5 °C temperature and photosynthetic photon flux of 400-500 µmol m-2 s-1 as average for 45 d under natural photoperiods. All measurements (plant length, number of leaves and roots, fresh weight, width and length of leaf 'D', net photosynthesis and total transpiration rate) were carried out at the end of in vitro rooting phase coincident with 0 d of acclimatization and at 15, 30 and 45 d thereafter. Photosynthetic activity of in vitro plantlets did not increase during the first 30 d of the acclimatization phase. After 30 d, photosynthetic activity ranged from 5.72 to 9.36 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 while total transpiration ranged from 6.0 to 1.42 mmol H2O m-2 s-1. During the first 30 days there were no significant differences in number of leaves, length or width of the longest ('D') leaf (cm) or plant length (cm). However, after 45 days plant fresh weight (g), length and width of the 'D' leaf (cm) and root number all increased significantly, while transpiration (mmol H2O m-2 s-1) declined. There were small but significant decreases in chlorophyll a and b (µg g-1 mf.). Increased photosynthetic activity after 30 d shows that the increase in light intensity and the reduction of relative humidity during acclimatization did not constitute inhibitory factors.

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Slip Casting Derived α-TCP/HA Biphasic Ceramics

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.51 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 330-332 ◽

pp. 51-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kui Cheng

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Slip Casting ◽

Temperature Treatment ◽

Microporous Structure ◽

Temperature Heat ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Temperature Heat Treatment

Biphasic α-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (α-TCP/HA) calcium phosphate (BCP) is prepared through a modified slip casting based method: α-TCP powders are dispersed in the HA precursor solutions to form castable slurries, then the slurries are poured into round mold. After curing, the slurries turn into cakes. Room temperature curing leads the cakes to contain α-TCP and HA phases. Higher temperature heat treatment will result in the increase of HA content, while even higher temperature will leads the cakes to be triphasic. Low temperature derived BCP have particular microstructure with HA covers the surface of α-TCP powders, and these powders further agglomerate into large blocks. After higher temperature treatment, β-TCP dominates the cake and microporous structure is resulted.

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Kinetika Perubahan Sifat Fisik dan Kadar Tanin Biji Sorgum (Sorghum Bicolor L.) Selama Perendaman

Jurnal Agritech ◽

10.22146/agritech.42610 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 222

Author(s):

Asropi Asropi ◽

Nursigit Bintoro ◽

Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi ◽

Sri Rahayoe ◽

Arifin Dwi Saputro

Keyword(s):

Temperature Treatment ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Change Rate ◽

Constant Rate ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Kinetics Of Reaction ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Energy Activation

Some studies have been done to examine that the soaking process of sorghum seeds decrease the tannin level, but have not yet examined the kinetics of reaction changes during soaking. The aim of this experiment was to study the kinetics of changes on physical characteristics and tannin level of sorghum seeds during soaking. This experiment used milled and not milled red sorghum seeds which were soaked for 24 hours in distilled and alkaline solution at 30, 45, and 60 ºC. Observed parameters included water content, tannin content, and hardness, which were analyzed using statistical data and the kinetics of parameter change rate. Temperature treatment had a significant effect on the changes in all parameters of sorghum seeds during soaking. The increase in temperature accelerated the diffusion coefficient (Deff) in a range between 6.6345x10-12 m2/second to 13.5519x10-12 m2/second and energy activation of 8.054 kJ/mol; 3.274 kJ/mol; 3.183 kJ/mol; and 7.29 kJ/mol on the distilled water soaking treatment of not milled sorghum seeds, alkaline soaking treatment of not milled seeds, the distilled water soaking treatment of milled sorghum seeds, and alkaline soaking treatment of milled seeds. The highest decrease in tannin content was 77.9%, that was obtained in the treatment of alkaline soaking treatment of milled seeds at 60 ºC. The highest increase in volume occurred in the treatment of alkaline soaking treatment of milled seeds (76.0%). The value of the constant rate tended to increase with the increasing temperature of the soaking process. This means that the changes in the parameter were faster at a higher temperature, so the energy activation used is lower.

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Rootstock Affected In- and Poststorage Performance of Grafted Watermelon Seedlings at Low Temperature

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech03577-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 93-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hans Spalholz ◽

Chieri Kubota

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Citrullus Lanatus ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Bottle Gourd ◽

Stem Length ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Groups ◽

Short Period ◽

Number Of Leaves

Low-temperature storage is a technique to hold seedlings for a short period of time to adjust the production schedule of young seedlings. Labor-intensive grafting propagation can potentially benefit from the effective use of this technique to minimize peak labor inputs. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seedlings are generally chilling sensitive and therefore difficult to store at low temperatures. However, the rootstocks used for watermelon grafting, interspecific squash (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) are known to be chilling tolerant. To examine the influence of rootstocks on storability of watermelon seedlings, young seedlings of ‘Tri-X-313’ seedless watermelon grafted onto ‘Strong Tosa’ interspecific squash, ‘Emphasis’ bottle gourd, and ‘Tri-X-313’ watermelon as rootstock were placed for 2 or 4 weeks under 12 °C air temperature and 12 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Nongrafted watermelon seedlings were also treated in these same conditions. In addition, nonstored (grafted and nongrafted) seedlings were prepared for comparison. Regardless of seedling type (nongrafted or grafted with different rootstocks), all seedlings stored for 2 weeks had lower dry weight, comparable or greater number of leaves and stem length, when compared with their respective nonstored control groups after 2 weeks in the greenhouse. Seedlings stored for 4 weeks had lower number of leaves and stem length after 2 weeks in the greenhouse, except for those grafted onto the interspecific squash rootstock. Nongrafted and grafted watermelon seedlings with the same watermelon cultivar as rootstock showed significantly lower leaf net photosynthetic rates after 2 weeks in the greenhouse after the 2-week storage than those of nonstored control groups. In contrast, when grafted onto interspecific squash and bottle gourd rootstocks, seedlings showed comparable net photosynthetic rate to the control group. For all seedling types, 20% to 35% of seedlings died during 4-week storage or poststorage in the greenhouse, whereas all seedlings survived for the 2-week storage, except when grafted onto watermelon as rootstock. Therefore, chilling-tolerant rootstocks ‘Strong Tosa’ interspecific squash and ‘Emphasis’ bottle gourd improved storability of grafted ‘Tri-X-313’ watermelon seedlings but could not extend the storability beyond 2 weeks.

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Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 447d-447

Author(s):

Meriam Karlsson ◽

Jeffrey Werner

Keyword(s):

Day Length ◽

Leaf Number ◽

Cyclamen Persicum ◽

Flower Buds ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Leaf Unfolding ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Growth Chambers ◽

Response To Temperature

Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).

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Evaluation of the Possibility of Using 1.4462 and 1.4501 Steel as a Construction Material for Apparatus Operating at an Increased Temperature and with Corrosive Factors

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14144014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 4014

Author(s):

Karol Prałat ◽

Andżelika Krupińska ◽

Marek Ochowiak ◽

Sylwia Włodarczak ◽

Magdalena Matuszak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construction Material ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Passive Layer ◽

Initial State ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Significant Deterioration ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Steel Heat

The objective of this study was to determine the requirements for steels used as construction materials for chemical apparatus operating at an elevated temperature and to correlate them with the properties of the tested steels. The experimental part examined the influence of the annealing process on the structure and properties of X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 (1.4462) and X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 (1.4501) steel. Heat treatment was carried out on the tested samples at a temperature of 600 °C and 800 °C. Changes were observed after the indicated time intervals of 250 and 500 h. In order to determine the differences between the initial state and after individual annealing stages, metallographic specimens were performed, the structure was analyzed using an optical microscope and the micro-hardness was measured using the Vickers method. Potentiostatic tests of the samples were carried out to assess the influence of thermal process parameters on the electrochemical properties of the passive layer. An increase in the hardness of the samples was observed with increasing temperature and annealing time, the disappearance of magnetic properties for both samples after annealing at the temperature of 800 °C, as well as a significant deterioration in corrosion resistance in the case of treatment at a higher temperature.

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The Influence of Ocean Acidification and Warming on DMSP & DMS in New Zealand Coastal Water

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12020181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 181

Author(s):

Alexia D. Saint-Macary ◽

Neill Barr ◽

Evelyn Armstrong ◽

Karl Safi ◽

Andrew Marriner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ocean Acidification ◽

Coastal Water ◽

Phytoplankton Community ◽

Dimethyl Sulfide ◽

Temperature Treatment ◽

Low Ph ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Mesocosm Experiments ◽

Future Warming ◽

Higher Temperature

The cycling of the trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) may be affected by future ocean acidification and warming. DMSP and DMS concentrations were monitored over 20-days in four mesocosm experiments in which the temperature and pH of coastal water were manipulated to projected values for the year 2100 and 2150. This had no effect on DMSP in the two-initial nutrient-depleted experiments; however, in the two nutrient-amended experiments, warmer temperature combined with lower pH had a more significant effect on DMSP & DMS concentrations than lower pH alone. Overall, this indicates that future warming may have greater influence on DMS production than ocean acidification. The observed reduction in DMSP at warmer temperatures was associated with changes in phytoplankton community and in particular with small flagellate biomass. A small decrease in DMS concentration was measured in the treatments relative to other studies, from −2% in the nutrient-amended low pH treatment to −16% in the year 2150 pH and temperature conditions. Temporal variation was also observed with DMS concentration increasing earlier in the higher temperature treatment. Nutrient availability and community composition should be considered in models of future DMS.

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