Clinicopathological Studies on Neem and Ginger Effects as Feed Additives in Normal and E. coli Infected Weaned Rabbits

SummaryA survey conducted in 1980, 9 years after the banning of the use of tetracyclines as feed additives in the U.K., indicated that table chickens and pigs were still a large reservoir of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli; the incidence of transferable tetracycline resistance was greater in chicken E. coli strains (68%) than in pig E. coli strains (20%). Large amounts of sulphonamide-resistant and of furazolidone-resistant E. coli were found in the faeces of chickens; E. coli resistant to both sulphonamides and streptomycin were common in the faeces of chickens and pigs. E. coli with transferable or mobilizable trimethoprim resistance were present in the faeces of most pigs and in the faeces of 10 % of chickens.

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Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with a Bacillus subtilis direct-fed microbial

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txaa172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sangwoo Park ◽

Jung Wook Lee ◽

Kevin Jerez Bogota ◽

David Francis ◽

Jolie Caroline González-Vega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Growth Promoter ◽

Gut Health ◽

Weaned Pigs ◽

E Coli

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a direct-fed microbial (DFM) product (Bacillus subtilis strain DSM 32540) in weaned pigs challenged with K88 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and indicators of gut health. A total of 21 weaned pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.19 kg] were housed individually in pens and fed three diets (seven replicates per diet) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. The three diets were a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet without feed additives, a basal diet with 0.25% antibiotics (neo-Oxy 10-10; neomycin + oxytetracycline), or a basal diet with 0.05% DFM. All pigs were orally challenged with a subclinical dose (6.7 × 108 CFU/mL) of K88 strain of E. coli on day 3 of the study (3 d after weaning). Feed intake and BW data were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21. Fecal scores were recorded daily. On day 21, pigs were sacrificed to determine various indicators of gut health. Supplementation of the basal diet with antibiotics or DFM did not affect the overall (days 0–21) growth performance of pigs. However, antibiotics or DFM supplementation increased (P = 0.010) gain:feed (G:F) of pigs during the post-E. coli challenge period (days 3–21) by 23% and 24%, respectively. The G:F for the DFM-supplemented diet did not differ from that for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. The frequency of diarrhea for pigs fed a diet with antibiotics or DFM tended to be lower (P = 0.071) than that of pigs fed the basal diet. The jejunal villous height (VH) and the VH to crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) were increased (P < 0.001) by 33% and 35%, respectively, due to the inclusion of antibiotics in the basal diet and by 43% and 41%, respectively due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The VH and VH:CD for the DFM-supplemented diet were greater (P < 0.05) than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Ileal VH was increased (P < 0.05) by 46% due to the inclusion of DFM in the basal diet. The empty weight of small intestine, cecum, or colon relative to live BW was unaffected by dietary antibiotics or DFM supplementation. In conclusion, the addition of DFM to the basal diet improved the feed efficiency of E. coli-challenged weaned pigs to a value similar to that of the antibiotics-supplemented diet and increased jejunal VH and VH:CD ratio to values greater than those for the antibiotics-supplemented diet. Thus, under E. coli challenge, the test DFM product may replace the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in diets for weaned pigs to improve feed efficiency and gut integrity.

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High-Zinc Supplementation of Weaned Piglets Affects Frequencies of Virulence and Bacteriocin Associated Genes Among Intestinal Escherichia coli Populations

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2020.614513 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Vanessa C. Johanns ◽

Lennard Epping ◽

Torsten Semmler ◽

Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi ◽

Antina Lübke-Becker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Relative Increase ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Zinc Tolerance ◽

Detection Rates ◽

E Coli ◽

High Zinc

To prevent economic losses due to post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in industrial pig production, zinc (Zn) feed additives have been widely used, especially since awareness has risen that the regular application of antibiotics promotes buildup of antimicrobial resistance in both commensal and pathogenic bacteria. In a previous study on 179 Escherichia coli collected from piglets sacrificed at the end of a Zn feeding trial, including isolates obtained from animals of a high-zinc fed group (HZG) and a corresponding control group (CG), we found that the isolate collection exhibited three different levels of tolerance toward zinc, i.e., the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) detected was 128, followed by 256 and 512 μg/ml ZnCl2. We further provided evidence that enhanced zinc tolerance in porcine intestinal E. coli populations is clearly linked to excessive zinc feeding. Here we provide insights about the genomic make-up and phylogenetic background of these 179 E. coli genomes. Bayesian analysis of the population structure (BAPS) revealed a lack of association between the actual zinc tolerance level and a particular phylogenetic E. coli cluster or even branch for both, isolates belonging to the HZG and CG. In addition, detection rates for genes and operons associated with virulence (VAG) and bacteriocins (BAG) were lower in isolates originating from the HZG (41 vs. 65% and 22 vs. 35%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, resp.). Strikingly, E. coli harboring genes defining distinct pathotypes associated with intestinal disease, i.e., enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (ETEC, EPEC, and STEC) constituted 1% of the isolates belonging to the HZG but 14% of those from the CG. Notably, these pathotypes were positively associated with enhanced zinc tolerance (512 μg/ml ZnCl2 MIC, p < 0.001). Taken together, zinc excess seems to influence carriage rates of VAGs and BAGs in porcine intestinal E. coli populations, and high-zinc feeding is negatively correlated with enteral pathotype occurrences, which might explain earlier observations concerning the relative increase of Enterobacterales considering the overall intestinal microbiota of piglets during zinc feeding trials while PWD rates have decreased.

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Feed additives – over-regulation or measured response?

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200030842 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 245-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H Graham

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Weak Link ◽

Disease Outbreak ◽

Feed Additives ◽

E Coli ◽

Pharmaceutical Waste ◽

Negative Publicity ◽

The Uk ◽

Measured Response

A number of major food safety incidents in the 1990’s led to a crisis of confidence in EU consumers. These included the Mad Cow Disease outbreak, starting in the UK in the 1980’s, and the scandals across Europe involving the feeding of dioxins, sludge and pharmaceutical waste to food-producing animals. These incidents had one thing in common – all were connect with animal feed, suggesting this was the weak link in the food chain. In addition, the food industry continued to struggle with the negative publicity of salmonella, E. coli and campylobacter incidents.

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Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis of Porcine Faecal Commensal Escherichia coli Carrying Class 1 Integrons from Sows and Their Offspring

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8060843 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 843 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tiziana Zingali ◽

Cameron J. Reid ◽

Toni A. Chapman ◽

Daniela Gaio ◽

Michael Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Health ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Faecal Flora ◽

Class 1 Integron ◽

Integrase Gene ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽

Class 1 ◽

Genes Encoding

Intensive pig production systems often rely on the use of antimicrobials and heavy metal feed additives to maintain animal health and welfare. To gain insight into the carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the faecal flora of commercially reared healthy swine, we characterised the genome sequences of 117 porcine commensal E. coli that carried the class 1 integrase gene (intI1+). Isolates were sourced from 42 healthy sows and 126 of their offspring from a commercial breeding operation in Australia in 2017. intI1+ E. coli was detected in 28/42 (67%) sows and 90/126 (71%) piglets. Phylogroup A, particularly clonal complex 10, and phylogroup B1 featured prominently in the study collection. ST10, ST20, ST48 and ST361 were the dominant sequence types. Notably, 113/117 isolates (96%) carried three or more ARGs. Genes encoding resistance to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, trimethoprim, sulphonamides, tetracyclines and heavy metals were dominant. ARGs encoding resistance to last-line agents, such as carbapenems and third generation cephalosporins, were not detected. IS26, an insertion sequence noted for its ability to capture and mobilise ARGs, was present in 108/117 (92%) intI1+ isolates, and it played a role in determining class 1 integron structure. Our data shows that healthy Australian pig faeces are an important reservoir of multidrug resistant E. coli that carry genes encoding resistance to multiple first-generation antibiotics and virulence-associated genes.

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Effects of Different Levels of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) Seed Powder and Extract on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Microbiota, and Immunity in Broiler Chicks

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/628979 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Hesam Hosseinzadeh ◽

Ali Ahmad Alaw Qotbi ◽

Alireza Seidavi ◽

David Norris ◽

David Brown

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chickens ◽

Blood Parameters ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Infectious Bronchitis ◽

E Coli ◽

Bursal Disease ◽

Different Levels

The use of herbs and spices has gained increasing interest as feed additives and possible alternative to antibiotics in poultry production. The effects of using different levels of coriander seed powder or extract on selected blood parameters, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broiler chickens were investigated in this study. A total of 420-day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 7 treatments with 4 replicates and fed for 42 days. Results showed that inclusion of 2.0% coriander powder in broiler diets lowered total cholesterol while blood urea was significantly higher in birds on T4compared to T1and T2. Furthermore, there were no treatment effects onLactobacillusbacteria; however, the population ofE. coliwas significantly higher in the ileum of chickens fed T0. Noticeable significant improvements of antibody titer against Newcastle, infectious bronchitis, and infectious bursal disease were observed in birds receiving coriander extract in water. Immunoglobulin G antibody against sheep red blood cells showed significant improvement in birds fed T3; likewise, immunoglobulin M was significantly higher in birds on T2and T3at 28 d of age. These results revealed that coriander extract or powder can be used as antibiotic alternative in broiler feeds.

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Extracts of medical plants suppress the SOS response and reduce mutagenesis in E. coli

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202017501010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 01010 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maria Mazanko ◽

Evgenia Prazdnova ◽

Dmitriy Rudoy ◽

Alexey Ermakov ◽

Anastasiya Olshevskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Juglans Regia ◽

Sos Response ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Chelidonium Majus ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

E Coli ◽

Biosensor Strain ◽

Medical Plants ◽

Lux Biosensor ◽

Promising Source

One of the promising directions in the fight against the emergence and spread of farm animal microbiota resistance factors is the development and search for feed additives that can inhibit the SOSresponse. SOS-response is one of the main mechanisms of the occurrence of mutations in bacteria. Plants used in traditional medicine can be a promising source of safe substances that reduce the SOS-response of bacteria. A screening of plants potentially containing substances with antiSOS activity was performed. During the initial screening, the E. coli MG 1655 pRecA-lux biosensor strain with ciprofloxacin as RecA inducer was used. Seven plants were identified whose extracts reduced the expression of the RecA operon. In further experiments on bacteria exposed to antibiotics, we identified four plants whose exstracts significantly reduced the mutagenesis rate of clinical E. coli strains: Austrian broom (Cytisus austriacus), greater celandine (Chelidonium majus), walnut (Juglans regia) and smooth sumac (Rhus glabra).

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The Impact of Direct-Fed Microbials and Phytogenic Feed Additives on Prevalence and Transfer of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Genes in Broiler Chicken

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8030322 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 322

Author(s):

Eva-Maria Saliu ◽

Hao Ren ◽

Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni ◽

Jürgen Zentek ◽

Wilfried Vahjen

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chicken ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Animal Trial ◽

The Impact ◽

Lactobacillus Spp

Poultry frequently account for the highest prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in livestock. To investigate the impact of direct-fed microbials (DFM) and phytobiotic feed additives on prevalence and conjugation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, an animal trial was conducted. Lactobacillus agilis LA73 and Lactobacillus salivarius LS1 and two commercial phytogenic feed additives (consisting of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, and eugenol) were used as feed additives either alone or as a combination of DFM and phytogenic feed additive. An ESBL-producing E. coli donor and a potentially pathogenic Salmonella Typhimurium recipient were inoculated at 5 × 109 cells/mL in cecal contents from 2-week-old broilers. Conjugation frequencies were determined after 4 h aerobic co-incubation at 37 °C and corrected for the impact of the sample matrix on bacterial growth of donor and recipient. Surprisingly, indigenous Enterobacteriaceae acted as recipients instead of the anticipated Salmonella recipient. The observed increase in conjugation frequency was most obvious in the groups fed the combinations of DFM and phytogenic product, but merely up to 0.6 log units. Further, cecal samples were examined for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae on five consecutive days in broilers aged 27–31 days. All samples derived from animals fed the experimental diet showed lower ESBL-prevalence than the control. It is concluded that Lactobacillus spp. and essential oils may help to reduce the prevalence of ESBL-harboring plasmids in broilers, while the effect on horizontal gene transfer is less obvious.

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59 Autolized yeast reduces microbiological contamination of the carcass in steers finished in a feedlot

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.063 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 35-35

Author(s):

Dailis Delazeri ◽

Heloísa Bertagnon ◽

Melina A Bonato ◽

Liliana L Borges

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Yeast Cell ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Yeast Cell Wall ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Fecal Excretion ◽

Control Group ◽

Total Coliforms ◽

E Coli

Abstract The use of feed additives based on yeast cell wall has already been studied to favor the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria to the detriment of pathogenic bacteria in ruminants. This fact reduces diarrhea, increases animal performance, and could promote lesser contamination of the bovine carcass at the time of slaughter, during the evisceration. The present study aims to verify if the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae autolyzed yeast (AY) reduces total coliforms and Escherichia coli in feces and bovine carcass. Therefore, 36 steers, ½ Angus blood, finished in a feedlot, were submitted to three daily treatments for 105 days: control (diet without yeast), AY 4g (4g/animal/day, 2 x 1010cel/g of a commercial product based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae RumenYeast®), AY 7g (7g/animal/day, RumenYeast®). On days 29 and 90, after beginning in the feedlot, samples of feces were collected for E. coli and total coliforms identifications and counting. On the day of slaughter, 4 points of the carcasses were collected to identify and quantify E. coli, total fecal coliforms, and mesophiles by a petrifilm methodology. There was a reduction in E. coli and total coliforms for the AY 7g in the fecal samples comparing to the other groups (P = 0.0008 and 0.008, respectively), and a trend to reduce E. coli, total coliforms and mesophilic aerobes in the bovine carcass in AY 4g and AY 7g, comparing to the control group (P = 0.06; 0.10, and 0.05, respectively). It was concluded that supplementation with autolyzed yeast, especially when utilized in higher doses (7g), reduced fecal excretion and, consequently, reduce the carcass contamination by E. coli, mesophiles, and, total coliforms in animals during the feedlot period.

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