Gut Microbiota, Obesity and Bariatric Surgery: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 2038-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Florinela Cӑtoi ◽  
Dan Cristian Vodnar ◽  
Andreea Corina ◽  
Dragana Nikolic ◽  
Roberto Citarrella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions ◽  
Obesity Drugs

Background:: There is an urgent need for a better understanding and management of obesity and obesity- associated diseases. It is known that obesity is associated with structural and functional changes in the microbiome. Methods:: The purpose of this review is to present current evidence from animal and human studies, demonstrating the effects and the potential efficacy of microbiota modulation in improving obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Results:: This review discusses possible mechanisms linking gut microbiota dysbiosis and obesity, since there is a dual interaction between the two of them. Furthermore, comments on bariatric surgery, as a favourable model to understand the underlying metabolic and inflammatory effects, as well as its association with changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, are included. Also, a possible impact of anti-obesity drugs and the novel antidiabetic drugs on the gut microbiota has been briefly discussed. Conclusion:: More research is needed to better understand here discussed the association between microbiota modulation and obesity. It is expected that research in this field, in the following years, will lead to a personalized therapeutic approach considering the patient’s microbiome, and also give rise to the discovery of new drugs and/or the combination therapies for the management of obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities.

scholarly journals Probiotics: How Effective Are They in the Fight against Obesity?

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Mazloom ◽  
Imran Siddiqi ◽  
Mihai Covasa
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Energy Harvest ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Potential Efficacy ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Gut Microbe ◽  
Probiotic Strains ◽  
Microbe Diversity ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunctions

Obesity has been associated with structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota. The abundance in, and diversity of, certain bacteria may favor energy harvest and metabolic pathways leading to obesity. Therefore, gut microbiota has become a potential target that can be manipulated to obtain optimal health. Probiotics have been shown to influence the composition of the gut microbiota, improve gut integrity, and restore the microbial shifts characteristic of obesity. Based on physical and biochemical parameters, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and alterations in gut microbe diversity, animal studies revealed beneficial results in obese models whereas the results in humans are sparse and inconsistent. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present evidence from animal studies and human clinical trials demonstrating the effects of various probiotic strains and their potential efficacy in improving obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions. Furthermore, the review discusses current gaps in our understanding of how probiotics modulate gut microflora to protect against obesity. Finally, we propose future studies and methodological approaches that may shed light on the challenges facing the scientific community in deciphering the host–bacteria interaction in obesity.

scholarly journals Dietary Gluten as a Conditioning Factor of the Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla A Bascuñán ◽  
Magdalena Araya ◽  
Leda Roncoroni ◽  
Luisa Doneda ◽  
Luca Elli
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Environmental Trigger ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The gut microbiota plays a relevant role in determining an individual's health status, and the diet is a major factor in modulating the composition and function of gut microbiota. Gluten constitutes an essential dietary component in Western societies and is the environmental trigger of celiac disease. The presence/absence of gluten in the diet can change the diversity and proportions of the microbial communities constituting the gut microbiota. There is an intimate relation between gluten metabolism and celiac disease pathophysiology and gut microbiota; their interrelation defines intestinal health and homeostasis. Environmental factors modify the intestinal microbiota and, in turn, its changes modulate the mucosal and immune responses. Current evidence from studies of young and adult patients with celiac disease increasingly supports that dysbiosis (i.e., compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiome) is present in celiac disease, but to what extent this is a cause or consequence of the disease and whether the different intestinal diseases (celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease) have specific change patterns is not yet clear. The use of bacterial-origin enzymes that help completion of gluten digestion is of interest because of the potential application as coadjuvant in the current treatment of celiac disease. In this narrative review, we address the current knowledge on the complex interaction between gluten digestion and metabolism, celiac disease, and the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Bile Acids Could Contribute to the Bariatric Surgery Improvements in Extreme Obesity

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 733
Author(s):  
Luis Ocaña-Wilhelmi ◽  
Gracia María Martín-Núñez ◽  
Patricia Ruiz-Limón ◽  
Juan Alcaide ◽  
Eduardo García-Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Morbid Obesity ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Maintain Weight Loss ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Bariatric surgery is the only procedure to obtain and maintain weight loss in the long term, although the mechanisms driving these benefits are not completely understood. In the last years, gut microbiota has emerged as one of the drivers through its metabolites, especially secondary bile acids. In the current study, we have compared the gut microbiota and the bile acid pool, as well as anthropometric and biochemical parameters, of patient with morbid obesity who underwent bariatric surgery by two different techniques, namely Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Gut microbiota populations differed after the respective procedures, particularly with respect to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Both techniques resulted in changes in the bile acids pool, but RYGB was the procedure which suffered the greatest changes, with a reduction in most of their levels. Blautia and Veillonella were the two genera that more relationships showed with secondary bile acids, indicating a possible role in their formation and inhibition, respectively. Correlations with the anthropometric and biochemical variables showed that secondary bile acids could have a role in the amelioration of the glucose and HDL-cholesterol levels. Thus, we have observed a possible relationship between the interaction of the bile acids pool metabolized by the gut microbiota in the metabolic improvements obtained by bariatric surgery in the frame of morbid obesity, deserving further investigation in greater cohorts to decipher the role of each bile acid in the homeostasis of the host for their possible use in the development of microbiota-based therapeutics, such as new drugs, postbiotics or probiotics.

scholarly journals Association Between the Blautia/Bacteroides Ratio and Altered Body Mass Index After Bariatric Surgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonhong Kim ◽  
Doo Heon Son ◽  
Sanghyun Lim ◽  
Bu Kyung Kim ◽  
Ki Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Current evidence support that the gut microbiota plays a potential role in obesity. Bariatric surgery can reduce excess weight and decrease the risk of life-threatening weight-related health problems and may also influence gut microbiota. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in gut microbiota before and after bariatric surgery and evaluate the association of the gut microbial shift and altered body mass index (BMI) after bariatric surgery. Between January 2019 and July 2020, stools from 58 patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were collected. Six months after bariatric surgery, stools from 22 of these patients were re-collected, and the changes in gut microbiota before and after bariatric surgery were evaluated. In addition, the differences in gut microbiota between patients with severe obesity (BMI > 35, n=42) and healthy volunteers with normal BMI (18.8 – 22.8, n=41) were investigated. The gut microbiota of patients who underwent bariatric surgery showed increased α-diversity and differed β-diversity compared with those before surgery. Interestingly, Blautia was decreased and Bacteriodes was increased at the genus level after bariatric surgery. Further, the Blautia/Bacteroides ratio showed a positive correlation with BMI. These results were similar regardless of the surgery type (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy). To validate these results, we compared the gut microbiota from severely obese patients with high BMI with those from healthy volunteers and demonstrated that the Blautia/Bacteroides ratio correlated positively with BMI. In the gut microbial analysis of patients who underwent bariatric surgery, we identified that the Blautia/Bacteroides ratio had changed after bariatric surgery and showed a positive correlation with BMI. Based on these results, we suggest that bariatric surgery could change the gut microbiota and specific microbiomes might have a potential role in obese patients.

Experimental Rodent Models of Vascular Dementia: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Tiwari ◽  
Jyoti Upadhyay ◽  
Mohd Nazam Ansari ◽  
Syed Shadab Raza ◽  
Wasim Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Amyloid Angiopathy ◽  
Vessel Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Large Vessel Disease

: Vascular dementia (VaD) occurs due to cerebrovascular insufficiency, which leads to decreased blood circulation to the brain, thereby resulting in mental disabilities. The main causes of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) are severe hypoperfusion, stroke, hypertension, large vessel disease (cortical), small vessel disease (subcortical VaD), strategic infarct, hemorrhage (microbleed), cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA),which leads to decreased cerebrovascular perfusion. Many metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, and hyperhomocysteinemia are also related to VaD. The rodent experimental models provide a better prospective for the investigation of the molecular mechanism of new drugs. A plethora of experimental models are available that mimic the pathological conditions and lead to VaD. This review article updates the current knowledge on the basis of VaD, risk factors, pathophysiology, mechanism, advantages, limitations, and the modification of various available rodent experimental models.

scholarly journals Targeting the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System to Prevent Hypertension and Kidney Disease of Developmental Origins

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2298
Author(s):  
Chien-Ning Hsu ◽  
You-Lin Tain
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Nitric Oxide Deficiency ◽  
Developing Kidney ◽  
Prevention Of Hypertension

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is implicated in hypertension and kidney disease. The developing kidney can be programmed by various early-life insults by so-called renal programming, resulting in hypertension and kidney disease in adulthood. This theory is known as developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). Conversely, early RAAS-based interventions could reverse program processes to prevent a disease from occurring by so-called reprogramming. In the current review, we mainly summarize (1) the current knowledge on the RAAS implicated in renal programming; (2) current evidence supporting the connections between the aberrant RAAS and other mechanisms behind renal programming, such as oxidative stress, nitric oxide deficiency, epigenetic regulation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis; and (3) an overview of how RAAS-based reprogramming interventions may prevent hypertension and kidney disease of developmental origins. To accelerate the transition of RAAS-based interventions for prevention of hypertension and kidney disease, an extended comprehension of the RAAS implicated in renal programming is needed, as well as a greater focus on further clinical translation.

scholarly journals New Perspectives in Stroke Management: Old Issues and New Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
Fabio Pilato ◽  
Rosalinda Calandrelli ◽  
Fioravante Capone ◽  
Michele Alessiani ◽  
Mario Ferrante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Chronic Phase ◽  
Stroke Care ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Novel Approaches

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide and social burden is huge in terms of disabilities, mortality and healthcare costs. Recently, in an acute stroke setting, renewed interest in disease-modifying therapies and novel approaches has led to enhanced recovery and the reduction of long-term disabilities of patients who suffered a stroke. In the last few years, the basic principle “time is brain” was overcome and better results came through the implementation of novel neuroimaging tools in acute clinical practice, allowing one to extend acute treatments to patients who were previously excluded on the basis of only a temporal selection. Recent studies about thrombectomy have allowed the time window to be extended up to 24 h after symptoms onset using advanced neuroradiological tools, such as computer tomography perfusion (CTP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to select stroke patients. Moreover, a more effective acute management of stroke patients in dedicated wards (stroke units) and the use of new drugs for stroke prevention, such as novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) for atrial fibrillation, have allowed for significant clinical improvements. In this editorial paper, we summarize the current knowledge about the main stroke-related advances and perspectives and their relevance in stroke care, highlighting recent developments in the definition, management, treatment, and prevention of acute and chronic complications of stroke. Then, we present some papers published in the Special Issue “Clinical Research on Ischemic Stroke: Novel Approaches in Acute and Chronic Phase”.

scholarly journals High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Atherosclerosis in Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiological Aspects and Pharmacological Perspectives

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 574
Author(s):  
Maria Pia Adorni ◽  
Nicoletta Ronda ◽  
Franco Bernini ◽  
Francesca Zimetti
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Density ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux Capacity

Over the years, the relationship between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and atherosclerosis, initially highlighted by the Framingham study, has been revealed to be extremely complex, due to the multiple HDL functions involved in atheroprotection. Among them, HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), the ability of HDL to promote cell cholesterol efflux from cells, has emerged as a better predictor of cardiovascular (CV) risk compared to merely plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. HDL CEC is impaired in many genetic and pathological conditions associated to high CV risk such as dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, endocrine disorders, etc. The present review describes the current knowledge on HDL CEC modifications in these conditions, focusing on the most recent human studies and on genetic and pathophysiologic aspects. In addition, the most relevant strategies possibly modulating HDL CEC, including lifestyle modifications, as well as nutraceutical and pharmacological interventions, will be discussed. The objective of this review is to help understanding whether, from the current evidence, HDL CEC may be considered as a valid biomarker of CV risk and a potential pharmacological target for novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals A Crosstalk between Diet, Microbiome and microRNA in Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2428
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Guz ◽  
Witold Jeleniewicz ◽  
Anna Malm ◽  
Izabela Korona-Glowniak
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

A still growing interest between human nutrition in relation to health and disease states can be observed. Dietary components shape the composition of microbiota colonizing our gastrointestinal tract which play a vital role in maintaining human health. There is a strong evidence that diet, gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence our epigenome, particularly through the modulation of microRNAs. These group of small non-coding RNAs maintain cellular homeostasis, however any changes leading to impaired expression of miRNAs contribute to the development of different pathologies, including neoplastic diseases. Imbalance of intestinal microbiota due to diet is primary associated with the development of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers. In the present work we summarize current knowledge with particular emphasis on diet-microbiota-miRNAs axis and its relation to the development of colorectal cancer.

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