scholarly journals Dietary Gluten as a Conditioning Factor of the Gut Microbiota in Celiac Disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karla A Bascuñán ◽  
Magdalena Araya ◽  
Leda Roncoroni ◽  
Luisa Doneda ◽  
Luca Elli
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Environmental Trigger ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The gut microbiota plays a relevant role in determining an individual's health status, and the diet is a major factor in modulating the composition and function of gut microbiota. Gluten constitutes an essential dietary component in Western societies and is the environmental trigger of celiac disease. The presence/absence of gluten in the diet can change the diversity and proportions of the microbial communities constituting the gut microbiota. There is an intimate relation between gluten metabolism and celiac disease pathophysiology and gut microbiota; their interrelation defines intestinal health and homeostasis. Environmental factors modify the intestinal microbiota and, in turn, its changes modulate the mucosal and immune responses. Current evidence from studies of young and adult patients with celiac disease increasingly supports that dysbiosis (i.e., compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiome) is present in celiac disease, but to what extent this is a cause or consequence of the disease and whether the different intestinal diseases (celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease) have specific change patterns is not yet clear. The use of bacterial-origin enzymes that help completion of gluten digestion is of interest because of the potential application as coadjuvant in the current treatment of celiac disease. In this narrative review, we address the current knowledge on the complex interaction between gluten digestion and metabolism, celiac disease, and the intestinal microbiota.

scholarly journals A Crosstalk between Diet, Microbiome and microRNA in Epigenetic Regulation of Colorectal Cancer

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2428
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Guz ◽  
Witold Jeleniewicz ◽  
Anna Malm ◽  
Izabela Korona-Glowniak
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

A still growing interest between human nutrition in relation to health and disease states can be observed. Dietary components shape the composition of microbiota colonizing our gastrointestinal tract which play a vital role in maintaining human health. There is a strong evidence that diet, gut microbiota and their metabolites significantly influence our epigenome, particularly through the modulation of microRNAs. These group of small non-coding RNAs maintain cellular homeostasis, however any changes leading to impaired expression of miRNAs contribute to the development of different pathologies, including neoplastic diseases. Imbalance of intestinal microbiota due to diet is primary associated with the development of colorectal cancer as well as other types of cancers. In the present work we summarize current knowledge with particular emphasis on diet-microbiota-miRNAs axis and its relation to the development of colorectal cancer.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome dysbiosis in anorexia nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 283-291
Author(s):  
Agata Janczy ◽  
Magdalena Landowska ◽  
Zdzisław Kochan
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is described as an eating disorder, which is characterized by malnutrition, a fear of gaining body mass, and a disturbed self-body image. This disease is dependent on biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors. Among the various biological factors, the importance of intestinal microbiota has recently attracted much attention. Identification of the gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with AN has opened new and promising research directions. Recent observations focus in particular on the association between intestinal microorganisms and the occurrence of functional gastrointestinal disorders associated with anorexia, anxiety and depression, as well as the regulation of eating habits. The composition of the gut microbiota differs between patients with AN and individuals with normal body mass. This is due to the incorrect diet of patients; on the other hand, there is growing interest in the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of AN, its changes through re-nutrition practices, and in particular the modulation of intestinal microbiological composition by means of nutritional interventions or the use of preand probiotics as standard supplements therapy of eating disorders. There is a need for further research about the microbiome - intestine - brain axis. Furthermore, consequences of changes in dietary habits as part of AN treatment are also unknown. However, better knowledge about the relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain can help improve the treatment of this disorder. This review aims to present the current knowledge about the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis, course and treatment of AN.

Ongoing Supplementation of Probiotics to Cesarean-Born Neonates during the First Month of Life may Impact the Gut Microbial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqing Yang ◽  
Liang Tian ◽  
Jiao Luo ◽  
Jialin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
And Function

Objective The delivery mode is considered to be a significant influencing factor in the early gut microbiota composition, which is associated with the long-term health of the host. In this study, we tried to explore the effects of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota of C-section neonates. Study Design Twenty-six Chinese neonates were enrolled in this study. The neonates were divided into four groups: VD (natural delivery neonates, n = 3), CD (cesarean-born neonates, n = 9), CDL (cesarean-born neonates supplemented with probiotic at a lower dosage, n = 7), and CDH (cesarean-born neonates supplemented with probiotic at a higher dosage, n = 7). Fecal samples were collected on the 3rd, 7th, and 28th day since birth. The V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene was sequenced by next-generation sequencing technology. Results The α-diversity of the intestinal microbiota of cesarean delivery neonates was significantly lower than that of the naturally delivered neonates on the 28th day (p = 0.005). After supplementation with probiotics for 28 days, the α-diversity and the β-diversity of the gut flora in the cesarean-born infants (CDL28 and CDH28) was similar to that in the vaginally delivery infants. Meanwhile, the abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were significantly increased since the 3rd day of probiotic supplementation. Besides, the sustained supplementation of probiotics to neonates would help improve the abundance of the operational taxonomic units in several different Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins. Conclusion This study showed that probiotics supplementation to cesarean-born neonates since birth might impact the diversity and function of gut microbiota. Key Points

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota as Important Mediator Between Diet and DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in the Host

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia D’Aquila ◽  
Laurie Lynn Carelli ◽  
Francesco De Rango ◽  
Giuseppe Passarino ◽  
Dina Bellizzi
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
And Function

The human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of trillions of microorganisms that inhabit symbiotically on and in the human intestine. They carry out, through the production of a series of metabolites, many important metabolic functions that complement the activity of mammalian enzymes and play an essential role in host digestion. Interindividual variability of microbiota structure, and consequently of the expression of its genes (microbiome), was largely ascribed to the nutritional regime. Diet influences microbiota composition and function with short- and long-term effects. In spite of the vast literature, molecular mechanisms underlying these effects still remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the current evidence on the role exerted by gut microbiota and, more specifically, by its metabolites in the establishment of the host epigenome. The interest in this topic stems from the fact that, by modulating DNA methylation and histone modifications, the gut microbiota does affect the cell activities of the hosting organism.

scholarly journals Probiotics in Celiac Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Cristofori ◽  
Flavia Indrio ◽  
Vito Miniello ◽  
Maria De Angelis ◽  
Ruggiero Francavilla
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Host Protection

Recently, the interest in the human microbiome and its interplay with the host has exploded and provided new insights on its role in conferring host protection and regulating host physiology, including the correct development of immunity. However, in the presence of microbial imbalance and particular genetic settings, the microbiome may contribute to the dysfunction of host metabolism and physiology, leading to pathogenesis and/or the progression of several diseases. Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy triggered by dietary gluten exposure in genetically predisposed individuals. Despite ascertaining that gluten is the trigger in CD, evidence has indicated that intestinal microbiota is somehow involved in the pathogenesis, progression, and clinical presentation of CD. Indeed, several studies have reported imbalances in the intestinal microbiota of patients with CD that are mainly characterized by an increased abundance of Bacteroides spp. and a decrease in Bifidobacterium spp. The evidence that some of these microbial imbalances still persist in spite of a strict gluten-free diet and that celiac patients suffering from persistent gastrointestinal symptoms have a desert gut microbiota composition further support its close link with CD. All of this evidence gives rise to the hypothesis that probiotics might play a role in this condition. In this review, we describe the recent scientific evidences linking the gut microbiota in CD, starting from the possible role of microbes in CD pathogenesis, the attempt to define a microbial signature of disease, the effect of a gluten-free diet and host genetic assets regarding microbial composition to end in the exploration of the proof of concept of probiotic use in animal models to the most recent clinical application of selected probiotic strains.

scholarly journals Intestinal Microbiota Composition Modulates Choline Bioavailability from Diet and Accumulation of the Proatherogenic Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide

mBio ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kymberleigh A. Romano ◽  
Eugenio I. Vivas ◽  
Daniel Amador-Noguez ◽  
Federico E. Rey
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Choline Intake ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dietary Choline

ABSTRACT Choline is a water-soluble nutrient essential for human life. Gut microbial metabolism of choline results in the production of trimethylamine (TMA), which upon absorption by the host is converted in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Recent studies revealed that TMAO exacerbates atherosclerosis in mice and positively correlates with the severity of this disease in humans. However, which microbes contribute to TMA production in the human gut, the extent to which host factors (e.g., genotype) and diet affect TMA production and colonization of these microbes, and the effects TMA-producing microbes have on the bioavailability of dietary choline remain largely unknown. We screened a collection of 79 sequenced human intestinal isolates encompassing the major phyla found in the human gut and identified nine strains capable of producing TMA from choline in vitro. Gnotobiotic mouse studies showed that TMAO accumulates in the serum of animals colonized with TMA-producing species, but not in the serum of animals colonized with intestinal isolates that do not generate TMA from choline in vitro. Remarkably, low levels of colonization by TMA-producing bacteria significantly reduced choline levels available to the host. This effect was more pronounced as the abundance of TMA-producing bacteria increased. Our findings provide a framework for designing strategies aimed at changing the representation or activity of TMA-producing bacteria in the human gut and suggest that the TMA-producing status of the gut microbiota should be considered when making recommendations about choline intake requirements for humans. IMPORTANCE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and increased trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels have been causally linked with CVD development. This work identifies members of the human gut microbiota responsible for both the accumulation of trimethylamine (TMA), the precursor of the proatherogenic compound TMAO, and subsequent decreased choline bioavailability to the host. Understanding how to manipulate the representation and function of choline-consuming, TMA-producing species in the intestinal microbiota could potentially lead to novel means for preventing or treating atherosclerosis and choline deficiency-associated diseases.

scholarly journals Nutrition and Physical Activity-Induced Changes in Gut Microbiota: Possible Implications for Human Health and Athletic Performance

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 3075
Author(s):  
Vittoria Cella ◽  
Viviana M. Bimonte ◽  
Claudia Sabato ◽  
Antonio Paoli ◽  
Carlo Baldari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
External Causes ◽  
General Populations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Induced Changes

The gut microbiota is a complex heterogeneous microbial community modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the external causes, nutrition as well as physical activity appear to be potential drivers of microbial diversity, both at the taxonomic and functional level, likely also influencing endocrine system, and acting as endocrine organ itself. To date, clear-cut data regarding which microbial populations are modified, and by which mechanisms are lacking. Moreover, the relationship between the microbial shifts and the metabolic practical potential of the gut microbiota is still unclear. Further research by longitudinal and well-designed studies is needed to investigate whether microbiome manipulation may be an effective tool for improving human health and, also, performance in athletes, and whether these effects may be then extended to the overall health promotion of general populations. In this review, we evaluate and summarize the current knowledge regarding the interaction and cross-talks among hormonal modifications, physical performance, and microbiota content and function.

scholarly journals Composition and Function of Chicken Gut Microbiota

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Rychlik
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
Chicken Gut Microbiota ◽  
And Function ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Intended Use

Studies analyzing the composition of gut microbiota are quite common at present, mainly due to the rapid development of DNA sequencing technologies within the last decade. This is valid also for chickens and their gut microbiota. However, chickens represent a specific model for host–microbiota interactions since contact between parents and offspring has been completely interrupted in domesticated chickens. Nearly all studies describe microbiota of chicks from hatcheries and these chickens are considered as references and controls. In reality, such chickens represent an extreme experimental group since control chicks should be, by nature, hatched in nests in contact with the parent hen. Not properly realising this fact and utilising only 16S rRNA sequencing results means that many conclusions are of questionable biological relevance. The specifics of chicken-related gut microbiota are therefore stressed in this review together with current knowledge of the biological role of selected microbiota members. These microbiota members are then evaluated for their intended use as a form of next-generation probiotics.

scholarly journals The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Predicting Response to Diet and the Development of Precision Nutrition Models. Part II: Results

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 979-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley L Hughes ◽  
Mary E Kable ◽  
Maria Marco ◽  
Nancy L Keim
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT The gut microbiota is increasingly implicated in the health and metabolism of its human host. The host's diet is a major component influencing the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and mounting evidence suggests that the composition and function of the gut microbiota influence the host's metabolic response to diet. This effect of the gut microbiota on personalized dietary response is a growing focus of precision nutrition research and may inform the effort to tailor dietary advice to the individual. Because the gut microbiota has been shown to be malleable to some extent, it may also allow for therapeutic alterations of the gut microbiota in order to alter response to certain dietary components. This article is the second in a 2-part review of the current research in the field of precision nutrition incorporating the gut microbiota into studies investigating interindividual variability in response to diet. Part I reviews the methods used by researchers to design and carry out such studies as well as analyze the results subsequently obtained. Part II reviews the findings of these studies and discusses the gaps in our current knowledge and directions for future research. The studies reviewed provide the current understanding in this field of research and a foundation from which we may build, utilizing and expanding upon the methods and results they present to inform future studies.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota, in the Halfway between Nutrition and Lung Function

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1716
Author(s):  
Christophe Espírito Santo ◽  
Catarina Caseiro ◽  
Maria João Martins ◽  
Rosário Monteiro ◽  
Inês Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
The Impact

The gut microbiota is often mentioned as a “forgotten organ” or “metabolic organ”, given its profound impact on host physiology, metabolism, immune function and nutrition. A healthy diet is undoubtedly a major contributor for promoting a “good” microbial community that turns out to be crucial for a fine-tuned symbiotic relationship with the host. Both microbial-derived components and produced metabolites elicit the activation of downstream cascades capable to modulate both local and systemic immune responses. A balance between host and gut microbiota is crucial to keep a healthy intestinal barrier and an optimal immune homeostasis, thus contributing to prevent disease occurrence. How dietary habits can impact gut microbiota and, ultimately, host immunity in health and disease has been the subject of intense study, especially with regard to metabolic diseases. Only recently, these links have started to be explored in relation to lung diseases. The objective of this review is to address the current knowledge on how diet affects gut microbiota and how it acts on lung function. As the immune system seems to be the key player in the cross-talk between diet, gut microbiota and the lungs, involved immune interactions are discussed. There are key nutrients that, when present in our diet, help in gut homeostasis and lead to a healthier lifestyle, even ameliorating chronic diseases. Thus, with this review we hope to incite the scientific community interest to use diet as a valuable non-pharmacological addition to lung diseases management. First, we talk about the intestinal microbiota and interactions through the intestinal barrier for a better understanding of the following sections, which are the main focus of this article: the way diet impacts the intestinal microbiota and the immune interactions of the gut–lung axis that can explain the impact of diet, a key modifiable factor influencing the gut microbiota in several lung diseases.

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