scholarly journals The first famine in Ukraine was organized by the communist regime of Russia in 1921-1923

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petro M. Cherneha ◽  
Andriy P. Cherneha ◽  
Natalia V. Baranova ◽  
Ihor O. Mokhnatyuk ◽  
Nataliia O. Oblovatska
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Industrial Products ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Political Principles ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The urgency of the study necessitates participation in the coverage of wars of aggression, which require participation in the struggle against four members of Lenin to replenish the power of the Ukrainian People's Republic, as well as the establishment of a communist regime that helps mass terror and voting in Ukrainian organizations. The purpose of the articles is to reveal the main forms, methods and means of the Russian communist regime's next turn of Ukrainian lands, the overthrow of the independent UPR, total increase of agricultural and industrial products that use mass terror and food dictatorship, which caused the terrible Holodomor. To solve the problems, chronological, historical-legal, historical-comparative, structural, analytical-critical and statistical methods are used, which contribute to the objective and comprehensive study of the problem. The results of the study: a critical analysis of the ideological and political principles of decrees, resolutions, directives and orders of the Central Committee of the RCP (B) and the RSFSR SNC, which testified to their purposeful content and nature of the Russian Bolsheviks' aggressive policy towards Ukraine.

scholarly journals Mass Artificial Famine of 1921—1923: Social and Economic Consequences of Legitimation of the Communist Regime in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Svitlana Markova ◽  
Olesia Stasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The article attempts to generalize social and economic consequences of legitimation of the communist regime in Ukraine on the basis of analysis of historical and statistical data, and to confirm the fact of mass artificial famine in 1921–1923 and regular confiscation, export of grain and food products abroad from Ukraine. To ensure a comprehensive study of the main aspects of the research topic, we used historical, problem-chronological, historical-comparative, historical-psychological methods, as well as general scientific methods – systematization, analysis, generalization, modeling, etc. The new archival materials from the funds of State Archives of Zaporizhzhia Region were introduced into the scientific use that prove the facts of mass artificial famine of 1921–1923, as well as the materials from the State Archives of Khmelnytskyi Region that confirm the facts of regular and extra confiscations and export of grain, especially abroad. It is mentioned that after the legitimation of party and Soviet organizations in Ukrainian territories with the use of Cheka, the Bolsheviks conducted the policy of confiscations, product dictatorship, used already known and created new mechanisms of terror. In 1922, mass famine covered Zaporizhzhia province, and because of the lack of relief aid, people were physically exhausted, ate surrogates, died of starvation; there were cases of cannibalism. During 1922, the system of compulsory extra confiscations (of rye and wheat) for starving regions was introduced in the regions that suffered less, especially in Podillia province. Regular extra confiscations and export of grain from Podillia province had prolonged effects, which later led to the stagnation of agricultural sphere in the region, facts of starvation and hunger edema.

Apocrypha from the History of the Jewish Military Union and its Authors

2008 ◽  
pp. 147-176
Author(s):  
Dariusz Libionka
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Warsaw Ghetto ◽  
History Of

This article is an attempt at a critical analysis of the history of the Jewish Fighting Union (JFU) and a presentation of their authors based on documents kept in the archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw. The author believes that an uncritical approach and such a treatment of these materials, which were generated under the communist regime and used for political purposes resulted in a perverted and lasting picture of the history of this fighting organisation of Zionists-revisionists both in Poland and Israel. The author has focused on a deconsturction of the most important and best known “testimonies regarding the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising”, the development and JFU participation in this struggle, given by Henryk Iwaƒski, WΠadysΠaw Zajdler, Tadeusz Bednarczyk and Janusz Ketling–Szemley.A comparative analysis of these materials, supplemented by important details of their war-time and postwar biographies, leaves no doubt as to the fact that they should not be analysed in terms of their historical credibility and leads one to conclude that a profound revision of research approach to JFU history is necessary.

Phonetic Laws Related to Vowels in Dialects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrokhim Omonovich Darveshov
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Initial Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Areal Linguistics ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
Linguistic Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Today, in carrying out the reforms for the development of our society, there are created full opportunities and conditions for the fulfillment of the tasks set before the Uzbek linguistics, purposeful research work is carried out on the issue of comprehensive study of our language. At the same time, the study of the features of Uzbek dialects, relying on the theoretical bases of areal linguistic research, is defined as one of the priority directions in the historical-comparative and ethnolinguistic aspects.This sphere consists of imperfect, simple descriptive and illustrative aspects, indefinite places need to learn and fill on the basis of new views, from a mental point of view. The article gives an idea of the peculiarities of the Namangan Kipchak and Karluk dialects, the historical genesis of the system of vowels, the issues areal of their prevalence and application. The phonetic-phonological linguistic character of the dialect is a comparative-historical reflection of the processes of events of features and laws. In its turn, there are described opinions about the events of umlaut in the Turkic dialects of synharmonism and Karluk dialects in Kipchak dialects related to the vowels in the Turkic languages. Key policy insights.The study through areal-typological and areal-linguistic methods, which gave Mahmud Kashgariy in Turkic languages, the initial point of any linguistic theory and conceptions, the study of dialects, their specific features, is still one of the important issues today. The emergence of areal linguistics has opened up a wide way to evaluate new issues and concepts in the field of dialectology, to solve them in new ways. Relying on the theoretical basis of dialect and slang areas in the holistic study of the language system, the fact that historical-comparative and ethnologic research is defined as one of the priority areas imposes new responsibilities on Uzbek linguistics and Uzbek linguists.

Հայերի էթնիկ զտումների և ցեղասպանական քաղաքականության իրագործման փուլերն Արևելյան Այսրկովկասում (XI-XX դդ․) (Մաս 1)

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
Gevorg Stepanyan
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
State Level ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Persian Wars ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
Implementation Stages ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Armenian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Study

THE STAGES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POLICY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING AND GENOCIDE OF ARMENIANS IN THE EASTERN CIS-CAUCASUS (11TH-20TH CC.) (PART 1) The aim of the article is to present the motives and implementation stages of ethnic cleansing and genocidal policy perpetrated towards the indigenous Armenian population during the 11th-20th centuries in the Eastern Cis-Caucasus – in the territory stretching from the Kur Valley to the Apsheron Peninsula, on the basis of various primary sources (archival documents, statistical materials, periodical press, theme related literature). The work is written by a combined examination of facts, applying the principles of historical investigation and historical-comparative analysis. The level of reliability and validity of the sources through their comprehensive study have been verified. Through the combination of facts the following phases of the history of the main issue are presented: the policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide of Armenians in the Eastern Cis-Caucasus were still implemented in the 11th-18th centuries when the region regularly appeared under the invasions and dominion of various conquering nomadic tribes (Turk-Seljuks, Mongol-Tatars, Tamerlane, nomadic Turkmen tribes of Kara-Koyunlu and Ak-Koyunlu, Kizilbash invasions followed by the Turkish-Persian wars, Sunni Lezgins, invasions of Nader Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan). As a result, some part of the Armenian population was deported and left native lands or forcedly accepted the Muslim religion of the conquerers. The next phase of ethnic cleansing and atrocities was the period of the Armenian-Tatar clashes (1905-1906). Later, the policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide was implemented at state level already during the Musavat regime of the artificial “Azerbaijan” formation (1918-1920), and finally during the Soviet regime (1920-1990). The article substantiates the fact that the indigenous Armenian population of the region was subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide in its cradle, just as the Young Turks carried out the extermination of the Western Armenians in 1915-1916 in Western Armenia. Therefore, this policy should be described as a continuation and an integral part of the Genocide of Armenians, as the Armenian Genocide with its geographical coverage (from Cilicia to Baku), was a consequence of the implementation of a comprehensive pan-Turkic program. There are numerous references to the issue in the historical literature, though the comprehensive study of ethnic cleansing and genocidal policies of Armenians in the Eastern CisCaucasus – in the territory stretching from the Kur Valley to the Apsheron Peninsula, has not been the subject of a separate study.

Հայերի էթնիկ զտումների և ցեղասպանական քաղաքականության իրագործման փուլերն Արևելյան Այսրկովկասում (XI-XX դդ․) (Մաս Բ)

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Gevorg Stepanyan
Keyword(s):  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
State Level ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Persian Wars ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
Implementation Stages ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Armenian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The aim of the article is to present the motives and implementation stages of ethnic cleansing and genocidal policy perpetrated towards the indigenous Armenian population during the 11th-20th centuries in the Eastern Cis-Caucasus – in the territory stretching from the Kur Valley to the Apsheron Peninsula, on the basis of various primary sources (archival documents, statistical materials, periodical press, theme related literature). The work is written by a combined examination of facts, applying the principles of historical investigation and historical-comparative analysis. The level of reliability and validity of the sources through their comprehensive study have been verified. Through the combination of facts the following phases of the history of the main issue are presented: the policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide of Armenians in the Eastern Cis-Caucasus were still implemented in the 11th-18th centuries when the region regularly appeared under the invasions and dominion of various conquering nomadic tribes (Turk-Seljuks, Mongol-Tatars, Tamerlane, nomadic Turkmen tribes of Kara-Koyunlu and Ak-Koyunlu, Kizilbash invasions followed by the Turkish-Persian wars, Sunni Lezgins, invasions of Nader Shah and Agha Mohammad Khan). As a result, some part of the Armenian population was deported and left native lands or forcedly accepted the Muslim religion of the conquerers. The next phase of ethnic cleansing and atrocities was the period of the Armenian-Tatar clashes (1905-1906). Later, the policy of ethnic cleansing and genocide was implemented at state level already during the Musavat regime of the artificial “Azerbaijan” formation (1918-1920), and finally during the Soviet regime (1920-1990). The article substantiates the fact that the indigenous Armenian population of the region was subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide in its cradle, just as the Young Turks carried out the extermination of the Western Armenians in 1915-1916 in Western Armenia. Therefore, this policy should be described as a continuation and an integral part of the Genocide of Armenians, as the Armenian Genocide with its geographical coverage (from Cilicia to Baku), was a consequence of the implementation of a comprehensive pan-Turkic program. There are numerous references to the issue in the historical literature, though the comprehensive study of ethnic cleansing and genocidal policies of Armenians in the Eastern Cis-Caucasus – in the territory stretching from the Kur Valley to the Apsheron Peninsula, has not been the subject of a separate study.

scholarly journals Evolution of Government Approches to Food Aid/Loans during the Holodomor of 1932–1933

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Igor Yakubovskyy
Keyword(s):  
Central Committee ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Analytical System ◽  
Methods Analytical ◽  
Collective Farms

The main goal of this article is to investigate the Stalin’s regime strategies regarding the so-called centralized food aid and its distribution during the Holodomor, which was organized by the Kremlin on the occupied territory of Ukraine in 1932–1933. Research methods: analytical, system-structural, historical-comparative, historical-chronological. Main results. The research focuses on the deep examination of the normative documents created by the different echelons of authority (from Moscow to Ukrainian regions) as a base of clarifying the model related to realizing of general decisions approved by the Central Committee of the Communist party and the Soviet government. In addition, the above-mentioned problem is researched in the frame of genocide conception. The scientific significance of the article is in showing that during 1932–1933 the Stalin regime’s approaches were shifted. From July 1932 food aid was transformed into food loan. In 1933 the central authority established the discriminating model of distribution foods based on renouncement from the principle of equal access and from the providing the aid which depends on the stage of starvation. Food loan depended on political loyalty, social origin and membership in collective farms. Furthermore, the authority aimed to ехterminate all regional attempts to dodge from strong realization of the center’s model. In fact, these attempts frequently turned out to be the step to rescue a number of Ukrainian farmers in different regions of Ukraine. Created by the Stalin regime and used by the authority hierarchy in Ukraine, the approaches are very important evidence that the Food Aid was an instrument to save only number of farmers, who were necessary to plant and harvest. Other farmers were to be starved. The method of the providing and distribution of the centralized food loan was a key instrument of the authority aimed to kill a considerable part of the Ukrainian population by famine. It indicates that the Stalin’s regime intention was genocide. Further research perspective is to deduce how the regional authorities, the heads of collective farms and villages have been realized the orders approved by central as well as Ukrainian rules and how it influenced on the starving and inhibiting or catalyzing of the Soviet government’s plans. Practical significance: the results of the study open up new opportunities for deepening scientific ideas and theoretical generalizations about the Holodomor of 1932–1933. Type of article: analytical.

scholarly journals Easy as pie. How not to treat statistics

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-212
Author(s):  
A.N. Krichevets
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The article discusses the methodological difficulties associated with the spread of statistical methods of data processing in psychological works. In particular, there is a simplification of the understanding of statistics by researchers, which increasingly leads to the adoption of the hypothesis of the presence of the effect, in a situation where it is not. There is a brief review of publications and examples where this issue is the subject of critical analysis. Presented a research which showed that in the repetition of experiments published in reputable journals, the significance accepted in the scientific community was observed only in 39% of the works — this effect was called the “publication shift”. The article discusses ways to solve this problem, in particular, meta-analysis, through which it is possible to confirm the results of a series of experiments relating to one problem — subject to the availability of information about the design and openness of raw data. An understanding of the probabilistic nature of statistical results must be mandatory for the evaluation of studies

scholarly journals Ecumenical and ecological mission of Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky: service to Christ's Church and people

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-80
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Potravych ◽  
Andrii Vypasniak
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Church Of Christ ◽  
Functional Component ◽  
Spiritual Leader ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Church ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The aim is to highlight the ecumenical and ecological mission of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky, the head of the UGCC, in the context of spiritual activity as the spiritual leader of the Ukrainian nation, serving God, the Church of Christ and the laity-pastors. The emphasis is on ecumenism and the environmental sphere in order to trace the relevance and development in the dynamics. During the writing of the article, the methodology of scientific objectivity, historicism and critical analysis of the elaborated sources, with methods: structural-functional (component analysis), comparative-historical (comparative), typological, was used. Theoretical developments in the fields of related disciplines are taken into account: religious studies, sociology, ecology, cultural studies, psychology, demography, pedagogy. This defined a multidisciplinary approach that allowed comprehensive and comprehensive coverage of the problem. The study analyzed the ecumenical activity of Metropolitan A. Sheptytsky, which was aimed at uniting all Christian denominations in Ukraine and the world into a single congregation of the Apostolic Church for the joint service of the Lord. Sheptytsky's contribution to the development of environmental affairs on the territory of Eastern Galicia is considered and appreciated, his role in shaping the religious outlook of all strata of the Ukrainian population is highlighted.

scholarly journals Notes on the Demographic Transformations in Postcommunist Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-34
Author(s):  
Traian Rotariu
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Transnational Migration ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Natural Growth ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demographic Situation

Abstract The article presents a few of the demographic transformations in Romania in the period after the fall of the communist regime in 1989, when the new social circumstances, along with legal changes, had an undeniable effect on the manifestation of the demographic phenomena and thus on the volume and the structure of the population. The present article summarizes and also describes the transformations, with a few attempts at explaining them, without, however, aligning to any major theory that attempts to explain what has happened and to predict what will come next. In order to avoid entrapment within an enclosed discursive universe, there will be references to the situation of other countries, mainly in the geographical area of Romania and, more widely, in the European Union. The demographic phenomena that are analysed individually are fertility and mortality, which have a direct impact on the natural growth of the population. There are only a few suggestions on transnational migration in the section devoted to the changes of the population. Last, but not least, the text is a critical analysis of some of the official demographic statistics put forward by the National Institute of Statistics and even by EUROSTAT – data that is questionable or outright false and risks misleading the reader that is less familiar with the demographic situation of Romania.

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