scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis, proximate composition and antibacterial activities of Ziziphus Species (Z. jujube and Z. spina christi)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Kamalu Abdullahi Alhassan ◽  
Aisha Shuaibu Indabawa ◽  
M. Manjur Shah
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ziziphus Jujube

Despite tremendous progress in human medicines infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites are still a major threat to public health. Their impact is particularly large in developing countries due to relative unavailability of medicines and emergence of widespread drugs resistance (Zampini 2009).The aim and objectives of this research work was designed to carried out the Phytochemical analysis, proximate composition and evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the Ziziphus jujube and Ziziphus spina christi leaves against clinical bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Staphloccoccus  aureus and Klebsiella  pneumoniae) as they were found out that since ancient times to date, they are used in treating various antimicrobial, ailmentand disorders etc. The results of the research shows that, the effect of antibacterial activities of both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ziziphus jujube (e extract conc. aqueous; F=119.37, Bacterial extract conc. aqueous; F=1.00 and extract conc. ethanol; F=15.74, Bacterial extract conc. ethanol; F=0.59) are reciprocal proportional to their counterpart, Ziziphus spina-christi (extract conc. aqueous; F=54.96, Bacterial extract conc. aqueous; F=0.94 and extract conc. ethanol; F=81.11, Bacterial extract conc. ethanol; F=1.37). In sum, the minimum inhibitory concentration of Ziziphus jujube shows that, the aqueous extract has M.I.C at range of 11.7 to 8.7mg/ml on all tested bacteria but the ethanolic extract has M.I.C of 14.8 to 8.2mg/ml range on E.coli, Klepsiella spp and S. aureus. While, the minimum inhibitory concentraton of Ziziphus spina-christi shows that the M.I.C of aqueous extract range of 12.8 to 8.3mg/ml on E. coli, Klepsiella spp and S.aureus. But, Ziziphus spina-christi M.I.C of ethanolic extract is 13.5 to 8.8mg/ml on all the tested bacteria. In sum, Zizuphus spina-christi has lower nutritional content and low MIC ethanolic extract than that of Ziziphus jujube.

scholarly journals Invitro Antimicrobial Activities of Mitracarpus scaber Against Some Common Bacteria of Aquatic Origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
Abdullateef Abiodun Ajadi ◽  
Benjamin Emikpe ◽  
Ahmed Akeem
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Mitracarpus Scaber

Some plants have been reported to be of medicinal values and reserve some antimicrobial properties. One of such plants is Mitracarpus scaber and its effect on bacterial growth is evaluated. The study aimed at evaluating the phytochemical analyses and antimicrobial potentials of Mitracarpus scaber against aquatic bacteria including Aeromonas, Bacillus, Vibrio and Staphylococcus Spp. Leaves of Mitracarpus scaber were collected, washed and air dried and phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial investigation of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves were carried out against a panel of bacteria isolated from diseased catfish from various farms. The phytoconstituents detected include saponins, tannins, flavonoids, tarpenoids, steroids, anthraquinones and alkaloids in both aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. scaber showed varying degree of antibacterial activities but ethanolic extract showed a higher activity against the pathogens tested. The ethanolic extract had zones of inhibition similar to that of standard antibiotics (enrofloxacin) across all tested microbes.  The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extract of M. scaber was against Bacillus sp with 10mg/ml while the highest was 85mg/ml against Staphylococcus species. The results of the assays showed promising evidences that M. scaber is a potential antibacterial agent against aquatic microbes.  However, further studies are recommended to fractionate its constituents and determine the in vitro and in vivo anti-microbial activities and the exact mechanism of action of the constituents.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Potential of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Carica papaya Leaves

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustine I. Airaodion ◽  
John A. Ekenjoku ◽  
Ime U. Akaninyene ◽  
Anthony U. Megwas
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Filter Paper Disc ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

Background: The search for newer sources of antibiotics is a global challenge pre-occupying research institutions, pharmaceutical companies and academia, since many infectious agents are becoming resistant to synthetic drugs. Aim: This present study sought to investigate the antibacterial potential of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Carica papaya leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh and healthy leaves of C. papaya were harvested, air dried and milled into powder. The powder was extracted using ethanol and water as solvents. The antibacterial activities of both extracts were determined by diffusion method. Nutrient agar medium was prepared using standard method. Pure cultures of Coliform bacillus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli were obtained from the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. The extracts were serially diluted to obtain 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.125% solutions in sterile test tubes. Sterilized 9 mm filter paper disc soaked in the diluted extracts were placed on the plate and incubated for 24 hours at room temperature. The plates were examined for clear zones of inhibition. Presence of zones of inhibition indicated activity. Results: the results showed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. papaya leaves exhibit antibacterial activities against C. bacillus, S. epidemidis, S. viridans and E. coli and also inhibited their growth. The effect of the ethanolic extract was greater than that of the aqueous extract. However, this activity was not observed with S. typhi. Conclusion: The result of the present study showed that C. papaya leaves might effectively inhibit the growth of C. bacillus, S. epidemidis, S. viridans and E. coli but not that of S. typhi. However, the ethanolic extract is more potent than the aqueous extract.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Antimicrobial Potentials of Chromolaena odorata (L.) on Selected Human Pathogens

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Z. K. Egbunu ◽  
O. O. Owoyemi ◽  
M. K. Oladunmoye ◽  
O. J. Abraham ◽  
O. I. Afolami
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Inhibitory Zone ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Aims: This research was designed to evaluate the phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of Chromolaena odorata L. and their antimicrobial activities. Methodology: Dried leaves of C. odorata were pulverized and subjected to ethanolic and aqueous extraction. The extracts were qualitatively and quantitatively screened for phytochemicals using standard methods. The inhibitory activity of the leaf extracts were evaluated against clinical pathogens; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans using agar well diffusion technique at 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL concentrations. Results: The ethanolic extract of C. odorata had a better percentage yield of 5.49 g, followed by aqueous extract (3.5 g). The phytochemical screening conducted on the extracts revealed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycoside, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The ethanolic extract exhibited better antimicrobial activity on S. typhi, S. aureus, E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and C. albicans compared to the aqueous extract. This could be as a result of the higher extraction capability of the ethanol to penetrate easily into the cellular membrane and dissolve the intracellular inclusions from the plant materials than the aqueous solvent. The zones of inhibition of ethanolic extract at 100 mg/mL ranges from 2.33±0.33 mm to 9.50±0.36 mm with the lowest efficacy observed on P. mirabilis and highest on S. aureus. S. typhi was susceptible to the aqueous extract of the plant at this concentration with inhibitory zone of 4.00±0.00 mm. The ethanolic extract of the plant was also effective against C. albicans with inhibitory zone of 4.17±0.17 mm at 100 mg/mL. Chloramphenicol inhibited all the test bacteria with the highest efficacy on E. coli (16.33±0.03 mm) and ketoconazole at 25 mg/mL had a better antifungal activity on C. albicans compared to the observed antifungal activities of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. odorata at 100 mg/mL. Furthermore, the test organisms were more susceptible to the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. odorata at 200 mg/mL with zones of inhibition ranging from 3.23±0.15 mm to 12.33±0.33 mm. The lowest being observed on E.coli and highest on S. typhi (ethanolic extract). K. Pneumoniae and P. mirabilis were resistant to the aqueous extract of C. odorata. All the test bacteria were susceptible to the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. odorata at 200 mg/mL extracts concentration. Moreover, C. albicans was susceptible to the inhibitory effect of C. odorata at this concentration with inhibitory zones of 3.00±0.00 mm and 5.33±0.33 mm on aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. Conclusion: The findings from this study revealed the antimicrobial activities of C. odorata on the test pathogens which are in close proximity in comparison with the synthetic antimicrobial agents and thus upon purification, can be harnessed as a lead for the development of natural products derived antimicrobials in drug discovery against infections caused by these human pathogens evaluated in this study.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF SYZYGIUM CARYOPHYLLATUM FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Raghunath Pendru ◽  
Jagan Nadipelly ◽  
Jyothinath Kothapalli ◽  
Subbannayya Kotigadde
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

 Objective: It has been well documented that traditional medicinal plants confer considerable antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms.Methods: The present study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Syzygium caryophyllatum against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, and Vibrio cholerae. The aqueous extract was prepared using cold percolation method, and ethanolic extract was prepared in Soxhlet apparatus using ethyl alcohol. Antimicrobial activity is being determined by time-kill assay and minimum inhibitory concentration.Results: From our study, it is found that all tested organisms were sensitive to both aqueous and ethanolic extract of leaves of S. caryophyllatum. The ethanolic extract showed better antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. typhi when compare to aqueous extract. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, tannins, and saponins in the ethanolic and aqueous extract of S. caryophyllatum. Conclusion: We hypothesize that these active phytoconstitutents might be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of this plant.

Polyphenol Contents, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Aqueous Algerian Propolis Extracts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.K. Soltani ◽  
K. Zaim ◽  
K. Mokhnache ◽  
N. Haichour ◽  
S. Mezaache-Aichour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Aqueous Extracts

The propolis, an extremely complex resinous material, exhibits valuable pharmacological and biological properties, mainly attributed to the presence of polyphenols. The composition of propolis depends on time, vegetation, and the area of collection. Total flavonoid and polyphenol contents of aqueous extracts of propolis samples from different areas of Algeria, determined by using aluminum chloride and Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric methods, were in the range of 3.047 ± 0.004–5.273 ± 0.013 mg/g and 96.833 ± 0.027–458.833 ± 0.0005 mg/g crude extract of propolis, respectively. This study examined the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of propolis. Aqueous extracts of propolis were obtained in order to evaluate their antioxidant activities by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, β-carotene and electrochemical assays. All tested propolis samples had relatively strong antioxidant activities, which were also correlated with the total polyphenol and flavonoid content present. The percentage of inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion during 24 h varied between 86.04 ± 0.42 and 90.60 ± 3.77% among the tested samples. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was observed by ABAL (Ain Abassa Aqueous Extract) with IC50 = 8.49 ± 5.07 10−5 μg/ml, and the lowest was observed by SAL (Setif Aqueous Extract) with IC50 of 21.16 ± 0.0001 μg/ml. The most important antibacterial activity was obtained with Ain Abassa extract; the zones of inhibition obtained for this excerpt vary from 15.22 to 15.5 mm. Followed by the Setif extract with areas of 12.33 to 12.75 mm, the Tizi-Ouzou extract with areas of 10.11 to 11.11 mm. This study will bring an innovation for further studies with regard to the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the aqueous extracts of propolis. This study corroborates that Algerian propolis is a rich source of natural antioxidants, properties which could be used in the prevention of different diseases, both in humans and in animals.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Egyptian Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Aqueous Extract: In Vitro Study

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2626
Author(s):  
Wael Sobhy Darwish ◽  
Abada El Sayed Khadr ◽  
Maher Abd El Naby Kamel ◽  
Mabrouk A. Abd Eldaim ◽  
Ibrahim El Tantawy El Sayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypotonic Solution ◽  
Ceratonia Siliqua

Ceratonia siliqua (Carob) is an evergreen Mediterranean tree, and carob pods are potentially nutritive and have medicinal value. The present study was carried out to estimate the possible biological activities of phytochemical-characterized carob pod aqueous extract (CPAE). The phytochemical contents of CPAE were determined by using colorimetric methods and HPLC. In addition, the free radical scavenging properties and anti-diabetic, anti-hemolytic, and antimicrobial activities were estimated by using standardized in vitro protocols. The phytochemical analysis revealed that CPAE was rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, where it contained a significant amount of gallic acid, catechin, and protocatechuic acid. Furthermore, CPAE exhibited strong antioxidant activity where it prevented the formation of 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl, hydroxyl, and nitric oxide free radicals. Additionally, it had a potent inhibitory effect against digestive enzymes (amylase, maltase, sucrase, and lactase). Moreover, CPAE exhibited anti-Staph aureus, anti-Escherichia coli, anti-Candida albicans, and anti-herpes simplex type I virus (HSV-I). Finally, CPAE protected the erythrocyte membrane from hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis. Altogether, CPAE could be regarded as an interesting source of biologically active antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and antimicrobial preparation for a potential application in pharmaceutical and food supplement fields.

scholarly journals Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Aqueous Extract of Leaf Psidium guajava and Its Effect on Some Haematological Parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
M. I. Uneze ◽  
D. N. Azionu
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Average Body

Various parts of psidium guajava linn are used in ethnomedicine in controls and treatments of different disorders such as liver, heart, and blood related disorders [11]. This research work investigate qualitative phytochemical composition of ethanol leaf extract of psidium guajava linn and its effect on some hematological parameters in albino rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed by standard procedures. A total of 20 adult male albino rats were used, they were randomly placed into 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E) each group containing 4 rats groups A, B, C, and D were administered, via oral intubation, the extract at doses of 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively of the extract for 7 consecutive days. Phytochemical screening shows that the extract was rich in tannins anthraquinones, and flavonoid while alkaloids, saponins, terpenes and glycoside were slightly present. There was a decrease in the average body weight, physical activities, and feed and water intake of the rats in the test groups relative to the control hemoglobin concentrate, total white blood cell and packed cell volume recorded in the groups  administered the extract were significantly (p<0.05) higher than in the control this effect on  the haemotological parameters was found to be dose dependent. The findings of this study suggest that the aqueous extract of the fruit plants may be useful in control and treatment of blood related disorders.  These useful applications may be as a result of the phytochemical present in the extract.

scholarly journals A study of antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic extract of bee pollen against

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasim Roba Jilo
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bee Pollen ◽  
Stock Solutions

Abstract Background Ethiopia is one of the plant species-rich countries in the world and the center of origin of many medicinal plants. Studying antimicrobial activities of pollen is vivacious to investigate plant resources for medicinal values and the study was conducted to evaluate antimicrobial properties of bee pollen against mentioned bacteria. Methods Completely Randomized Design was used for laboratory work. After adjusting turbidity, consistent growth of bacterial culture was made using a sterilized cotton swab. 20 grams of bee pollen was added to 200 ml of distilled water as well as ethanol and finally, the extract was filtered by Whatman filter by paper, dried and weighted and stock solutions were made as follows,3.6 gm. was added to 12 ml of distilled water to prepare stock solutions as follows 3.6:12 = 0.3 x \({10}^{6}\) = 3 x \({10}^{5}\) ppm stock solution and antimicrobial activities of pollen were tested against mentioned bacteria. Data were imported to R software version 3.44. Multilevel analysis was used to see the interaction between bacteria species and each concentration of pollen and Anova was used to see the significance of these concentrations on bacteria species. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Results indicated that bacteria were more inhibited at 72 hours than 48 and 24 hours and the results showed an ethanolic extract of bee pollen had antimicrobial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria mentioned above. Time has significant effects on tested bacteria (p = 0.000) and treatments have significant effects on tested organisms (p = 0.000). The ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of more Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli and Shigella boydii. Bacillus subtilis was mostly inhibited by aqueous extract of bee pollen than others. Conclusions Ethanolic extract of pollen had antibacterial activities against all tested bacterial strains even though it is concentration and time-based. The ethanolic extract inhibited more Gram-negative bacteria relatively while aqueous extract inhibited more Gram-positive relatively. Negative controls (sterilized water) didn’t show any antimicrobial properties, while positive control (Chloramphenicol) had antimicrobial activities. Further isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds from pollen are useful to develop a novel botanical formulation for further applications from the pollen of medicinal plants.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Pharmacological evaluation of hibiscus hispidissimus griff

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL4) ◽  
pp. 2063-2067
Author(s):  
Alekhya V ◽  
Ganapaty S ◽  
Deepan T
Keyword(s):  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Paw Oedema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Rat Paw ◽  
Rat Paw Oedema

To assess phytochemical with pharmacological studies of Hibiscus hispidissimus griff belong to family malavaceae. Preliminary phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, steroidal saponins and phenols. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial with antioxidant action were performed on aerial parts of methanolic extract of Hibiscus hispidissimus. Invitro antioxidant activity was performed by 2, 2 -diphenyl- 1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxy radical scavenging method and superoxide radical scavenging activity.The results of invitro antioxidant study reveal that % inhibition of H. hispidissimus  was higher compared to ascorbic acid. Anti-inflammatory studies were performed using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema animal model, for anti-inflammatory studies, the extracts were compared with standards like indomethacin, and it shows a remarkable zone of inhibition ranging from 58.97 to 71.73 respectively. The anti-bacterial and antifungal activity of plant extracts were studied for the occurrence of inhibition zones. The activity was performed by the cup plate method. Ethanolic extract of H. Hispidissimus  shows significant anti-bacterial effect against S. Aureus, B. Subtilis, P. Vulgaris and E. coli using ciprofloxacin (50µg/ml) as standard.The extracts show remarkable inhibition of zone of inhibition, and results were compared with that of standard drugs against the organism tested. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of H. hispidissimus  shows  significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties.

scholarly journals The Effect of Landscape Altitude on Antibacterial activities in Ethanolic Extract of Cocoa leaf (Theobroma cacao)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 242-246
Author(s):  
Rasidah
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Cocoa is one of the leading plantation commodities in Indonesia. The part of cocoa trees that can be found in abundance is the leaf. The leaves cut out of cocoa trees are utilized by some farmers in composting, when in fact cocoa leaves have a great potential to be processed into health care products. The present study aims to determine the effect of high altitude landscape on antibacterial activities in ethanolic extract of cocoa leaves (Theobroma cacao, L). For the experiment, we employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that is divided into 3 treatments—Aqua Dest (Control), ethanolic extract of high-altitude cocoa leaves (P1), and ethanolic extract of low-altitude cocoa leaves (P2)—repeated 5 times. The results show that the largest resistance zones of Eschericia coli and staphylococcus aureus are created by ethanolic extract of high-altitude cocoa leaves with the size of 19.96 mm and 20.52 mm, respectively. Our ANOVA test shows that extracts of both high- and low-altitude cocoa leaves have an effect on the growth of S.aureus (P = 0,000) and E. coli (P = 0,000) bacteria. From Duncan’s test we can conclude that ethanolic extract of high-altitude cocoa leaves differs significantly (P<0.05) from its lower altitude counterpart in inhibiting the growth of E.coli and S.aureus bacteria.

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