scholarly journals Dentists satisfaction with professional activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.G. Krut
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Logical Structure ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Regional Council ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
General Dentists

Background. Supporting the health personnel satisfaction of with their professional activities and motivating them to work is a means of effective human resource management. The patient's health and the quality of life associated with it depends on the motivation and satisfaction with the professional activity of the health specialists. The satisfaction as a characteristic of organizational culture differs among physicians of different specialties. The purpose of the study: to determine the level of satisfaction with the professional activities of dentists of institutions providing highly specialized dental care. Materials and methods. The author's structured questionnaires were used, completed by 110 dentists from three regional dental care institutions. Methods: sociological; medical and statistical; logical structure analysis; generalizations. Results. In general, dentists highly rated satisfaction with their professional activities on a 5-point scale: 4.6 ± 0.5 points – doctors of the Сommunal Non-profit Company (CNC) "Zhytomyr Regional Dental Medical Association"; 4.2 ± 0.4 points – doctors of the CNC of the Kharkiv Regional Council "Regional Dental Clinic"; 4.3 ± 0.9 points – doctors of the CNC "Chernihiv Regional Dental Clinic of the Chernihiv Regional Council". However, the respondents of the CNC "Chernihiv Regional Dental Clinic of the Chernihiv Regional Council" expressed only partial satisfaction with the opportunity to improve their qualifications at the workplace, the state of the provision of drugs, consumables and evidence-based technologies, the level of wages (range of estimates 3.5 ± 0.9 – 3, 7 ± 1.1 points). It was found that the lowest satisfaction scores of dentists of all institutions concerned professional relations with colleagues of the polyclinics structural units where they work, with the administration, and with doctors of other health care institutions: doctors' assessments, depending on the institutions, varied, respectively, within 4, 2 ± 0.4 – 4.4 ± 0.7 points, 4.4 ± 0.5 – 4.5 ± 0.5 points, 4.0 ± 1.0 – 4.4 ± 0.7 points. Conclusions. General assessments of satisfaction with the professional activities of dentists are high, but the professional relations of dentists need to be improved, improvement is the state of resource provision of institutions and opportunities for professional development; increases – salary. This information can be used to make management decisions to strengthen the organizational culture of healthcare institutions by improving personnel management.

scholarly journals Strategic directions of implementing a system of psychophysiological support of professional activity of military pilots

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
V. V. Kravchuk ◽  
S. M. Pashkovskiy ◽  
O. P. Mykhailyk
Keyword(s):  
System Analysis ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Professional Health ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
Military Pilots

To date, the state aviation of Ukraine has an urgent problem of improving the existing system of medical support for flights by introducing measures of psychophysiological support for improving the professional health of military pilots, increasing the duration of their professional longevity and ensuring the safety of flights. That is why, the purpose of our research was to offer a list of strategic directions of scientific substantiation and development of a conceptual model of a system of measures for psychophysiological support of professional activities of military pilots based on an analysis of the problems of its implementation in the state aviation of Ukraine. For this, the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, induction and deduction, complex and system analysis were used. As a result of the research, it was found that the strategy for introducing a system of measures for psychophysiological support of the professional activities of military pilots should be perceived as a process of improving the existing system of medical support for flights of state aviation in Ukraine on the basis of defining qualitatively new goals and objectives of its functioning, harmonizing internal capabilities with the conditions of the professional environment, development of a set of measures to improve its reliability and efficiency in the long term. From these points of view, the systematic approach to determining the strategic directions of implementation of the said system should be based on the complex of organizational, regulatory, information-analytical, personnel and technological problems. To solve them, it is necessary to conduct research on health assessment of different categories of military pilots, hygienic assessment of conditions and features of their professional activity, selection of a set of informative psychophysiological characteristics and methods of their evaluation, development of mechanisms and criteria for access to flights, regulatory, legal, personnel and organizational bases of functioning of system of measures of psychophysiological support of professional activity of military pilots.

scholarly journals Forms of personnel advanced development of criminal and executive service of Ukraine: advantages and disadvantages

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-62
Author(s):  
Rebkalo M.M. ◽  
◽  
Shumna L.P. ◽  
Oliynyk V.S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Training System ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Variational Model ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Advanced Training ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
External Form

Improving the professional skills of penitentiary personnel is a multifaceted process of obtaining additional knowledge to perform tasks and responsibilities within their professional activities. The article analyzes the main forms of personnel advanced training. The first is carried out in educational institutions of central executive bodies, local executive bodies (external form), and the second – in educational institutions of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine (internal form). When clarifying the content of the external form, attention is paid to the model of its implementation. The first model is a holistic system of advanced training, which ensures the unity of the educational process and adequate educational technologies. The second is a variational model, which means working on a certain side of the profession that needs to be improved. The third model – involves using special diagnostics with subsequent monitoring of acquired knowledge. The article details the advantages and disadvantages of the external form of advanced training. The internal form of advanced training provides the participation of educational institutions of the State Penitentiary Service in this process. The structure of bodies that provide advanced training within the State Penitentiary Service is revealed. Among its advantages is the possibility of involving experienced specialists of the penitentiary service in the training process, introduction of effective innovative technologies and motivation of service activity. The disadvantages of this form of education are also analyzed. The article states the combination of external and internal forms helps to increase the level of professional knowledge and skills based on best practices used in various spheres of professional activity of society and allows to maximize the professions in bodies and penitentiary institutions. Key words: State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine; penitentiary personnel; personnel advanced training system; external forms of advanced training; internal forms of advanced training; advantages and disadvantages of personnel advanced training.

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT OF SOCIAL WORKERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-204
Author(s):  
IVANNA PARFANOVICH
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Professional Burnout ◽  
Occupational Burnout ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the study of burnout, which is interpreted as the inability to perform professional duties at the proper level due to prolonged physical and/or mental overload. The main content of the study is to determine the possibilities of prevention of professional burnout of a social worker in order to ensure his physical and mental health.Scientific opinions and positions on the relevance, purpose, multifaceted nature, content of prevention, objective and subjective factors of prevention, differences in organizational and psychological and pedagogical influences of prevention, the specifics of social prevention and prevention. As well as the impact on the professional activities of social norms and deviations from norms, values, responsibilities. The causes of burnout can be differentiated by the nature of the determination. Among the main groups of determinants – social, medical, biological, psychological. The conducted survey among social specialists on the state of professional burnout revealed certain tendencies and regularities among them. This was evidenced by statistics relating to the factors influencing the professional burnout of the specialist, as well as their dynamics. The basis of professional activity should be to provide conditions for this. However, collective life, in addition to having advantages, is also endowed with negative features. Indicators of collective distress that have a direct impact on the professional burnout of an individual member of the team are identified. These include problems and / or lack of corporate culture; dissatisfaction with the psychological atmosphere prevailing in the team; presence of conflict situations, quarrels, intrigue; absence or problems of interpersonal communication in the team, division into groups; low level of mutual assistance and support, unwillingness to maintain friendly relations; no punishment for guilt, reaction to negative behavior of colleagues, control over subjective factors; lack of prospects for team development; lack of conditions for personal development and formation; lack of measures to prevent occupational burnout. For comparison, the experimental study involved people who did not suffer from burnout and people who survived the state of burnout. Thus, people who have experienced a state of burnout have much deeper psycho-emotional disorders. Their professional experience is characterized by significant negative experiences and beliefs. Positive corporate social ties have been disrupted in their lives, which can lead to disruption in other areas: family, personal, spiritual and emotional. That is, it causes a number of other shifts. Certain trends are evidenced by statistics on the assessment of the existing risks of burnout, which concern specialists in various fields: almost all recognized the fact of burnout to varying degrees; the vast majority of respondents assess the ability to perform professional duties generally well, but the lack of an absolute answer also indicates the risks involved; mostly the presence of risks of burnout is assessed indirectly. On the basis of statistical indicators of occupational burnout, their dynamics can be distinguished victim groups. Given the classification of propensity to burnout, prevention technologies can be used. In each of the three cases, the approach will be different. It is established that a special place is occupied by the subjective factor of professional activity. Professional burnout is caused by various factors: social and organizational conditions of functioning of collective, legislative and normative-organizational maintenance of process of work; individual and personal qualities of personality, stress resistance, motivation of activity; compliance of qualities and personality traits with the requirements of the chosen profession, professional competence; ability to work in a team, ability to take into account the opinions and positions of others, sociability; availability of life, professional experience; psychological compatibility of individual team members; ability to control the situation in the team by management; corporate culture, the presence of common interests and activities, interest in the development and prosperity of the team. Theoretical analysis and experimental study of problems related to burnout indicate the presence of risks in the professional activities of professionals from different social structures. That is, it depends not so much on objective factors as on the subjective attitude of the individual to himself and his mental and physical health. And the problem looks not so much psychological as psychological and pedagogical.

Peculiarities of the assessment of readiness formation of junior inspectors of the border guard service for professional activity at international border crossing points during the experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-E) ◽  
pp. 350-358
Author(s):  
Yuliya Adamchuk ◽  
Oleh Stavytskyi ◽  
Klavdiia Tushko ◽  
Olena Zabolotna ◽  
Oleh Lunyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Border Crossing ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Professional Experience ◽  
Training Center ◽  
Personnel Training ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
International Border

The article deals with the description of the peculiarities of pedagogical experiment concerning the assessment of the readiness formation of junior inspectors of the border guard service for professional activity at international border crossing points on the basis of grounded criteria, indicators and levels of their formation. Based on the analysis of scientific and pedagogical and methodological literature, study of practice and generalization of their own professional experience, the authors found out that the criteria for readiness formation of junior inspectors of the border guard service for professional activity at international border crossing points are motivational, psychological and activity ones. It was defined that the pedagogical conditions of the readiness formation of junior inspectors of the border guard service for professional activities at international border crossing points, which were developed by the authors and implemented in the process of training at the Main Personnel Training Center of the State Border Guard Service (SBGS) of Ukraine in general positively influenced their level of readiness formation for professional activity at international border crossing points.

scholarly journals THE PEDAGOGICAL MODEL OF THE FORMATION OF READINESS OF CIVIL PROTECTION SPECIALISTS FOR PROFESSIONAL WORK

2018 ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
M. Koval ◽  
M. Kozyar ◽  
A. Lytvyn
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Service ◽  
Civil Defense ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Professional Work ◽  
Pedagogical Model ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Emergency Situations

Introduction. The leading approaches to the phenomenon of the civil protection specialists’ readiness for professional activities are considered. It was revealed that the problem of the socio-psychological impact of the emergency situations on specialists who provide assistance under special conditions remains poorly investigated. Purpose. In this context, our goal is a systematic study of the civil protection specialist’s readiness to work under special conditions (in emergency situations). Methods. The basic structural components of the investigated concept are characterized and their generalized characteristics are given. A review of scientific publications in the interdisciplinary problem field, including the study of the psychological parameters of professional work under special conditions was conducted. The multifaceted pedagogical modeling allowed to identify causal relationships and factors, to predict the benefits and possible disadvantages of introducing innovations, and to increase the productivity of the work of the scientific and pedagogical team. Results. Pedagogical model of formation of civil protection specialists’ readiness for professional activities is created; normative preconditions, structure, components and operating conditions of the model are considered; its emergent properties are revealed. The model includes target, conceptual and theoretical, organizational and projecting, content, procedural and technological, result-evaluation components. In order to prepare the readiness of civil defense specialists for professional activity, it is appropriate to foresee: the establishment of a favorable atmosphere in which students and students feel free and comfortable; to intensify them, directing active collaboration with all participants in the educational process; to stimulate the interests of future specialists, to develop the need to study, contributing to success in vocational training; touch all aspects of the personality, involving emotions, feelings and feelings in the learning process; to stimulate cognitive, creative abilities, correlating them with real needs and opportunities; to promote awareness of each student and student that the learning outcomes are related to their personal interests; apply different forms of work (individual, group, collective), use methods that increase the activity of cadets and students, their independence, individuality, etc. A holistic analysis of the results of the implementation of the proposed model gives grounds for arguing that its application contributes to better preparedness, optimal adaptation of personnel to extreme, risky situations under special conditions of service activity, reduction of the level of mental losses among the personnel of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and successful overcoming of the negative consequences of crisis and extraordinary circumstances and situations. Conclusion. The research of the system of formation of professional readiness of civil protection specialists for professional activities in the dynamics of their professional genesis, including activities in extreme situations, was carried out, which made it possible to optimize the training of employees of various services of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine in order to improve the measures and mechanisms of prevention and liquidation of the consequences of emergencies. A model was developed that reflects the main principles of forming the readiness of civil defense specialists for professional activity, pedagogical goals, tasks, priorities, peculiarities and conditions for the organization and implementation of this process. We recommend to use the developed model as a tool through which the leadership and professors of specialized higher education institutions will optimize the educational process in order to improve the quality of training of civil defense specialists.

scholarly journals Specificity of professional self-actuating of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
O. M. Kokun
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The State ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Professional Goals ◽  
Professional Self

The specifics of professional activity of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service (SPS) of Ukraine have been revealed; and the definition of personal and professional self-actuating of the employees of SPS of Ukraine has been offered. The forms (objectively and internally professional) and features of professional self-actuating of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine have been determined. Internally professional features of professional self-actuating of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine include: the need for professional development; availability of the project of own professional development; prevailing satisfaction with their own professional achievements; constant setting of new professional goals; formation of the own “life-professional environment”. Objectively professional features of professional self-actuating have been called: achievement of the set professional goals; recognition of specialist achievements by a professional community; use of professional experience and achievements by other specialists; disclosure of personal potential and abilities in the profession; manifestation of high level of creativity in professional activity. The factors of professional self-actuating of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine have been characterized. It is: the level of satisfaction with the content of the own professional activities; degree of satisfaction with the own profession and work; satisfaction with the own social status. The main technological approaches to psycho-physiological provision of professional self-actuating of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine have been considered. It has been noted that the professional self-actuating of the employees of the State Penitentiary service of Ukraine plays an important role in their professional activity. Such areas of influence are: increase in the efficiency of professional activities (indicators are improved); prevention and neutralization of negative mental states (aggression, anxiety, etc.); prevention of conflict behavior (conflicts with convicts, with colleagues); prevention of emotional burnout (occurs in case of prolonged impact of the criminal world); prevention of professional deformation (negative personality changes leading to appropriate behavior of employees); prevention of deviant behavior (offenses involving the penitentiary staff), etc.

The role of the nurse in dental care provision in the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of Samara Region Novokuybyshevsk Dental Polyclinic

2020 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Irina Chaschina
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
The State ◽  
Healthcare Institution ◽  
Medical Documentation ◽  
Care Provision ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Dental Office

The role of the nurse in providing dental care is to ensure the quality of care. The main parameters of the nurse's activity in the dental clinic are: observance of the sanitary and anti-epidemic regime, work with the patient and the dentist, organization of the dental office, and maintenance of medical documentation.

scholarly journals Specificity of psychological readiness for changes and psychological resilience in the employees of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
O. V. Mitroshkina
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Readiness For Change ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
Level Group ◽  
Different Levels

The work focuses on the study of psychological readiness for change and psychological resilience among employees of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine. It is shown that in the conditions of reforming, readiness for changes is a psychological condition for successful professional activity and personal self-realization of the staff of the criminal executive service. The content of the concept of “psychological readiness” and “psychological readiness for change” is disclosed, the purposefulness of the study of psychological resilience as one of the factors of psychological readiness for change is substantiated. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the functioning of psychological readiness for changes in the context of psychological resilience of employees of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine. The PCRS (Change Personal Readiness Survey) method created by A. Rolnic, S. Heather, M. Gold, C. Hull (translation and adaptation by N. A. Bazhanova and G. L. Bardier) and questionnaire of human resilience (O. O. Rylska) were applied to solve empirical problems. The subjects were employees of the State Criminal-Executive Service of Ukraine, who were divided into groups according to the level of psychological readiness for change. The first group consisted of subjects with a high level of readiness for change, the second – with a low level. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that, for the first time, the features of psychological resilience in workers of the Criminal Executive Service of Ukraine in the context of psychological readiness for changes were established. It was found that the employees of the Criminal-Executive Service with a high level of psychological readiness for change are distinguished by the greater severity of psychological resilience components, such as adaptation and self-development. It is proved that the groups of employees of the Criminal-Executive Service with different levels of psychological readiness for change show differences in the structure of interrelationships between the components of psychological readiness for change and the components of psychological resilience. In both groups, the growth of psychological resilience on the whole is accompanied by a facilitation of psychological readiness for change. At the same time, in the group with high level of psychological readiness for change, there are almost twice as many interconnections between these phenomena, which indicate a more active interaction between them in this group, in contrast to the low-level group in which this interaction is rather limited. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the subjects with different levels of psychological readiness for change demonstrate differences both in the indicators of psychological resilience and in the structure of interrelations between the components of psychological readiness for change and psychological resilience. Less pronouncedness of a number of components of psychological readiness for change and a certain deficiency of its interaction with psychological resilience can hinder both the successful professional activity of low-level group and their optimal functioning in the personality’s sense. The results obtained in the study can be used to develop programs for psychological support of the professional activities of the staff of the Criminal-Executive Service at the stage of its reformation.

scholarly journals Problems of psychological support of professional activity of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
I. M. Okhrimenko
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Psychological Support ◽  
Psychological Climate ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Professional Counseling ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Management Board ◽  
Psychological Tools ◽  
Psychological Training ◽  
Rational Allocation

It has been noted that official activities of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service (SPS) of Ukraine is directly related to the presence of a significant number of stressful factors and requires the comprehensive use of psychological tools and technologies. This affects the efficiency of professional activities of the specialists within penitentiary sphere. Taking into account the special conditions of professional activity of the employees of the SPS of Ukraine, the author has distinguished the main directions of the system of psychological support of professional activity of the employees of the SPS of Ukraine. The author has analyzed the following directions of the system of psychological support of professional activity of the employees of the State Penitentiary Service of Ukraine: professional psychological selection, psychological support of professional activity, professional psychological training of personnel and provision of recommendations to the management board. The author has distinguished the following tasks of the professional psychological selection of the employees for the SPS of Ukraine: assistance to citizens in choosing a particular specialty through professional counseling on the basis of studying individual and psychological characteristics and professional interests of future employees; determining the degree of conformity (inconsistency) of psychological data of a candidate or training the requirements of a specialty; the development of propositions for the rational allocation of employees to primary positions, etc. It has been noted that psychological support of the service of the personnel of the SPS of Ukraine envisages: monitoring of the socio-psychological climate within the staff and its maintenance at the proper level; psychodiagnostics of the personnel; correction of a personality, taking into account the results obtained during psychodiagnostics; provision of recommendations for the management board on deployment of personnel taking into account the results of psychodiagnostics; primary psychological prevention among penitentiary staff, etc. The professional psychological training of the employees of the SPS of Ukraine is considered as a purposeful process for the formation and development of personal qualities and traits of specialists that would meet the requirements of their professional activities.

scholarly journals Specificity of psychological readiness for changes and personality’s maturity of the employees of the state criminal and executive service

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
O. V. Mitroshkina
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
Optimal Functioning ◽  
High Level ◽  
Personal Changes ◽  
Level Group ◽  
Different Levels

The work focuses on the study of psychological readiness for changes and personality’s maturity among the employees of the State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine. It is shown that readiness for changes in the reforming conditions is a psychological condition for successful professional activity and personal self-realization of the staff of the criminal and executive service. The content of the concepts of “psychological readiness” and “psychological readiness for changes” is revealed; the purposefulness of the study of personality’s maturity as one of the factors of psychological readiness for changes is substantiated. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the functioning of psychological readiness for changes in the context of personal maturity of the employees of the State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine. The PCRS (Personal Changes Readiness Survey) method created by A. Rolnic, S. Heather, M. Gold, C. Hull (translation and adaptation by N. A. Bazhanova and G. L. Bardier) and the questionnaire of personal maturity (O. S. Shtepa) were applied to solve empirical problems. The subjects were employees of the State Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine, who were divided into groups according to the level of psychological readiness for changes. The first group consisted of subjects with a high level of readiness for changes, the second – with a low level. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the fact that the author established, for the first time, the features of psychological readiness for changes of the employees of the Criminal and Executive Service of Ukraine in the context of personal maturity. It was found out that the employees of the Criminal and Executive Service with a high level of psychological readiness for changes are distinguished by the greater severity of its components, such as responsibility, depth of experience, tolerance, autonomy, self-acceptance and synergy. It was proved that the groups of the employees of the Criminal and Executive Service with different levels of psychological readiness for changes show differences in the structure of interrelationships between the components of psychological readiness for changes and the components of personal maturity. In both groups, the growth of personality maturity is accompanied by a facilitation of psychological readiness for changes. At the same time, there were almost twice as many interconnections between these phenomena in the group with high level of psychological readiness for changes, which indicated an active interaction between them in this group, in contrast to the low-level group, where this interaction was rather limited. The obtained results allow us to conclude that the subjects with different levels of psychological readiness for changes demonstrate differences both in the indicators of personal maturity and in the structure of interrelations between the components of psychological readiness for changes and personal maturity. Less distinct manifestation of a number of components of psychological readiness for changes and a certain deficiency of its interaction with personality maturity can hinder both the successful professional activity of low-level group and their optimal functioning in the personality’s sense. The results obtained in the study can be used to develop programs for psychological support of the professional activities of the staff of the Criminal and Executive Service at the stage of its reformation.

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