PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DROSERA SPATULATA VAR BAKOENSIS-             AN INDIGENOUS CARNIVOROUS PLANT AGAINST RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIOUS MICROBES.

Objective: In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of Drosera spatulata, have been evaluated and antimicrobial activity was screened against respiratory tract infectious microbes.Methods: The phytochemicals present in Drosera spatulata by qualitative phytochemical assays and the antimicrobial activity along with MIC, MBC and BIC were determined against S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and S.Pneumonia the causative organisms of pulmonary infections, mainly effects the nasal pharynx, trachea, and lungs as well as Aspergillus niger.Results: Aqueous, ethanol, methanol extracts of thick roots, open flower and hair of Drosera spatulata var bakoensis against this pathogenic bacteria and fungi showed high zone of inhibition which estimated by disc-diffusion method as well as minimum inhibition concentration manifestation by the broth microdilution assay followed MBC and BIC. The values of MIC, MBC and BIC obtained were between 0.3-0.9, 0.36-2.25, 0.12 - 0.37 mg/mL. The results revealed that the plant extracts of Drosera spatulata var bakoensis have high potential even at low concentrations values against bacteria and fungi cultures and this results validated by the presence of high amounts of alkaloids, quinones, anthraquinones, flavonoids in the plant extracts. Conclusion: In the present study, the results showed the presence of high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, quninoes, anthraquinones, terpinoids in Drasera spatulata plant. In the antibacterial and antifungal activity, the ethanol and methanol extracts significantly showed the activity against the tested respiratory disease causing bacteria and antifungal properties with zone of inhibition showed more than aqueous extracts at very low concentrations

Download Full-text

Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Cyperus rotundus Leaf Extracts

NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES ◽

10.46912/napas.236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52

Author(s):

EO Agbo ◽

JO Ogenyi ◽

CA Adah ◽

CT Agber

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Study Results

Cyperus rotundus, a member of family Cyperaceae is a perennial, stoloniferous herb. The study investigated the secondary metabolites present in the leaf of Cyperus rotundus and antimicrobial activities of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and terpenoids. The qualitative test of the extracts show the presence of steroid only in the hexane extract; flavonoid, cardiac glycoside in both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts; saponin and tannin and phenolics in just the methanol extract. While alkaloid was present in all the extracts, terpenoid was absent in all. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts were monitored using the agar disk-diffusion method against strains gram-positive bacterial: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Salmonela typhi, and strains of fungi: Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was monitored at different concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 mg/mL prepared from the stock concentration (100mg/mL) by serial dilution; with standard drugs: ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. The inhibition of the test organisms were concentration dependent. The methanol extract showed significantly higher Inhibition Zone (IZ) and Activity Index (AI) against the microbes at all concentrations compared to the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts due to the much phytochemicals (saponins, tanins, phenols, flavonoids, cardiac glycocides and alkaloids) found present in its extract. The overall study results signify the potential of Cyperus rotundus as a source of therapeutic agents. The methanol extract showed the best activity against both bacterial and fungal pathogens at the highest concentration of 100 mg/mL, especially the most susceptible bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (IZ of 25.0±1.5; AI of 0.96) and Candida albicans (IZ of 25.5±0.5; AI of 0.91). At MIC, MBC and MFC of 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, the plant extracts showed effective bactericidal and fungicidal effect against the test microbes.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial activities of certain seaweeds from muddy shore places of kerala

Kongunadu Research Journal ◽

10.26524/krj.2021.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 31-38

Author(s):

Selvaraju Raja ◽

Karuppiah Kannan ◽

Kalamani Velmurugan ◽

Samynathan M ◽

Ephsy K Davis

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Bacillus Licheniformis ◽

Crude Extract ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Supernatant Extract

A study was carried out to reveal the growth inhibitory effect of methanol crude extract (MCE) and methanol supernatant extract (MSE) of sea weeds: 1) Gracillaria corticata, 2) Hypnea musciforms, 3) Gelidium micropterum and 4) Hypnea valentiae against six bacterial pathogens, 1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 2) Bacillus licheniformis, 3) Serratia marcescens, 4) Aeromonas hydrophila, 5) Acinetobacter baumanii, 6) Escherichia coli and two fungal strains, 1) Aspergillus niger and 2) Candida albicans respectively. Well diffusion method using zone of inhibition as indicator for growth inhibition was adopted. The results showed that methanol extracts of seaweeds viz., Gracillaria corticata, Hypnea musciforms, and Hypnea valentiae prevented the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The effect on growth was observed as zone of inhibition, the diameter of which was indicated in the units of a millimeter. The growth of the bacterium, Serratia marcescens was affected by methanol supernatant extract of the three types of seaweeds, Gracillaria corticata, Hypnea musciforms, and Hypnea valentiae, and by the methanolic crude extract of Hypnea musciforms and Hypnea valentiae. However, the growths of other species of bacteria were not controlled by either of the extracts of the seaweeds except, Bacillus licheniformis which was controlled by only Gracillaria corticata. The growth of fungi: Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were inhibited by the methanol extracts of Gracillaria corticata. Between the two forms of methanolic extracts i.e., supernatant and crude, the efficiency of the supernatant extract was greater than that of crude one. Further, among the three types of seaweeds which showed an effect on the growth of microbes, the level of the zone of inhibition caused by Gracillaria corticata was statistically higher than that of the other two, Hypnea musciforms, and Hypnea valentiae.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial activity of Commercial essential oils on human pathogens

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00771 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4440-4444

Author(s):

B. R. Malathy ◽

Sweetlin Ajitha P ◽

Sangeetha K. S ◽

Swetha Thampy ◽

Kamala G

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Aromatic Plants ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

E Coli ◽

Development Of Resistance

Essential oils (EOs) are natural extracts from the seeds, stems, roots, flowers, bark and other parts of the plant prepared by steam distillation. They are complex, volatile, natural compounds formed by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. They are known for their bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, sedative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, spasmolytic and locally anesthetic properties. They are generally composed of a combination of substances like terpenes, phenolics, aldehydes or alcohols. The complex composition and different mechanisms of action of EOs may be an advantage over other antimicrobials to prevent the development of resistance of pathogenic bacteria. With this background, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of five essential oils like basil, lime, rosemary, thyme and canada balsam against 14 microbes. The effects of essential oil on the selected microbes were determined by agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition was observed and measured in millimeter. Essential oils which showed inhibitory diameter >15 mm were further tested to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. aureus, E. coli, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, C. albicans and M. furfur were inhibited by all essential oils. K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and E .faecalis were inhibited only by thyme and not by other essential oils. The MIC values ranged from 50% to 0.10%. The least MIC value of 0.10% was shown by thyme and basil to S. aureus, thyme to E.coli and all essential oils against C. albicans except lime.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Activity of Some Indigenous Plants of Bangladesh

Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1213 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 23-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Mohammad S Rahman ◽

Mohammed Z Rahman ◽

Md Abdul Wahab ◽

Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury ◽

Mohammad A Rashid

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Disc Diffusion Method ◽

Indigenous Plants ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

The antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of 17 plant species of Bangladesh was evaluated by the agar disc diffusion method. Among those, eight plant extracts exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and fungi at a concentration of 400 Î¼g /disc.Key words: Antimicrobial activity, Disc diffusion method.DOI = 10.3329/dujps.v7i1.1213Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 7(1): 23-26, 2008 (June)

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial activities of isolated probiotics and their metabolites against some pathogenic microorganisms

IIUC Studies ◽

10.3329/iiucs.v14i1.37652 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 21-28

Author(s):

Mohammed Abu Sayeed ◽

Altaf Hossen ◽

Repon Saha ◽

Md Jakaria

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Effect ◽

Antibacterial Property ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Maximum Effect ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Agar Media ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

The study was aimed to finding the antimicrobial activities among probiotics isolated from different yoghurts and their metabolites against some common bacterial pathogens. The nutrient agar media overlay method (Disc diffusion Method) was used to determine the presence of antibacterial effects among the isolated probiotics. Probiotics produced potential antibacterial activities against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The maximum antibacterial property (13.5 mm of zone of inhibition) of bacterial strain found against Salmonella paratyphi. Conversly, bacterial metabolites produced maximum effect (10.3 mm of zone of inhibition) against Staphylocuccos aureaus. The antibacterial effect is one of the most important criteria for probiotics selection, and the verified antibacterial activities of the probiotics supports the development of these functional foods as a key to the enhancement of health in the consuming public.IIUC Studies Vol.14(1) June 2017: 21-28

Download Full-text

Isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from burn patient and in vitro determination of antibacterial activity of honey against antibiotic resistance isolates

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20203114 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 310

Author(s):

Ifra Tun Nur ◽

Tahmina Jahan ◽

Sharmin Akter

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Burn Wound ◽

College Hospital ◽

Wide Range

Background: Honey is a natural therapeutic agent which manifest antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria. Therefore, the current study was designed to isolate pathogenic bacteria from burn wound and also to determine the anti-bacterial traits of natural and processed honey against infectious agents.Methods: Wound samples were collected from burn unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and conventional cultural methods were applied to identify pathogenic microorganisms. A total of six samples including three each of natural and processed honey were tested for the determination of antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method. Results: Among ten wound samples highest load of total viable bacteria was recorded up to 3.7×106 cfu/ml. The maximum load of Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were found up to 1.6×104 cfu/ml and 8.7×104 cfu/ml respectively. Significant in vitro antimicrobial activity was found in all the samples. Natural honey showed a little bit more efficacy than processed honey. The samples exhibited antibacterial traits against Staphylococcus aureus with a wide zone of inhibition and moderate zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas spp. when they are subjected to 100% concentered honey. E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were remained to be unaffected at 75% and 50% concentrated honey, while S. aureus and Pseudomonas spp. were found to be sensitive at those concentrations.Conclusions: The in vitro efficacy of different types of honey tested against the bacteria dependent on the type of honey and the concentration at which it was administered. In our study 100% concentred honey was more efficient in inhibiting all the tested isolates.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Phlomis bracteosa

Scientific World ◽

10.3126/sw.v9i9.5521 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 63-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

RK Joshi ◽

Veena Pande ◽

BC Thakuri

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Human Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

The essential oil was isolated from the aerial parts of Phlomis bracteosa Royle ex Benth., a hairy erect herb. The leaves and flowers of this species are used as carminative, stimulant and locally known as ‘Ballikotu, Calba, Salba’ in Turkish traditional medicine. The antimicrobial activity of Phlomis bracteosa was studied using well diffusion method. The activity was tested against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi at different concentrations (0.25 μg/ml, 0.125 μg/ml and 0.062 μg/ml) of the essential oil. Keywords: Phlomis bracteosa; Lamiaceae; Antimicrobial activity DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sw.v9i9.5521 SW 2011; 9(9): 63-65

Download Full-text

Exploration of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antiquorum Sensing Activity of the Himalayan Yellow Raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4514 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Honeysmita Das ◽

A.K. Samanta ◽

Sanjeev Kumar ◽

P. Roychoudhury ◽

Kalyan Sarma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

E Coli ◽

Rubus Ellipticus

Background: Management of ever growing multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria becomes one of the biggest threats to public health worldwide. The situation is worsening due to lack of new generation antimicrobials in the arsenal of the clinicians. Development of new alternatives to the conventional antimicrobial agents is the need of the hour to control the menace of AMR. Plants based products are attractive alternatives with proven efficacy but needs scientific investigation to explore their potential antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activities against major bacterial pathogens of human and animals. The present study was conducted to explore the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antiquorum sensing activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of leaf, flower, fruit and stem of the Himalayan yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus) against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Methods: E. coli and S. aureus were isolated and identified from diarrhoeic pigs and poultry and mastitic milk of cattle of Mizoram, respectively. Leaf, flower, fruit and stem/bark of R. ellipticus were collected from Mizoram and extracted by methanol and aqueous solvents. The antimicrobial activity and MIC was determined by well diffusion method and 96 wells microtiter plate method, respectively. Antibiofilm activity of plant extracts was determined in 96 well tissue culture plate. Antiquorum sensing activity was determined by disc diffusion method. Result: Methanol leaf extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus with 19 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition at 200 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Methanol fruit extract also showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus only. Highest and lowest activities were observed at 200 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL concentrations with 15 mm and 7 mm zone of inhibition, respectively. No antimicrobial activities by either of the extracts were observed against E. coli isolates. The MIC of R. ellipticus methanol leaf and fruit extracts against S. aureus was 0.203125 mg/mL and 0.8125 mg/mL, respectively. The methanol leaf (86.60%) and stem (85.60%) extracts of R. ellipticus showed significant antibiofilm activity against S. aureus isolates, whereas methanol fruit (89.20%) extracts exhibited antibiofilm activity against E. coli isolates at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL. Significant antiquorum sensing (QS) activities was exhibited by the methanol leaf extract of R. ellipticus at 200 mg/mL concentration against E. coli. This is the first ever report on antibiofilm and anti QS activities of the R. ellipticus plant extracts against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Download Full-text

Effects Of Some Locally Made Antiseptic Soaps on Some Skin Microbes

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science Engineering and Technology ◽

10.32628/ijsrset218357 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 339-341

Author(s):

Rabiu Lawan ◽

Adam Idris

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Agar Diffusion ◽

Agar Diffusion Method ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

The antimicrobial activity of some local antiseptic soaps against some isolated microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) were carried out by agar diffusion method. The highest zone of inhibition was recorded to be 3cm at 100mg/ml by MK antiseptic soap against E.coli, while IJB and S.T antiseptic soaps show no significant effect against the skin isolates of the bacteria Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. So also the antifungal activities of the three soaps were tested and the highest zone of inhibition was 5cm at 100mg/ml by IJB local antiseptic soap against Malessezia fur fur and Tricophyton spp, while there is less effect (generally less than 4cm at 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml) of MK and S.T antiseptic soaps against the skin isolates of the fungi Malessezia furfur, Malessezia globossa, Microsporium spp and Tricophyton spp. This indicated that MK and IJB antiseptic soaps are potentially effective against bacteria and fungi respectively.

Download Full-text

Antimicrobial Activity of Goat Colostrum Against Bacterial Strains Causing Food Poisoning Diseases

ANIMAL PRODUCTION ◽

10.20884/1.jap.2019.21.3.777 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 167

Author(s):

Triana Setyawardani ◽

Juni Sumarmono ◽

Heni Risqiati ◽

Setya Agus Santosa

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Food Poisoning ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

E Coli ◽

Pseudomonas Spp ◽

And Storage

The study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of bacterial isolates L.plantarum 3CT7 and 20CT8 from goat colostrum. The antimicrobial activity of cell-free supernatant was tested using a well-diffusion method on several indicators: temperature, time of storage, and pH. Antimicrobial activity was recorded in both isolates at pH 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0, temperature at 0, 50 and 100 oC, and in cold storage for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. L.plantarum 7CT3 and L.plantarum 20CT8 have a bigger zone of inhibition than that of Pseudomonas spp. as compared to other bacteria. Testing the cell-free activity was aimed to investigate the metabolite inhibition by L.plantarum. The isolates were capable of inhibiting all pathogenic bacteria in the experiment (S. thypimurium, E. coli, and S. aureus) as evidenced from the similar zone of inhibition from 15.83 to 16.06 mm. Isolates (L. plantarum 7CT3 dan 20CT8) exhibit inhibitory properties against S.thypimurium, S. aureus, Pseudomonas spp.. and L. monocytogenes at 0, 50 and 100oC. L.plantarum 7CT3 and L.plantarum 20CT8 exhibit antimicrobial activity during cold storage. Both isolates grown in the range of pH from 2 to 8 could inhibit S. thypimurium, E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas spp. In general, the two isolates are the potential antimicrobial activity with broad ranges of pH, temperature and storage time.

Download Full-text