PERBEDAAN ANTARA pH SALIVA DAN AKTIVITAS ENZIM AMILASE MAHASISWA YANG MEROKOK DENGAN MAHASISWA YANG TIDAK MEROKOK

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syauqy ◽  
Humaryanto Humaryanto

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cigarettes can cause disturbances in the oral cavity. From previous research it is known that the daily consumption of cigarettes increases the decrease of salivary secretion and the content of bicarbonate. This will have an effect on the decrease of pH saliva. Low salivary pH also has an impact on decreased amylase enzyme activity. Departing from the basic theory, the researchers wanted to see if there are differences in salivary pH and amylase enzyme activity in students who smoke with non-smokers at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Jambi University. Methods This study is a case control study that compares two groups consisting of case groups ie students who smoke and control groups ie students who do not smoke with the number of research samples compared to 1: 1. For the case group, the samples were taken in total sampling from the Jambi University medical students who smoked 39 people while the control group was taken from the non-smoking students of 39 persons who chose proportional random sampling. Performed salivary pH examination and measurement of ptialin enzyme activity on respondents. The research data were tested statistically using Independent t-test to see the difference of salivary pH and amylase enzyme activity in students who smoked with non-smokers. Results Mean pH saliva of students who smoke is 6.64 ± 0.25. The mean pH of non-smoking student saliva was 7.04 ± 0.28. The average of enzyme activity of amylase student who smoke is 16,33 ± 7,51 second. The average activity of non-smoking student amylase enzyme was 4.28 ± 2.68 seconds. The P value for the Independent t test of saliva pH and amylase enzyme activity among students who smoked with non-smokers was 0.00. Conclusions: There was a significant difference between salivary pH and amylase enzyme activity among smoking students with non-smokers.   Keywords: smoking, salivary pH, amylase   ABSTRAK Pendahuluan: Rokok dapat menyebabkan gangguan pada rongga mulut. Dari penelitian sebelumnya diketahui bahwa konsumsi rokok harian yang meningkat berdampak terhadap penurunan sekresi saliva dan kandungan  bikarbonat. Hal ini akan berdampak pada terjadinya penurunan pH saliva. pH saliva yang rendah juga berdampak pada penurunan aktivitas enzim amilase. Berangkat dari dasar teori tersebut, peneliti ingin melihat apakah ada perbedaan pH saliva dan aktivitas enzim amilase pada mahasiswa yang merokok dengan mahasiswa yang tidak merokok di Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan universitas Jambi. Metode  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian case control yang membandingkan 2 kelompok yang terdiri atas kelompok kasus yaitu mahasiswa yang merokok dan kelompok kontrol yaitu mahasiswa yang tidak merokok dengan jumlah sampel penelitian berbanding 1:1. Untuk kelompok kasus, sampel diambil secara total sampling dari mahasiswa kedokteran Universitas Jambi yang merokok sejumlah 39 orang sedangkan kelompok kontrol diambil dari mahasiswa yang tidak merokok sejumlah 39 orang yang pilih secara proporsional random sampling. Dilakukan pemeriksaan pH saliva dan pengukuran aktivitas enzim ptialin pada responden. Data penelitian yang didapat diuji secara statistik menggunakan Independent t-test untuk melihat perbedaan pH saliva dan aktivitas enzim amilase pada mahasiswa yang merokok dengan mahasiswa yang tidak merokok. Hasil  Rerata pH saliva mahasiswa yang merokok adalah 6,64±0,25. Rerata pH saliva mahasiswa yang tidak  merokok adalah 7,04±0,28. Rerata aktivitas enzim amilase mahasiswa yang merokok adalah 16,33±7,51 detik. Rerata aktivitas enzim amilase mahasiswa yang tidak merokok adalah 4,28±2,68 detik. Nilai P untuk Independent t test dari pH saliva dan aktivitas enzim amilase antara mahasiswa yang merokok dengan mahasiswa yang tidak merokok adalah 0,00. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara pH saliva dan aktivitas enzim amilase antara mahasiswa yang merokok dengan mahasiswa yang tidak merokok.   Kata Kunci: merokok, pH saliva, amilase

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
Yossy Juliarni ◽  
Gunawan Gunawan2

Background: Salivary pH is one of factor which involved in caries development. Decreasing of salivary pH will cause enamel demineralization. Miswak (Salvadora persica) as a toothbrush because it has mechanical and chemical effects such as essential oil and bicarbonate which can stimulate salivary secretion. Thus, it will increase the buffer capacity and salivary pH lead to enamel remineralization. Objective: This study aimed to know the effect of toothbrushing with miswak (Salvadora persica) on salivary pH. Methods: The clinical experiment study with pre-test and post-test control group design. The sample of this study is the students of Faculty of Dentistry, Andalas University, Padang. There are 34 students that divided into two groups randomly that is case and control group. Case group used miswak while control group used conventional toothbrush, respectively brushing horizontally for 2 minutes. Salivary pH was measured using digital pH meter in scale of 0.0 to 14.0 with 0.1 sensitivity from pen type pH meter. The data analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test continued by paired t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: paired t-test produced significant value p=0,001 in case group and p=0,000 in control group. Mann-Whitney test produced significant value p=0.317. There was no significant difference in statistic among these groups. Conclusion: Toothbrushing with miswak has effect on salivary pH. Miswak as effective as toothbrush on salivary pH Keywords:Toothbrushing, miswak (Salvadora persica), Salivar


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Yossy Juliarni ◽  
Gunawan Gunawan

Background: Salivary pH is one of factor which involved in caries development. Decreasing of salivary pH will cause enamel demineralization. Miswak (Salvadora persica) as a toothbrush because it has mechanical and chemical effects such as essential oil and bicarbonate which can stimulate salivary secretion. Thus, it will increase the buffer capacity and salivary pH lead to enamel remineralization. Objective: This study aimed to know the effect of toothbrushing with miswak (Salvadora persica) on salivary pH. Methods: The clinical experiment study with pre-test and post-test control group design. The sample of this study is the students of Faculty of Dentistry, Andalas University, Padang. There are 34 students that divided into two groups randomly that is case and control group. Case group used miswak while control group used conventional toothbrush, respectively brushing horizontally for 2 minutes. Salivary pH was measured using digital pH meter in scale of 0.0 to 14.0 with 0.1 sensitivity from pen type pH meter. The data analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test continued by paired t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: paired t-test produced significant value p=0,001 in case group and p=0,000 in control group. Mann-Whitney test produced significant value p=0.317. There was no significant difference in statistic among these groups. Conclusion: Toothbrushing with miswak has effect on salivary pH. Miswak as effective as toothbrush on salivary pH. Keywords:Toothbrushing, miswak (Salvadora persica), Salivar


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110202
Author(s):  
Rgda Mohamed Osman ◽  
Mounkaila Noma ◽  
Abdallah Elssir Ahmed ◽  
Hanadi Abdelbagi ◽  
Rihab Ali Omer ◽  
...  

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. This study aimed to determine the association of interleukin-17A-197G/A polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis in Sudanese patients. Methods: A case–control study was conducted between March and December 2018. Clinical and demographic data of the study participants were collected and analyzed. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism molecular technique was done to investigate interleukin-17A-197G/A polymorphisms. All statistical tests were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05. Results: The study population included 266 participants aged between 1 and 85 years, with an average of 40 years, classified into 85 (31.2%) cases (mean age 48.5 ± 11.3 years), and 181 (68.8%) controls (mean age 35.3 ± 15.9 years). The interleukin-17A homozygote AA genotype was more frequent among the control group compared to the case group; 95 (52.5%) and 7 (8.2%), respectively. The homozygote GG and the heterozygote AG genotypes were proportionally not different among the cases and control groups; 13 (54.2%) and 11 (45.8%), and 65 (46.4%) and 75 (53.6%), respectively. According to the distribution of interleukin-17A genotypes, a statistically significant difference was observed among cases with the interleukin-17A AA and AG genotypes, p values 0.001 and 0.004, respectively. For the association interleukin-17A genotypes and family history a negatively significant association was reported (95% confidence interval, –0.219, p value = 0.001). There was also a negatively significant association of interleukin-17A genotypes and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (95% confidence interval, −0.141, p value = 0.002). Conclusion: This study is the first study in Sudan established the association between interleukin-17A-197G/A (rs2275913) polymorphisms and susceptibly to rheumatoid arthritis. These findings appeal for further research in Sudan to investigate the exact role of IL-17A in immunopathology and disease severity among Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Torkzaban ◽  
Seyed Amir Mansour Alavi Naeini ◽  
Akbar Hassanzadeh ◽  
Mehrdad Namdari

Abstract Background Coronary hearth diseases are among the main causes of death in adults. Increase of oxidative stress and defects in antioxidant defense play a major role in endothelium performance and are an effective factor in progress of atherosclerosis. Some studies have also reported different malondialdehyde and total antioxidant capacity among the atherosclerosis patients.Methods In this case-control study, 44 atherosclerosis patients referring to Shahid Madani treatment-education center were considered as the case group; while 44 healthy peoples were placed in the control group. Demographic data and anthropometric indices were measured. Food frequency questionnaire and international physical activity questionnaires were also completed. After 12 hours of fasting, 10 ml blood was sampled from the participants. Uric acid, vitamin C, TAC and MDA were also measured. The data were finally analyzed by SPSS Ver 22 software.Results A significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of uric acid (P<0.001) and vitamin C (P<0.03). However, mean MDA and TAC showed no significant difference between the two groups. The two groups’ difference in terms of vitamin A, E and beta carotene, zinc and selenium intake was not significant. A significant difference was however detected between the two groups in terms of vitamin C (P<0.047). A significant relationship was also observed between the systolic pressure and CHD (P<0.028).Conclusion Results of this study indicated that the uric acid and vitamin C levels of atherosclerosis patients had significant increase and decrease in comparison with the healthy subjects, respectively. Mean TAC and antioxidant levels of their diets (except for vitamin C) showed no significant difference. Systolic blood pressure of the patients was significantly higher than the controls.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Andika Siswoaribowo ◽  
Mateus Sakundarno ◽  
Muhammad Mu’in

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that requires treatment for long periods of time so it can cause physical and psychological problems for sufferers and families (caregiver). Caregiver's role is expected to provide support for people with diabetes mellitus. Family psychoeducation is a strategy that can be applied for caregiver in overcoming problems that arise during the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus.Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of family psychoeducation on caregiver support in the treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus type II.Methods: This research used a quasi experiment with  pre-test post-test control group design. A total of 46 caregivers and patients with diabetes mellitus were recruited puposively, with 23 respondents assigned in the experiment and control group. Caregiver support scale was used to measure caregiver support, and Hensarling Diabetes Family Support Scale (HDFSS) for measuring perception of patients toward the treatment of caregiver.  Data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. Results: Findings showed there was an increase of caregiver knowledge from 5.39 to 9.09 and an improvement of caregiver treatment from 40.30 to 67.04 after given family psychoeducation. There was a significant difference of caregiver support in the experimental and control group with p-value <0.001 (<0.05).Conclusion: Family psychoeducation can increase caregiver support in the treatment of diabetes mellitus patients. The intervention can be one of nurses interventions in the empowerment of family in improving the treatment of chronic diseases, particularly in diabetes mellitus.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Ana Nur Filiya ◽  
Novy Ardyanti Putri

Diphtheria is a contagion deadly disease which case increases year-by-year. Objective:   To know the correlation of direct contact with diphteria patient towards diphteria in Blitar in 2016. This research method uses Observational-analytic study by using case control design. Sample in case group were 31 people of diphteria patients and 31 people of control group which is not a diphteria patients. Direct contact as Independent variable. Data were analyzed by Mc Nemar. The results showed p value is 0.21. Direct contact haven’t  associated with diphteria. Further research can use more detailed questionnaire to know direct contact status properly


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Kusuma Dewi ◽  
Yulia Adhisty ◽  
Nurul Ariningtyas ◽  
Fika Pratiwi

INTISARILatar Belakang: Perkawinan usia anak di seluruh dunia telah mengalami penurunan, namun secara keseluruhan prevelansi perkawinan usia anak tetap relatif konstan. Indonesia menempati peringkat kedua di Asia Tenggara dengan persentase pernikahan dini. Upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mengurangi pernikahan dini salah satunya dengan penyuluhan. Penyuluhan dapat digunakan dengan berbagai macam metode dan media. Efektifitas metode dan media tersebut perlu diketahui untuk menentukan metode dan media mana yang lebih efektif dan efisien untuk digunakan.Metode Penelitian: Metode penelitian ini adalah Experiment dengan desain penelitian Pre test-Post test with control group Design. Populasi yang digunakan adalah siswa SMA Negeri I Baturetno Wonogiri sebanyak 1037 siswa dengan sampel 90 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel Stratified Random Sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu kuesioner sebanyak 25 pertanyaan yang telah valid dan reliabel. Tehnik analisis data menggunakan Simple Paired TTes dan Independent T-tes. Hasil: Hasil Simple Paired T-Test kelompok leaflet, ceramah, serta leaflet dan ceramah menunjukkan nilai signifikasi 0,000 sehingga terdapat perubahan antara sebelum dan sesudah diberikan materi. Hasil analisa dengan Independent T-test pada kelompok eksperimen dengan kelompok kontrol menunjukkan p-value 0,000 sehingga terdapat perbedaan rata-rata antara kelompok eksperimen dengan kelompok kontrol.


Author(s):  
Hamideh Shajari ◽  
Ahmad Shajari ◽  
Mohammad Golshan Tafti ◽  
Reza Samaninejad

Background: Kidney stones are one of several serious health problems in childhood that cause nutritional and growth disorders, and may finally lead to chronic kidney failure in this group. Methods: In this analytical study conducted through a case-control design, 30 children under the age of two with kidney stones, and 125 children of the same age and sex without stones were studied. Patient information including personal profile and the results of some necessary tests were extracted from patient records and listed in a checklist. The data was analyzed using SPSS (Version 17.0). Statistical significance was considered when p-value was <0.05. Results: In terms of duration of breastfeeding, a significant difference was observed between the patients with stones and patients without stones; the duration of breastfeeding was longer in the control group (p=0.003). In addition, the duration of feeding with formula milk and cow milk was longer in the case group (p=0.038 and p=0.012, respectively). Conclusion: Breastfeeding can serve as a nutritional factor that plays a preventive and protective role against the formation of kidney stones in infants.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
Mohammed Momenuzzaman Khan ◽  
Md Nazmul Huda ◽  
Manabendra Bhattacharjee ◽  
Md Jalal Uddin ◽  
Mustofa Kamal Uddin Khan

Background: Migraine is an important cause of headache and headache-related disabilities. It increases loss of working time, causes inability to carry out daily activities and disruption of family and social life. The pathophysiology of migraine is still poorly understood. On the other hand, the prevalence of obesity is constantly increasing worldwide. The consequence of overweight and obesity includes increased risk of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer.Objectives: This study was performed to assess the relationship between BMI and migraine by finding out the relationship between migraine frequency and duration in different BMI groups, comparing the socio-demographic variables in migraine and non-migraine patients and to find out the migraine related co-morbidities.Materials and Methods: This observational case-control study was conducted on 100 subjects aged 12–50 years in the Neurology Outpatient Department, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh in the period of January 2011 to December 2012. Out of total subjects fifty migraine patients were selected as cases and fifty nonmigraineurs as controls. Subjects were then categorized in three groups based on BMI: <23, 23 to 25 and >25. Collected data were compiled and appropriate analyses were done by using computer based software, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. For statistical analysis one way ANOVA tests were done for comparing means of quantitative data and Chi-square tests were done for qualitative data. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: In this study, majority (>95%) of the study subjects were between 10 and 35 years of age. Mean age of case group was found 25.55 ± 5.87 and that of control was 25.53 ± 4.22 years. Case group contained 10 (20%) males and 40 (80%) females whereas control group had 14 (28%) males and 36 (72%) females. Number of female cases and controls were higher than that of male. In control group 30 (60%) were unmarried and 20 (40%) were married. There was no significant difference in the financial condition between case and control groups. Students and housewives occupied the largest number of study subjects who were unemployed. Regarding residence, rural and urban patients were equal in case group and in control group 29 (58%) were urban and 21 (42%) rural. Mean duration of headache was 8.9 ± 7.5, 5.8 ± 6.7, 9.6 ± 14.3 years in different BMI groups (<23, 23–25, >25 respectively) in case group and 4.6 ± 5.3, 4.4 ± 3.4, 3.4 ± 1.4 years in control group respectively. There was significant difference in quality of headache. In migrainous group 58.6% in BMI <23, 30% in BMI 23–25, 36.4% in BMI >25 noted their headache as throbbing, in contrast most of the nonmigrainous described them as dull in nature. Mean frequency of headache per month was significantly higher in migraine group compared to non-migraine group (p=0.02). Regarding associated symptoms, nausea, vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia were observed significantly higher in migraine patients in BMI <23 group. Odd ratios (ORs) for vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia with 95% confidence interval (CI) were 23.385 (2.752–97.739), 16.500 (3.060– 88.971) and 13.000 (2.922–57.846) respectively. Smoking was found significantly higher in nonmigrainous group than migraine group in case of BMI <23.Conclusion: From the result of present study it can be concluded that there is statistically no significant relation of BMI with frequency of headache, but some relationship were observed for associated symptoms of migraine with low BMI.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(2): 80-87


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 019
Author(s):  
Hafiz Anshori ◽  
Shanty Komalasari

Students’ pressures while working on their undergraduate thesis caused psychological impact called stress. The researcher was intended to find out whether any roles of the Qur'an as a guideline for Muslims reducing the stress level. It is a field research with a quantitative experimental approach which used two groups(pre-test- post-test) design with two variables: training of meaning and reading verses of the Qur'an (X) and stress level (Y). The subjects were 12 students divided into 6 students in each of experimental and control group. The experimental group used paired samples t-test and got a p-value of 0,035, p <0,05 means there was a difference of scores between pretest and post-test. The control group obtained a p-value of 0.849, p <0.05 means there was no difference in scores between pretest and post-test. Based on the results of different test analysis using independent samples t-test obtained the p-value of 0.000 is smaller than 0.01 showed that there is a significant difference in stress level between the two groups. The results indicate that the training of meaning and reading of Quranic verses can reduce the stress level of students who are working on an undergraduate thesis in the Islamic Psychology Study Program of the State Islamic University of Antasari Banjarmasin.


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