Japanese Modernization and the Imperial Universities, 1876–1920

1978 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Bartholomew
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Scholarly Writing ◽  
Training School ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modern Japanese History ◽  
The Government

In the entire body of scholarly writing—Japanese and foreign—on modern Japanese history, perhaps no subject has been treated with less care or greater indifference than the imperial universities. Western scholars, when commenting on the subject, are usually content to note their supposed indebtedness to the universities of nineteenth-century Germany and to emphasize their role in training government officials. Thus Robert Scalapino wrote in 1962: “The government … accepted a far-reaching system of education patterned essentially after German concepts….”; he was seconded in this opinion by Ronald P. Dore in 1965. And of the universities' social functions, Herbert Passin wrote in 1965 that Tokyo University had been conceived as a “training school for officials”; this was echoed by Chitoshi Yanaga in 1968.

scholarly journals To the question on the origins of regional cultural policy of Yakutia (XVIII – early XX centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Andrian Afanasievich Borisov ◽  
Tat'yana Vladimirovna Pavlova-Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Service Class ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Regional Community ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traditional Cultures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article is firs to discuss an early stage of origination of the regional cultural policy of Yakutia in the Russian Empire of the XVIII – early XX centuries. Emphasis is made on the regional community: the representatives of traditional cultures – peoples of Yakutia and representatives of Russian culture (service class, government officials, taxed estates). The subject of this research is the historical prerequisites of such policy in the region, as well as the government structures that realized its key trends. The research is carried out in the all-Russian context, namely the context of transformations that took place during the Governorate Reform of 1775, as well as further evolution of the local administrative authorities that carried out cultural policy in the region. The questions is raised on the dynamic development of cultural processes in this suburb of the Empire, where the traditional cultures influencing the representatives of Russian provincial community, simultaneously became familiarized with the cultural trends from Russia. Despite the previous perceptions on the cultural backwardness of Yakutia as an imperial suburb, the conclusion is made on the relatively successful actions of imperial authorities in this field.

scholarly journals Corruption Crime Eradication by Corruption Eradication Commission Through Red-handed Catch Operation on Bribery Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-329
Author(s):  
Kamaluddin Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Action Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Public ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Fundamental Consideration

The government has made many laws and regulations, but corruption issues cannot yet be controlled. Police and Prosecuting Attorney Institutions have not yet functioned effectively and efficiently in eradicating corruption. Therefore, the public hopes Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK)/the Corruption Eradication Commission eliminates the crime. KPK is considerably appreciated by the public due to Operasi Tangkap Tangan (OTT)/Red-handed Catch Operation to many government officials involved in bribery action, but the subject matter thereof is whether the OTT is in line with the fundamental consideration of KPK founding pursuant to Law Number 30 of 2002 as updated by the Law Number 19 of 2019 in order to increase the eradication of corruption crime causing the state's financial loss with respect to people welfare particularly KPK powers pursuant to the provision of Article 11 thereof, among others, specifying that KPK shall be authorized to conduct inquiry, investigation and prosecution on corruption crime related to the state financial loss of at least Rp 1,000,000,000 but in fact many OTTs performed by KPK have a value of hundred million Rupiah only and even there are any cases below Rp 100,000,000.-, and bribery action control through OTT being more dominant if compared to the state's financial corruption is not in line with the primary consideration of KPK founding, and similarly the OTT below 1 billion Rupiah doesn't conform to the provision of Article 11 thereof.

scholarly journals ‘You Kick the Bucket; We Do the Rest!’: Jokes and the Culture of Reprinting in the Transatlantic Press1

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
Digital Archives ◽  
North Wales ◽  
American Press ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dynamic Partnership

Abstract In December 1893 the Conservative candidate for Flintshire addressed an audience at Mold Constitutional Club. After he had finished attacking Gladstone and the local Liberal incumbent, he ended his speech with a joke. He advised the Conservative party to adopt, with regard to the government, the sign of an American undertaker: ‘You kick the bucket; we do the rest’. How did a sign belonging to a Nevadan undertaker become the subject of a joke told at a political meeting in North Wales? This unlikely question forms the basis of this article. Using new digital archives, it tracks the journey of the gag from its origins in New York, its travels around America, its trip across the Atlantic, its circulation throughout Britain and its eventual leap into political discourse. The article uses the joke to illuminate the workings of a broader culture of transatlantic reprinting. During the final quarter of the nineteenth century miscellaneous ‘snippets’ cut from the pages of the American press became a staple feature of Britain's bestselling newspapers and magazines. This article explores how these texts were imported, circulated and continually rewritten in dynamic partnership between authors, editors and their readers.

Polish-Jewish relations during the war An interpretation

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan T. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
World War ◽  
National Sovereignty ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

For the last two hundred years, with the exception of a brief interval between the two World Wars, Poland has been either partitioned, or occupied, or governed by proxy. Squeezed between Russia and Germany Poles took nourishment and continuity as a historical nation from remembrance of things past whenever their sovereignty as a political nation was curtailed or abolished. Lately these efforts were inspired by a conviction that even if present day institutions could not be changed, a half-way victory over totalitarianism's attempts to destroy social solidarity would still be won if the community's history were rescued from the regime's ambition to determine not only the country's future but also its past. Thus, the wonderful intuition—that totalitarianism must destroy all context of social reality independent of its own dictate and acquire a copyright not only on what is but also on what had been—came to the Poles not because they read Orwell's 1984, but because for well over one hundred years they nurtured the idea of the Polish nation against all the odds of nineteenth century geopolitics. Once before, when they had lost their national sovereignty, the Poles had locked in on their past spiritually and it worked: Poland was resurrected. But since the Second World War, despite the dogged persistence of the Poles to reclaim their past, to go beyond, revise, and correct the government-approved version of their history manifested during every mass upheaval in the Polish People's Republic, there was never a temptation to reopen the subject of wartime Polish-Jewish relations.

scholarly journals Political participation of street vendors and Government officials (Study in Pontianak City Indonesia)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 472-478
Author(s):  
Elyta ◽  
Herlan ◽  
Burhanduddin
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

This study focused on the political participation of street vendors and government officials. The government officials are a person who has been appointed by officials who have the power with the aim of so can do some business or activity, which is the duty and obligation of the government to achieve the state's goals. Government officials include the mayor, legislators, Subdistrict Head, Small-Subdistrict Head, Head of hamlet, neighbourhood, and some existing enforcement officials' administrative fields. Research methods in this observation type of research are descriptive qualitative, which is a kind of observation in the presentation of descriptive data in the form of a sentence structure that can be studied. The study was qualitative form an inductive approach in the design of sciencebased research and focused on the understanding of the experience. In this observation that an informant is the ethnic Malay community. How to get information using purposive sampling techniques, which means making the subject of research that has been included in the category. As for the informant is ten hawkers. The method used is shaped informant interviews with technical guidelines to help conduct interviews that comply with the standards with questions directly—using structured interviews to obtain information regarding viewpoints, insights, and experiences that provide in the form of oral or greeting openly. The escort process of data collection is done by selecting informants by the categories of samples as well as confidence in the informer. During the interview process, researchers used a tape recorder and a small note which serves to describe the current conditions when conducting interviews. The research found the close relationship between the level of income with connections made hawkers and political officials. Matters relating to the administrative officer who became the talk of the form of business organization means that issues relating to the license, places, and anything that can be used as a business.

scholarly journals Alle radici della moderna ingegneria

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Engineering Studies ◽  
Academic System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Engineering Industries

The subject around which the contributions in this volume gravitate is the creation of a higher institute of engineering studies in Florence in the late nineteenth-century. On the eve of the unification of Italy, Florence was a promising centre for a Polytechnic, in view of the experience of the Corpo di Ingegneri di Acque e Strade, the precocious railway building, the importance of the mining sector and the solidity of the Istituto Tecnico Toscano. Despite this, unlike what took place in Milan and in Turin, the Istituto Tecnico Toscano was not transformed into a Polytechnic for the training of engineers. The reasons for this non-development can be traced to the lack of "industrialist" propensities in the managerial group that emerged victorious from the "peaceful revolution" of 1859, to a desire for independence from the national academic system built on the Casati law, and to a local demand for engineering skills that was less dynamic than expected. Consequently, the prevailing winds were those of "normalisation" blowing from the government, the universities and the most prestigious Colleges of Engineers. Nevertheless, Florence continued to represent an important technological centre, especially in relation to railway infrastructures, public works, and the mechanical engineering industries (for example Pignone and Galileo). In the end it was not until one hundred years after unification that the city finally became the seat of a Faculty of Engineering.

Fashioning Enemies of the State: Investigating Sartorial Subversion in Soviet States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Pulver
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
The Body ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Primary Documents ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Harsh Criticism

As far back as 1867, early-modern fashion has been the subject of harsh criticism. In his Critique of Political Economy, Marx referred to fashion as “murderous” and as having “meaningless caprices” (Marx and Engels 1967). The Soviet states certainly recognized the importance of clothing to reflect and inform its citizens of the preferred modest lifestyle. The main purpose of this study is to analyze two specific cases of sartorial resistance in two Soviet societies. Specifically, I will be examining the case of Allerleirauh (1980-89) in East Germany, and the Stilyagi (1940s-1960s) in Soviet Russia. In order to test the differences and similarities in the sartorial subversions, I will analyze a number of primary and secondary documents. There are four forms of primary documents that I will analyze: state-run magazines, periodicals, and photographs (both state-sponsored, and fringe), from the GDR and Soviet Russia. My interpretation— of the visual and textual responses to the youth groups who subverted the sartorial codes of the GDR and in Soviet Russia— has led me to propose two main speculative-conclusions. First, the responses by the government, such as the satirical cartoons of the Stilyagi, reveal the extent to which government officials recognized, and felt threatened by, the potential potency of dress to cause political disturbance. Second, the reactions of condemnation towards the fashionably-dissident makes salient the recognition that visual culture and semiotics in fashion, particularly when the body (as a sort of canvas) is implicated, can yield politically-threatening influence.

scholarly journals Shifts in Patronage Differentiation: Translation from European Languages in Isolationist Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hadley
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Japanese History ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Translation Services ◽  
Modern Japanese History ◽  
The Government

This article demonstrates that translation patronage can shift imperceptibly between being undifferentiated and differentiated. It focuses on the passage of time as a factor that could be added to Lefevere’s conceptualization of patronage. Currently this conceptualization approaches history as a series of snapshots, with little focus on transition, most importantly, between one form of patronage and another. With an overview of the development of translation patronage in early modern Japanese history, this article explores the dynamics of translation patronage over a period of well over two centuries, when the country maintained a policy of national isolationism. Under this policy, Christianity became absolutely taboo, and those associated with it were regarded with utmost suspicion. Yet, limited international trade was permitted to continue by a state-owned collegium of interpreters. Under this system, the patronage of translators in Japan was extremely undifferentiated, being obtained solely from governmental sources. However, before the end of this system, patronage had already shifted to a differentiated model, in which translation services were being sought by a wide range of parties beyond the government.

Social Federalism: The Constitutional Position of Nonprofit Corporations in Nineteenth-Century America

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Society

The importance of voluntary associations is apparent to all who study the development of American society in the nineteenth century. Observations made by the perceptive nineteenth-century traveler Alexis de Tocqueville have become an obligatory cliché in historical writing on the subject:Americans of all ages, all conditions, and all dispositions constantly form associations. They have not only commercial and manufacturing companies,… but associations of a thousand other kinds, religious, moral, serious, futile, general or restricted, enormous or diminutive. The Americans make associations to give entertainments, to found seminaries, to build inns, to construct churches, to diffuse books, to send missionaries to the antipodes; in this manner they found hospitals, prisons, and schools. If it is proposed to inculcate some truth or to foster some feeling by the encouragement of a great example, they form a society. Wherever at the head of some new undertaking you see the government in France, or a man of rank in England, in the United States you will be sure to find an association.

Robert FitzRoy and the Early History of the Meteorological Office

1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Burton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Early History ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Scientific Institution ◽  
Scientific Establishment ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Historians of science have shown little interest in meteorology and, in Britain at least, have almost totally ignored the development of meteorological institutions. The Meteorological Office itself has found some mention at times such as its supposed centenary in 1955, but even then the interest has come mainly from meteorologists writing for the delectation of their fellows. This neglect is surprising because the story of the Office contains much to reward the historian. Its very formation as a governmental scientific institution in 1854 supports arguments against the popular concept of mid-nineteenth century Britain as a cauldron of unbridledlaissez-faire; the role it adopted in developing practical usages for science brought it into conflict with members of the academic scientific establishment; its later transition from an inaugural period as a department of the Board of Trade to a second phase under the control of a committee appointed by the Royal Society, with consequent changes in the methods of financing and administration, gives useful insights into the contemporary attitudes of government officials towards public expenditure on science; and its first head, Robert FitzRoy, was himself a man of such remarkable interest and complexity as to render the subject worthy of investigation on that count alone.

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