scholarly journals Acute and Chronic Toxicity Studies of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Merremia Tridentata (Linn) Hallier F.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Olubodun A. Adebiyi ◽  
Danladi A. Ameh ◽  
Elewechi Onyike ◽  
Dorcas B. James
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Acute And Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
Body Weight Dose

The acute and chronic toxicity evaluation of Ethanol leaf extract of Merremia tridentata (Linn) Halier F. (MTELE) was carried out on albino wistar rats. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity profile of the extract were determined using standard methods. The animals were assigned into groups and administered varying doses of MTELE (100, 200, 400 mg/kg body weight and 0.2 ml of distilled water) for a period of hundred days (fourteen weeks). The body weight, relative organ weight, haematology, serum biochemical indices and histopathological studies of the liver, kidney, spleen, heart, and lungs were appropriately carried out to determine propensity of possible toxicity. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids while anthraquinone and cyanogenic glycosides were absent. The median lethal dose LD50 was estimated as 2200 mg/kg body weight. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in the percentage change in body weight of rats administered 200 and 400 mg/kg/day dose of the extract for 100days when compared to the control group. Moreover, there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the relative weight of the spleen of rats and significant (p<0.05) increase in the relative weight of the liver, kidney, heart and lungs of rats administered 400 mg/kg/day dose. All serum biochemical parameters studied showed significant (p<0.05) increase in group administered 400 mg/kg body weight dose while alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogesase and potassium ion showed significant increase (p<0.05) in the group administered 200 mg/kg/day. There is no significant change in hematological parameters like RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, monocytes, basophils, MCV, MCH, MCHC, in the extract treated animals except the lymphocyte that showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction only in the group treated with 400 mg/kg body weight dose. Administration of MTELE at 200 mg/kg body weight did not occasioned any histo-architectural change in the liver and spleen but caused varying degree of remarkable histological derangement in the other tissues. Furthermore, there were remarkable pathologies in the liver, kidney, spleen, heart and lungs ranging from vascular congestion, haemorrhage, fibrosis, to renal and myocardial damage in the group treated with 400 mg/kg/day dose for hundred days. However, 100 mg/kg body weight dose showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the parameters evaluated indicating safety at this dosage. Ethanol leaf extract of Merremia tridentata (Linn) Halier F. (MTELE) may not be safe at chronic administration even at dosage as low as 200 mg/kg body weight. The plant should be cautiously employed to avoid unwarranted complication on long term administration.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii (Miq.) Miq. stem bark in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
EL Lappa ◽  
◽  
C Bogning Zangueu ◽  
EL Nguemfo ◽  
JJ Kojom Wanche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats

Ficus vogelii is a medicinal plant mainly found in tropical Africa and reported to treat inflammatory complaints. This study aims to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark in wistar rats. For acute study, aqueous extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to female rats and observed for 14 days. In the sub-chronic study, the extract was administered daily to both sex rats at the doses of 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Body weight was measured weekly, while hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were analyzed after euthanize. Aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii at all tested doses didn’t produced any mortality or significant change on the body weight and relative weight of rats on acute and sub-chronic studies. The lethal dose 50 was estimated greater than 5000 mg/kg (DL50˃5000 mg/kg). Hematological parameters were recorded non-significant in all treated rats. Aqueous extract at 600 mg/kg significantly changed transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities, these changes were reversible in satellites. The concentrations of bilirubin was increased at 200 and 600 mg/kg in male rats, at 100, 400 mg/kg in female rats. The levels of lipids markers didn’t changed, except the significant decrease of LDL-cholesterol. Histological examination didn’t showed any change in the architecture of the liver and kidney of rats treated compared to control. Thus aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark didn’t produced adverse effects in rats after oral acute and sub-chronic treatment.

scholarly journals Hepatotoxic and Nephrotoxic Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Scoparia Dulcis (Linn) in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Olubodun A. Adebiyi ◽  
Danladi A. Ameh ◽  
Elewechi Onyike ◽  
Dorcas B. James
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Scoparia Dulcis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
G Ratio

Scoparia dulcis (Linn) is a widespread herbal medicine; it bears an enormous number of pharmacological activities. The present study was undertaken to find out the chronic toxicity profile of oral administration of Scoparia dulcis ethanol leaf extract (SDELE) on the liver and the kidney of wistar rats. The animals were grouped into four and administered varying doses of SDELE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg body weight and 0.2 ml distilled water respectively) for a period of fourteen weeks (100 days). The acute toxicity, body weight, relative organ weight, hematological parameters, biochemical markers for liver and kidney damage were monitored and histopathology of the liver and kidney of the rat were carried out. The LD50 of SDELE was found to be 1131 mg/kg body weight. There was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in weight of the rat administered 400 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg when compared with the control though there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the organs. There was also a significant increase (p<0.05) in the lymphocytes, serum level of aspartate amino transferase (ASP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkali phosphatase (ALP), total protein, A/G ratio, creatinine, urea, uric acid, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and potassium ions while there was a significant decrease in HDL-cholesterol and sodium ions in the animal group administered 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract. Histopathology of the liver and kidney revealed haemorrhage and vascular congestion at 200 mg/kg doses and renal damage at 400 mg/kg body weight doses respectively. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in any of the parameters studied in the group administered 100 mg/kg body weight dose when compared with the controlled group. Ethanol leaf extracts of Scoparia dulcis showed hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic tendencies and should be used with caution especially when employed in the treatment of chronic diseases

scholarly journals Haematopoietic Potential of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Talinum triangulare in Wistar Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
A. I. Airaodion ◽  
E. O. Ogbuagu ◽  
J. A. Ekenjoku ◽  
U. Ogbuagu ◽  
E. O. Airaodion
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Talinum Triangulare

Aim: This study focuses on assessing the haematopoietic potential of ethanolic extract of Talinum triangulare leaves in Wistar rats. Methods: Fresh plants of T. triangulare were purchased from a local market in Orita-Challenge area of Ibadan, Nigeria. They were air dried at room temperature in an open laboratory space for 21 days and milled into powder. The extraction was done using soxhlet apparatus and ethanol as the solvent. The ethanol was evaporated in a rotary evaporator at 35°C with a yield of 2.76 g which represents a percentage yield of 11.04%. Ten adult male Wistar rats with body weight between 150 and 170 g were used for this study. They were randomly divided into two groups of five rats each. Animals in group A were administered saline solution while those in group B were administered T. triangulare leaf extract. The administration was done 12 hourly for twenty-eight days at 100 mg/kg body weight via oral route since the plant is consumed orally. At the end of the treatment, animals were fasted overnight and anaesthetized using diethyl ether. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture into heparinized bottles. Haematological parameters were determined using standard methods. Results: A  significant increase was observed in the PCV, Hb, RBC, MCV, WBC, lymphocyte and platelet counts of control animals when compared with those treated with leaf extract of T. triangulare at p<0.05. However, treatment had no significant difference on the neutrophil of animals. Conclusion: The significant increase observed in the erythrocyte parameters of animals used in this study indicates that T. triangulare leaves have haematopoietic properties and can be used to boost blood level especially in menstruating and pregnant women as well as anaemia patients. Its ability to significantly increase white blood cell parameters is an indication that T. triangulare leaves can boost the immune system and thus defend the body against xenobiotics.

A study on the safety evaluation of buphrenorphine administered through an autoinjector compared with manual injection using haematological and biochemical variables in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sheela ◽  
R Vijayaraghavan ◽  
S Senthilkumar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
Significant Change

Buprenorphine drug cartridge was made for autoinjector device for use in emergency and critical situations to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Water-filled cartridges were prepared and buprenorphine was injected aseptically in the cartridge, to make 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL. Rats were injected intraperitoneally, buprenorphine (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg), repeatedly with the autoinjector and compared with manual injection (7 days and 14 days) using various haematological and biochemical parameters. No significant change was observed in the body weight, organ to body weight ratio and haematological variables in any of the experimental groups compared with the control group. Except serum urea and aspartate aminotransferase, no significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The autoinjectors deliver the drugs with spray effect and force for faster absorption. In the present study, the autoinjector meant for intramuscular injection was injected intraperitoneally in rats, and the drug was delivered with force on the vital organs. No significant difference was observed in the autoinjector group compared to the manual group showing tolerability and safety of the buphrenorphine autoinjector. This study shows that buprenorphine autoinjector can be considered for further research work.

scholarly journals Morphometric characteristics of the patellar tendon

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Milodrag Vranjes ◽  
Ivan Vukasinovic ◽  
Mirko Obradovic ◽  
Mile Bjelobrk ◽  
Zlatko Budinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
The Body ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anterior Cruciate

Introduction. The most common injuries of the knee joint are injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament. The golden standard in reconstruction of this ligament is graft bone - patellar tendon - bone. Knowing the morphometric characteristics of these ligaments is crucial for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This study was aimed at determining morphometric characteristics of the patellar tendon in vivo, measured intraoperatively, and at defining the correlation between the obtained values and body weight, height, gender and sport activity among different groups of athletes. Material and Methods. This study included 184 patients suffering from anterior cruciate ligament injuries who were admitted to the Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology. Results. The patellar tendon width ranged from 28 mm to 43 mm, averaging at 32.02 mm. The length of the patellar tendon ranged from 35 mm to 62 mm, averaging at 46.34 mm. The thickness of the patellar tendon ranged from 3 mm to 6 mm, averaging at 3.78 mm. The measured results were positively and statistically relevant with the body mass, height and body mass index. Discussion and Conclusion. The patellar tendon was thicker, longer and wider in persons with higher values of body weight and height. Men have statistically longer, thicker and wider patellar tendon than women. There was no statistically significant difference between morphometric characteristics of the patellar tendon among professional athletes and recreational athletes, neither was there one in the obtained geometric data of the patellar tendon among tested groups of professional athletes.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Kadar Glutation (GSH) Hepar Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi Parasetamol Dosis Toksik dengan Pemberian Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 247
Author(s):  
Nur Insani ◽  
H.M.T Kamaluddin ◽  
Swanny Swanny
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Bb Rat ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Glutathione (GSH) transferase deficiency due to paracetamol exposure causes further oxidative stress to liver necrosis. To reduce oxidative stress that can cause damage to the liver of the body requires antioxidants. One plant to treat liver disease is the kelor leaf (because it has an active flavonoid material also has antioxidant activity). This study was conducted to determine the difference of glutathione hepar levels of male white rat induced paracetamol toxic dose by giving kelor leaf extract. The type of research is experimental laboratory in vivo with rancagan randomized post test only control group design. With the stages as follows 1.Leaf Extract Kelor with Ethanol 96%, 2.Perpeteration of experimental animals, 3.Treatment of experimental animals by giving extract of 3-dose of kelor leaf that is KP I 250 mg / 200 gr BB rat, KP II 500 mg / 200 gr BB rat, KP III 1000 mg / 200 gr BB rat  for 14 days combined with paracetamol dose 2 gr / 200 gr BB rat compared with the negative control group (group given only paracetamol dose 2 gr / 200 gr BB rat) and control group positif only fed regular feed for 14 days). The result showed that there was a significant difference mean of GSH levels between all treatment groups obtained p = 0,000 (p <α) p values smaller than 0.05. There was the highest increase of GSH in treatment group II (142,7525 μmol / mg) and lowest dose of GSH in positive control group (57,1812 μmol / mg), dose paracetamol toxic dosage and kelor leaf extract 500 mg / gr BB rat can increase GSH hepar p = 0,000 (p <α) p less than 0 , 05. The conclusion of the test results showed that giving of kelor leaf extract at dose of treatment group II can increase GSH hepar level significantly

scholarly journals Comparison between Vinorelbine–Carboplatin and Vinorelbine–Cisplatin in Stage III–IV EGFR Mutations-Negative NSCLC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laksmi Wulandari ◽  
Gatot Soegiarto ◽  
Anna Febriani ◽  
Farah Fatmawati ◽  
Wirya Sastra Amran
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Egfr Mutations ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract Introduction There are a substantial number of lung cancer patients with negative mutations in Indonesia. This type of cancer is deemed to be the major contributor of lung cancer patient’s death. However, reseaerch related to therapy using vinorelbine combined with platinum-based compounds is still scarce in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability between vinorelbine and carboplatin with vinorelbin and cisplatin in stage III-IV epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods The participants were divided into two groups—group I(vinorelbine–carboplatin) and group II (vinorelbine–cisplatin). The participants were assessed based on several measurement criteria. Not only Eq-5D was performed, but the body weight and response evaluation criteria for solid tumors (RECIST) were also examined. The participants received chemotherapy for four cycles (1 cycle = 21 days). Results The quality of life was considered stable in 60% of group I and 60% of group II (p=0.255). In both groups, 46.67% of participants had an increased body weight, while the other 20.00% was stable (p = 1.000). In terms of RECIST evaluation after the second cycle, 80.00% of group I and 86.67% of group II were considered to have a stable disease, with 20% of group I and none of group II had partial response (p = 0.027). However, after the fourth cycle, there were no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.734). Conclusion In EGFR mutation-negative NSCLC patients, the combination of vinorelbine and carboplatin showed comparable outcomes to vinorelbine and cisplatin chemotherapy with no significant differences.

scholarly journals A 90-Day Oral Toxicity of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Komlan M. Dossou-Yovo ◽  
Aboudoulatif Diallo ◽  
Povi Lawson-Evi ◽  
Yendubé T. Kantati ◽  
Tchin Darré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Significant Difference

Background. Herbal medication is a worldwide and ancient practice, mostly in developing countries, where a large part of the population is involved in this practice. Hence, studies must be conducted to evaluate their safety and efficiency to avoid or prevent toxicological risks due to their usage. In Togo, Carissa spinarum is a medicinal plant belonging to Apocynaceae family, used as an aphrodisiac or to heal some ailments including malaria, sickle cell anemia, hypertension, pain, and asthma. Notwithstanding its several ethnomedicinal benefits, just a few toxicological data associated with its chronic use are available. Objective. Therefore, this study aims to assess the toxicity of an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum in Wistar rats. Methods. The 90-day oral toxicity process following OECD TG 408 guidelines is used. Male Wistar rats received Carissa spinarum root hydroethanolic extract at 500 and 1000 mg/kg for 90 days by oral gavage. Body weight changes, hematological and blood biochemical parameters, organ weight changes, malondialdehyde as a lipoperoxidation marker expressed according to tissue proteins, and histopathology of vital organs were assessed. Results. No signs of toxicity or mortality were observed during the 90 days experiment. Hematological parameters have not shown any treatment-related abnormalities. According to biochemical parameters, an increase in the chloride ion level was observed at 1000 mg/kg p < 0.01 . There was no significant difference between the treated groups and the control group concerning the malondialdehyde concentration, body weight, and organ relative weight. No changes in necropsy and histopathology of vital organs associated with extract treatment were observed. Conclusion. The results indicated that an ethanolic root extract of Carissa spinarum does not cause adverse effects, which can lead to Wistar rats’ death after 90-day oral administration at 500 and 1000 mg.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Hasil Fermentasi Bungkil Kedelai Dalam Ransum Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ayam Pedaging

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Al Qudri
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fermented Soybean ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRACT. Tempe of soybean is fermented soybean with Rhizopus ologosporus fungus. From a result of researchers, it is the fact that tempe can increase valuable of nutrion and digest capacity and also produce antibiotic . Utilization of abtibiotic in chiken food as stimulus growth in not recommended because it can cause resistance a certain germ and it is presume there are antibiotic residu in egg and chiken meat. It is hope that the use of fermented soybean oil meal can increase nutrient value and digest capacity as well as produce antibiotic, so that it can get a better growth and over come a problem of using antibiotic in chiken food. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented soybean oil meal utilization in the ration on body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and mortality. The study use 80 unsex day old chick broiler CP-707 and conducted at Poulty Laboratory Product Agriculture Faculty, Syiah Kuala University. Chiken were putting in 27 houses unit, each unit contain of four chiken. The design of experiment was Completely Randomized Design, four treatments and five replication. The treatments were ration contained 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% fermented soybean oil meal as replace the use of soybean oil meal. The protein and energy content of all dietary treatments were equally composed from six weeks investigation, were body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and mortality. The result of the study indicated that up to 10% graded of fermented soybean oil meal in ration were significant difference influenced increase the body weight gain and decrease the feed conversion. The fermented soybeanoil meal) utilization more than 10% were significant difference decrease the body weight gain and increase the feed conversion. If the inclusion was increase the feed consumption would tendency decline. In this study there were no mortality in all treatment. In can be advised from this study that fermented soybean oil meal could be used in broiler ration or in all poulty ration.

scholarly journals The effect of red-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on heat shock protein 70 and cortisol expression in strenuous exercise induced rats

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
Novita Sari Harahap ◽  
Aznan Lelo ◽  
Ambrosius Purba ◽  
Awaluddin Sibuea ◽  
Rina Amelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Heat Shock Protein ◽  
Heat Shock Protein 70 ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Hsp70 Expression ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Oxidative stress from exercise can contribute to damaging cells, increasing heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and suppressing the immune system in the body. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of red-fleshed pitaya extract on HSP70 and cortisol expression in rats which were subjected to strenuous exercise. Methods: The subjects of this research were 32 Sprague Dawley male rats, aged 3 months, with an average weight of 200 g. Red-fleshed pitaya extract was obtained from methanol extraction process; a maceration technique was performed and the extract was concentrated using an air-drying method. Rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with distilled water only; while Groups 2, 3 and 4 were subjected to strenuous exercise and treated with 100 mg/kg body weight, 200 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight of red-fleshed pitaya extract, respectively. Strenuous exercises in rats was performed by intense swimming of 20 min/day, 3 days a week for 3 weeks. HSP70 expression and cortisol were measured with Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Results: There was a significant reduction of HSP70 (p=0.000) and cortisol expression (p=0.000) between the groups. Also, there was a significant difference in the average decreasing of HSP70 expression between group 4 and either groups 1 or 2 (p=0.000). However, a significant difference between groups 4 and 3 was not observed (p=0.813). Lastly, a significant difference was found in the average decrease of cortisol expression between groups 4 and 1 (p=0.000), 2 (p=0.000), and 3 (p=0.000) respectively. Conclusion: Red-fleshed pitaya is potential to be utilized as antioxidant to decrease the HSP70 and cortisol expression.

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