scholarly journals MODEL PENENTUAN TARIF MENGGUNAKAN MINIMISASI BIAYA DAN PERMINTAAN INPUT UNTUK PERUSAHAAN MONOPOLI

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitra Waty
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government ◽  
Huge Investment

Provision of some public goods, such as drinking water, electricity, gas, telephone, in many countries is generally done by the government. This is due to the firm is a natural monopoly, meaning that these companies require a huge investment, so that the level of efficiency can be achieved when the large scale of production. The problem is what price should be charged to the public? This study aimed to determine the price of a good in theory. The method used is minimization cost of production (through indirect cost function) with the constraints of the production function.

scholarly journals Elinor Ostrom: proving the effectiveness of collective action in management (the Noble Prize in Economics in 2009 “for research in the field of economic organization”)

2017 ◽  
pp. 127-139
Author(s):  
Oksana Shymanska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Human Organization ◽  
The Government

The article substantiates Elinor Ostrom’s contribution to the theory of collective management of property. The author outlines solutions to problems of the most optimal use of scarce natural resources and their economically relevant preservation in a long-term perspective. The research paper affirms the idea that it is not only the government who can solve the problem of efficient use of resources for public purposes. It is proved that collective decisions can be made in the management of resources, under which the latter are maintained in good conditions while being used for general public. The most accepted models (‘the tragedy of the commons’, ‘the prisoner’s dilemma’, ‘the logic of collective action’) are examined. The above- mentioned models are frequently used as tools to study cases of economic policy-making in allocating scarce resources for public purposes, and as a concept for analyzing problems of individuals who seek to achieve collective benefits. It is emphasized that there is a need for a balanced application of the above models as metaphors, which substitute solid foundations of the economic policy, since the limitations suggested for easing the analysis are accepted without reservation as permanent empirical requirements that remain as such until adjustments are made by the government. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of developing the theory of human organization based on realistic assessments of human possibilities and limitations that arise when a number of various situations related to using public goods are to be resolved. It is stressed that the empirically supported theories of human organization as an important component of study on economic policy are able to complement the solutions with estimates of the most likely effect of using many ways of organizing human activities. It is concluded that E. Ostrom’s experimental research in the field of natural resources management can be used to solve large-scale range of issues related to the production of public goods.

The Political Economy of Privatisation

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob Rowthorn ◽  
Ha-Joon Chang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Private Enterprise ◽  
Public Enterprise ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Government

This paper examines some of the main arguments relating to the effect of privatisation on efficiency. It is concerned with both narrow economic issues and wider political issues. After a critical examination of some theories, which assert that private ownership is intrinsically more efficient than public ownership, it is argued that for large scale enterprise there are no strong economic reasons for believing in the superiority of private enterprise. As long as the government in question has the will and the power to make a public enterprise function in a socially efficient fashion, the public enterprise may be just as efficient as private enterprise whilst offering additional economic and social advantages.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KESEDIAAN MEMBAYAR JASA LINGKUNGAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA AIR MINUM TERPADU DI INDONESIA (STUDI KASUS DAS CISADANE HULU)

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fauzi Sutopo ◽  
Bunasor Sanim ◽  
Yusman Saukat ◽  
Muhammad Ikhwanuddin Mawardi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Environmental Services ◽  
The Public ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The Government ◽  
Model Approach

Ecocentrism paradigm in development are intended to ensure the sustainability of water resources in the future for future generations. The research methodology was conducted with the model approach to drinking water users willingness to pay for environmental services (YWTP). The results in Analysis Willingness to Pay in Drinking Water Management in the Upstream Watershed Cisadane illustrates that the existence of a positive response from drinking water users (entrepreneurs) to be willingness to pay for environmental services (YWTP) as payment and reward for environmental services to the public because it is influenced by the presence and the beneficiaries are significantly linearly with level of education (sig. 0.041) and Variable in YWTP education significant at 95% confidence level. Policy implications of this research that the user (downstream) is willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental services with averaging Rp1 538.65 per m3 as payment or reward for environmental services to society (upstream), so the Government (Local) PES has a potential revenue to fund conservation of Rp106.94 billion per years, but in current conditions the government only earns Rp20.57 billionper year, so that only reached 19.24%.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) toward the New Normal Era during COVID-19 Outbreak: a Mini Policy Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Andriani, S.Si, Apt, M.Sc, Ph.D
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Better Regulation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The government of Indonesia has not used lockdown or quarantine as an option to tackle the spread of Coronavirus, as the impact of lockdown on small communities in the informal sector that lives from daily income will be severe. Alternatively, the government is enforcing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar or "PSBB") to respond to the state of emergency in public health. Starting in June 2020, the government has implemented transitional PSBB in some red zone areas, including the capital Jakarta and East Java province, despite the surge in case numbers. This paper aims to investigate the effectiveness of the PSBB policy applied in Indonesia during the COVID-19 outbreak and the readiness to embrace the new normal, between April and June 2020, based on rapid literature analysis in a search on Medline(-Pubmed), government speeches and reports, social and mass media platforms. Implementation of PSBB is a preventive measure to combat Coronavirus’ spread in some Indonesian areas. Indonesia should not be in a “new normal” situation. The transitional PSBB phase serves as an early chapter of a new normal that would apply only to strategic sectors with manageable risks combined with better regulation and compliance by the public. Abstrak. Pemerintah Indonesia tidak menggunakan lockdown atau karantina sebagai opsi untuk mengatasi penyebaran Coronavirus, karena dampak lockdown pada komunitas kecil di sektor informal yang hidup dari pendapatan harian akan memburuk. Pemerintah menegakkan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) sebagai respons terhadap keadaan darurat dalam kesehatan masyarakat. Sejak bulan Juni 2020, pemerintah telah menerapkan transisi PSBB di beberapa daerah zona merah, termasuk di provinsi DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Timur, meskipun ada peningkatan jumlah kasus. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki efektivitas kebijakan PSBB yang diterapkan di Indonesia selama wabah COVID-19 dan kesiapan untuk memasuki Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru (AKB), antara bulan April dan Juni 2020, berdasarkan analisis literatur cepat dalam pencarian Medline (-Pubmed), pidato dan laporan pemerintah, platform media sosial dan media massa. Implementasi PSBB adalah langkah pencegahan untuk memerangi penyebaran Coronavirus di beberapa wilayah Indonesia. Indonesia seharusnya tidak berada dalam situasi AKB. Fase PSBB transisi berfungsi sebagai bab awal dari AKB yang hanya akan berlaku pada sektor strategis dengan risiko yang dapat dikelola bersamaan dengan regulasi dan kepatuhan public yang lebih baik.

scholarly journals Ten Years of Public Private Partnership in Jakarta Drinking Water Service (1998-2007): Eastern Jakarta Drinking Water Service by Thames PAM Jaya

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Renalia Iwan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Water Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

<p>Clean water is crucial for survival and economic development. Everyday, people need a sufficient amount and a suitable quality of water for drinking, cleaning and sanitation. However, rapid population growth, pollution and climate change have made water a scarce resource, which everyone competed. The United Nations Development Program's recent report stated that more than 1 billion people, up to this day, are without access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Lack of access to clean water can cause social, economic and health problems. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find solutions to this problem. To solve the problem of water scarcity, International Financial Institutions introduced Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the management of water sector. PPP is a concept which involves private sector participation in the management of drinking water service. In PPP, water is recognized as an economic good which is recognised under the 1992 Dublin Principles. It was hoped that by placing an economic value on water, efficient and equitable use of water can be achieved. It was also hoped that it would encourage conservation and protection of water resources. However, studies show opposite results from the Principle. Jakarta drinking water service is one example of a failed PPP. Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia, adopted Public Private Partnership (PPP) in the management of its drinking water service in 1998. The twenty five years concession contract was granted to Thames Water International (TWI) and its local partner, Kekarpola Airindo (KATI), now known as Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ). This company is responsible for the management of Eastern Jakarta drinking water service. This research was aimed to evaluate Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ) performance on water provision in Eastern Jakarta, ten years into the twenty five years concession by undergoing a qualitative research method. A range of semi-structured interviews were used to: gain perceptions and opinions of each stakeholder on the Public Private Partnership (PPP), identify the advantages and/or disadvantages of the water privatization in the capital city and to identify the constraints and limitations facing the private sector. Participants involved in this research include Government officials, Thames PAM Jaya, Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body (JWSRB), non governmental organizations (NGOs), and TPJ customers. The analysis concludes that Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Eastern Jakarta does not bring improvement to the region's drinking water service. Thames PAM Jaya (TPJ) had failed in fulfilling targets set in the Cooperation Agreement. Lack of transparency and public tendering in the process of forming the public private partnership may have contributed to this poor performance because the proper search for a competent partner was short circuited. Political interference in the bidding process is a form of corruption in which the company granted the contract was clearly complicit. The water tariff in Jakarta is not only the highest in Indonesia, but it is also the highest in the Southeast Asia region. The quality of its service, however, is still of poor quality. Limited access to water due to its high price and low service has resulted in water hacking and the on-going use of groundwater. The Cooperation Agreement, on the other hand, has locked the Government of Indonesia into a long term partnership which is very disadvantageous for the government and the residents. Private sector involvement should be the last alternative to improve the management of the water supply service in Indonesia.</p>

scholarly journals Tinjauan Hukum Islam Pada Edaran Pemerintah dan MUI Dalam Menyikapi Wabah Covid-19 Setelah Pemberlakuan New Normal

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Cholisa Rosanti
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
New Normal ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Government

This study discusses the Covid-19 virus that is spreading in the world and its handling from the government and MUI after the implementation of new normal according to Islamic law. The government implements a large-scale social restrictions system (PSBB) or social distancing to break the chain of the spread of the covid-19 virus. The government has implemented new normal rules. MUI has issued a notice numbered Kep-1188 / DP-MUI / V / 2020 concerning new normalcy that will be applied by the government such as reopening places of worshipaccording to the health protocol. Nevertheless, this circular is a pros and cons for some people. The purpose of this study is to help the public understand whether the government and MUI circulars in tackling the plague after applying the new normal according to the Shari'a or actually contrary to Islamic Sharia. The research method is the study of literature literature with a normative approach and historical approach. The results of the study showed that the rules imposed by the government and MUI in dealing with the outbreak of Covid-19 pacsa new normal did not disregard Islamic law.

scholarly journals Efektivitas Penetapan PSBB Dalam Menurunkan Perilaku Konsumtif Masyarakat Pada Masa Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fikri Haekal ◽  
Muhammad Supian ◽  
Winda Sabrina
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Consumptive Behavior ◽  
Buying In ◽  
Modern Retailers

The spread of virus covid-19 nowadays has influenced the behavior of people around the world, with Indonesians are no exceptions. Shortly after President Joko Widodo announced 1 or 2 patient positive with covid-19, the public is seen doing panic buying in a number of modern retailers. In some cases like buying large amount of hand sanitizer until it became rare on the market. The effect of covid-19 also caused the government to established Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) policy in areas that going through high cases of covid-19 spreading with the aim of preventing chances of wider spread. However, whether the establishment of PSBB has an influence on consumptive behavior of people living in those areas?. To answer this problem, researchers conducted an experiment related to effectiveness of the establishment of PSBB policy to people in Banjarmasin. This city was chosen because it is one of the areas which the government adopted PSBB policy, making it easier for researchers to collecting necessary data in this study.   Keywords: covid-19, consumptive behavior, PSBB, Banjarmasin City   Abstrak Penyebaran virus covid-19 saat ini telah mempengaruhi perilaku masyarakat di dunia, tidak terkecuali masyarakat Indonesia. Tak lama setelah Presiden Joko Widodo mengumumkan 1 dan 2 pasien yang positif covid-19, masyarakat terlihat melakukan aksi panic buying di sejumlah ritel modern. Seperti dalam beberapa kasus ada yang membeli hand sanitizer dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak sehingga hand sanitizer menjadi sesuatu yang langka di pasaran. Pengaruh virus covid-19 ini juga menyebabkan pemerintah menetapkan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) pada daerah-daerah yang mengalami kasus penyebaran covid-19 yang sedemikian rupa dengan tujuan mencegah kemungkinan penyebaran yang lebih luas. Namun, apakah penetapan PSBB tersebut memberikan pengaruh terhadap perilaku konsumtif masyarakat yang tinggal di daerah tersebut?. Untuk menjawab permasalahan ini, penulis melakukan penelitian eksperimen terkait efektivitas penetapan PSBB tersebut pada masyarakat kota Banjarmasin. Kota Banjarmasin dipilih karena merupakan salah satu daerah yang ditetapkannya PSBB oleh pemerintah. Sehingga memudahkan penulis dalam mengumpulkan data yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini. Kata kunci: covid-19, perilaku konsumtif, PSBB, kota Banjarmasin

A New Concept of the Public-Private Partnerships in the UK

2014 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
V. Varnavskii
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Public Private Partnerships ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Finance ◽  
The Government

A new Public-Private Partnerships concept Private Finance 2 (PF2) adopted by UK government instead of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is analyzing. PF2 follows the Open Public Services Program according to recent changes in the economic policy. A description and evaluation of PFI concept are given. The reasons for termination of PFI are also revealed. Special attention is paid to the new problems of the Concept, as an access to lax credit, concerning the public sector as an equal co-investor, and risks reduction. The increased importance of institutional investors such as banks, funds, insurance companies, international export-import agencies is shown.The paper is partly devoted to the issues of PFI/PF2 administration in UK. The role of governing authorities in Public-Private Partnerships implementation and their standing in the government structure are disclosed and analyzed as well as their functions and outcomes of their activities. PF2 reaffirms UK government’s commitment to Public-Private Partnerships. It remains to be a predominant form of drawing private investments into infrastructure development. The British government hopes that PF2 will increase private sector interest to finance public investment projects such as schools, roads, hospitals, waste utilization and other large-scale infrastructure.

scholarly journals Public Goods: Re-examination, Related Concepts and Distinctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 03062
Author(s):  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Government

The essay is aiming at answering‘How do economists distinguish between public goods and private goods? What problems does the existence of public goods pose for the market? How might the government intervene to address the problems of public goods? Illustrate with an example or examples drawn from your work experience or the academic literature’. This essay consists of three parts exploring different issues related to the resolution of public goods and externalities problems. The first section is to identify the public goods and private goods from an economic scope. Whereas the second part is to explore the possible obstacles the public goods would pose for the market. And the final part is to figure out how government would resolve the addressed problems by intervention and use valid empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of these intervention and actions.

scholarly journals Sosialisasi PSBB, perwako dalam rangka upaya pencegahan Covid-19 di Pekanbaru dan kaitannya dengan hak kesehatan masyarakat

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 566-570
Author(s):  
Mukhlis Mukhlis ◽  
Hayatul Ismi ◽  
Emilda Firdaus ◽  
Maria Maya Lestari ◽  
Adlin Adlin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The People ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

With the increasing number of Covid-19 cases in Indonesia, including in Riau Province, it is necessary to implement Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB). PSBB is one way to reduce the impact of Covid-19. PSBB has currently been implemented in 10 regions in Indonesia as part of efforts to prevent the corona virus. The Central Government through the Ministry of Health has approved Pekanbaru to implement the PSBB. The main reason for implementing PSBB in dealing with the Covid-19 corona virus is because physical distancing, which has been carried out so far, is ineffective in the community. On that basis, the government strengthened the policy of physical restrictions for the community by implementing PSBB in the regions. It is necessary to do the socialization of PSBB and this Perwako, so that the public knows the Rules about PSBB. The service activity aims to provide guidance to the people of Pekanbaru City regarding Corona and PSBB, because Pekanbaru City is one of the cities that is a transit point. The implementation of activities to increase public knowledge about PSBB and Perwako was successful. This can be seen from changes in the behavior of people who were previously reluctant to wear masks, then have started wearing masks when they go out, as can be seen from the behavior of people who have avoided people's hassles and tried to keep their distance. The community also complies with large-scale social restrictions set by the government, this can be seen from the minimum community activity at night outside the home.

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