Autobiographical Correlates of Achievement Motivation in Men and Women

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Structured autobiographies were written by 352 male and 337 female entering freshmen. Separately for males and females, groups were formed of the high scorers (top 27%) and low scorers (bottom 27%) on each of the CPI variables, Achievement via Conformity (Ac) and Achievement via Independence (Ai). Chi square comparisons were made of the high and low scorers on all the variables resulting from a content analysis of the autobiographies. High-Ac male and female students perceived their parental and sibling relationships as more positive than the low-Acs. High-Ais report a less favorable perception of their mothers. During adolescence high-Ac girls apparently fare markedly better, while high-Ai boys seem significantly less happy and well adjusted during this period.

Gender Differences in Clothing Worn in Current Popular Comic Books

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Landon Jossy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Comic Books ◽  
Book Industry ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

This study looked at how males and females were portrayed, based on the amount of skin shown in the clothing worn.  A Content analysis was performed on a sample of 20 randomly selected popular comics from the last 3 years.  Both male and female characters were rated on how much skin they showed in three clothing categories; neck line, sleeve length, and lower body.  Results showed that in all 3 categories, women consistently wore more revealing clothing.  The findings demonstraetd that the comic book industry is comparable to other forms of media, in the sexualization of female characters, by having them wear more revealing clothing.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Body Composition On Strenght An Power In Male And Female Students

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Mansour Ghassen ◽  
Kacem Asma ◽  
Ishaq Mohamed ◽  
Grélot Laurent ◽  
Ftaiti Foued
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Purpose - The Aim of this study is to determine and to compare the impact of fat excess on neuromuscular performances during short maximal exercise in male and female students. Methods - 72 male and 64 female students aged 20 to 23 years were enrolled in this study. After assessing their morphological characteristics (body mass, height and percentage of fat mass), a squat jump test (SJ), a 5 successive jump test (5JT), a hand gripping (HG) and back strength (BS) tests have been conducted for each subject. Male students were re-tested after being weighed down with a weight equivalent to the mean differences in body fat recorded between the two sexes in the form of a loaded worn vest. Results – Male are 15.7% heavier and 7.4% taller and presented a percentage of fat mass (17.2 ± 1.8%) significantly (p<0.001) lower than that of women subject (25.0 ± 2.5%) (difference male vs female for fat mass: -45.5%). HG, BS, 5JT and SJ performances were significantly higher in males (44±5 kg, 141±2 kg, 11±1 m and 32.4 ± 2,7 cm, respectively) than in females (31.0±4 kg, 81.6±13 kg, 8.7 ± 0.7 m and 21.1 ± 1.9 cm, respectively. In the control (unloaded) condition, the relative difference between males and females represented 23.5% and 34.7% of the male performances for 5JT and SJ, respectively. In the weighted condition, the relative difference between weighted males and females still represented 11.7% and 23.8% of the weighted male performances for 5JT and SJ, respectively. Cancelling the sex difference in fat mass by adding weight in males reduced by 50.1% the sex difference during 5JT and 31.4% and 71.7% for hight and power results, respectively during SJ test. Conclusion – During short and maximal exercise, male performed better with their hands, back and legs than female students. Excess fat for female students have a disadvantageous effect on vertical and horizontal jumps performances. The persistence of sex differences after weighting of male students indicates that body fat is responsible for 30 to 70 % of the observed differences between sexes performances and power outcome during jump tests.

Gender Differences in Ethics Perceptions in Information Technology

2008 ◽  
pp. 3433-3441
Author(s):  
Leone E. Woodcock ◽  
San Murugesan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Ethical Perceptions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
Males And Females

Greater emphasis is now placed on ethics in information technology (IT) which covers a broad range of issues such as privacy, honesty, trustworthiness, software reliability, data storage, the environment, security breaches, hacking, viruses, and acknowledging the intellectual property of others. Further, legal aspects tend to overlap ethics perceptions. For example, issues such as copying computer programs, music CDs, images, or videos are more than just ethical problems; they also pose legal problems. The ethical dimensions also extend to issues such as computer crime and fraud, information theft, and unauthorized information dissemination. These ethical issues are becoming more complex as continuing advances in IT present many new ethical situations and fresh dilemmas. Developments such as the Internet, electronic commerce, and wireless/mobile communications present a new set of ethical issues and challenge current of codes of ethics, copyright laws, and their authors. In addition, computer users’ ethical standards may also vary from one situation to another (Wikipedia, 2005). What is ethical is subjective, and more so in the areas of IT. Perceptions of ethics in IT vary to a degree from individual to individual. Further, there seems to be significant differences in the perception of ethics among males and females. According to Adam (2000), male and female judgment is most often influenced by their personal values and whether an action is considered legal. Woodcock (2002) conducted a study on ethical perceptions among 405 male and female students from universities, technical colleges, and schools in North-Eastern Australia and found significant differences in some ethical situations between males and females. This article presents common issues and dilemmas that confront IT professionals, students, and the general community. In particular, it presents gender differences in perceptions of ethics and legalities in IT and highlights the different ethical perceptions of male and female students. These insights are particularly significant as the ethical beliefs and perceptions that students have may influence their ethical behaviors during their working careers.

scholarly journals Evidence for dysanapsis using computed tomographic imaging of the airways in older ex-smokers

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 1622-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. William Sheel ◽  
Jordan A. Guenette ◽  
Ren Yuan ◽  
Lukas Holy ◽  
John R. Mayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tomographic Imaging ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Airway Tree ◽  
Conducting Airways ◽  
The Relationship

We sought to determine the relationship between lung size and airway size in men and women of varying stature. We also asked if men and women matched for lung size would still have differences in airway size and if so where along the pulmonary airway tree would these differences exist. We used computed tomography to measure airway luminal areas of the large and central airways. We determined airway luminal areas in men ( n = 25) and women ( n = 25) who were matched for age, body mass index, smoking history, and pulmonary function and in a separate set of men ( n = 10) and women ( n = 11) who were matched for lung size. Men had greater values for the larger airways and many of the central airways. When male and female subjects were pooled there were significant associations between lung size and airway size. Within the male and female groups the magnitudes of these associations were decreased or nonsignificant. In males and females matched for lung size women had significantly smaller airway luminal areas. The larger conducting airways in females are significantly smaller than those of males even after controlling for lung size.

Male and Female Photographic Representation in 50 Years of Music Educators Journal

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kruse ◽  
Robin Giebelhausen ◽  
Heather N. Shouldice ◽  
Andrea L. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Female Stereotypes ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Professional Expectations

Considering the potential for stereotypes to shape professional expectations, the four researchers in this study investigated photographic representation of adult men and women in implied positions of authority in 50 years (1962–2011) of issues of Music Educators Journal ( MEJ). Data included every photograph ( N = 7,288) of adults conducting, teaching or presenting, or granted the authority of having their picture labeled with their name (named persons), and were analyzed by year over the 50-year period. Results showed that females composed 28% of these photographs, with the largest representation of females being found in the teaching/presenting category (56%) and markedly smaller representations of females found in the conducting (21%) and named persons (20%) categories. Fluctuations in certain categories across the five decades suggest that while representation of males and females in MEJ has changed in 50 years, inequity persists. Implications include a call for greater attention and effort toward equitable representation in music education media for publishers, authors, and other contributors in addition to increased sensitivity to the representations of male and female stereotypes and professional expectations encountered by music educators and students.

Reactions to Men and Women Who Cry: A Study of Sex Differences in Perceived Societal Attitudes versus Personal Attitudes

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Cretser ◽  
William K. Lombardo ◽  
Barbara Lombardo ◽  
Sharon Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Double Standard ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Stimulus Situation ◽  
Sex Role Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Subjects

This study examined sex differences and similarities in sex-role attitudes using reactions to males' and females' crying as the stimulus situation. 285 male and 307 female students completed questionnaires. Subjects were asked to indicate their reactions to the sight of a woman crying and to the sight of a man crying. They were also asked to indicate how they thought “people” react to the sight of a man or a woman crying. Subjects perceived “people” as holding a double standard of crying, with much greater acceptance of females' than of males' crying. The proportion of subjects of both sexes who considered crying by males acceptable was significantly greater than the proportion who felt “people” would find it acceptable. Women seemed to hold a unisex standard of crying, while male subjects endorsed a double standard.

scholarly journals ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN STEM AND ARTS SUBJECTS IN BHUTAN: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-200
Author(s):  
Tashi Dendup ◽  
Sangay Wangmo ◽  
Ugyen Yangchen
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Multistage Sampling

Academic performance disparities among the gender of students are the cause of concern. Numerous explanations for academic performance disparities, especially in Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and Arts subjects between male and female students, are established in many countries. However, similar studies in Bhutan, especially at the tertiary education level, are scant. Therefore, this study mainly assessed i) students’ perception of STEM and Arts subjects, ii) compared male and female academic performance in STEM and Arts subjects, and iii) studied students' perception of the factors affecting their academic performance. Data were collected from 265 students of four constituent colleges (two Science and Arts colleges each) of the Royal University of Bhutan using semi-structured questionnaires. A multistage sampling (comprising a mixture of purposive and random) was employed. The research used a quantitative approach with descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, t-tests, and binary logistic regressions). The result showed no significant association between students’ gender and their choice of subjects. At Science colleges, female students outperformed male students. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the performance of male and female students at Arts Colleges. Overall, females (71.63 ± 6.35) outperform male (69.57 ± 7.80) students. Hence, there are no stereotypes in STEM and Arts subjects among Bhutanese undergraduate students. However, future research could include parents and lecturers to gather their perspectives on STEM and Arts subjects. Variables, including study hours, communication skills, and Bhutanese Educational Policies, should also be thoroughly investigated as factors affecting students' academic performance

scholarly journals Social Perception and Emotional Deprivation For Preparatory Stage Students

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (126) ◽  
pp. 212-231
Author(s):  
Pilsam Aoad Asil
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Data Process ◽  
Cognitive Failure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Emotional Deprivation ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Relationship

The research objectives are conducted to the following : 1- To know the level of Social Perception for Preparatory stage students      2- To know the level of Emotional Deprivation for Preparatory stage students   3-To know the relationship between the Social Perception and Emotional Deprivation for Preparatory stage students.  The current research has determined sample of Preparatory forth stage students (scientific and literary) for both males and females in Baghdad (morning studies) for 2016-2017.  Theoretical frame This research viewed several adoptes in  The research procedures results Building Adopting Social Perception scale 1- (Atwan2015) and Adopting Cognitive Failure scale(Al-Saadi2016) after assures its truthes and stability on its articles 2-The two mentioned measures were applied at the same time on  sample educational counselors (160) students male and female students during 25-28/2/2017 .the researcher used the following . Data had been analyzed with help of statistic programs for social sciences in data process (SPSS) As a result, it had been reached to results listed below 1- The research results showed that the Preparatory stage students adopted Social Perception 2-results showed that the Preparatory stage students do not suffer from emotional deprivation 3-Results showed that there is nigtive connection relationship between for Preparatory stage male and female students Social Perception and Emotional Deprivation The researcher submitted some recommendations and suggestions.

scholarly journals Gender Representation in EFL Textbooks for Elementary Schools: A Content Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Winda Khoirun Nisak ◽  
Furaidah Furaidah ◽  
Gunadi Harry Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Representation ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The World ◽  
Household Activities

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This research is a study of assessing the representation of gender in elementary school textbooks used by an international curriculum that is widely used in 160 countries throughout the world. The content analysis used to lead the representation of the male and female on the textbooks. The findings of this study indicate that the gender representation formed in the textbook shows the existence of gender equality which is reflected in the balanced emergence of male and female characters that appear in textbooks, the prevalence of the professional picture of men and women and the balance of household activities reflected in the textbook.</p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian mengenai representasi gender di buku teks siswa sekolah dasar yang dipakai oleh kurikulum internasional yang tersebar luas di 160 negara di seluruh dunia. Konten analisis dipakai untuk melihat representasi dalam buku. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi gender yang terbentuk dalam buku teks tersebut menunjukkan adanya kesetaraan gender yang tercermin dari berimbangnya kemunculan karakter laki laki dan perempuan yang muncul dalam buku teks, meratanya gambaran profesi laki-laki dan perempuan serta berimbangnya kegiatan rumah tangga yang tercermin dalam buku teks.

scholarly journals Trends in Gender Portrayal in the Avengers Series: A Conventional Content Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley Morales ◽  
Daniel Olivo
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Conventional Content Analysis ◽  
Over Time

The Bechdel test, used to examine the frequency and portrayal of women in film, consists of three criteria – (1) a movie must represent two or more women, (2) who have names and speak to each other, (3) about anything other than a man. In order to answer the research question “Based on the Bechdel test, how does the Avengers series portray their female characters compared to their male characters?”, this paper utilizes and extends beyond the Bechdel test by performing a conventional content analysis of same-gender conversations in four top-grossing superhero films – Marvel’s The Avengers (2012), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019). By combining the simplicity of the Bechdel test with a qualitative approach to code dialogue, this paper illustrates the underrepresentation of female characters and specific differences between the portrayal of men and women in modern Marvel films. While the films improved in the amount of female characters and female-to-female conversations over time, there is still a small amount of female-to-female conversations in these films compared to male-to-male conversations. Furthermore, while male characters rarely spoke to each other about women, female characters spoke to each other about men very often. Some common elements of dialogue for both male and female characters were worries about danger, discussions of violence, and insulting others. Implications regarding this portrayal’s impact on female viewers are discussed.

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