Waste to Energy: Calorific Improvement of Municipal Solid Waste through Biodrying

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
Badrus Zaman ◽  
Budi Prasetyo Samadikun ◽  
Nurandani Hardyanti ◽  
Purwono Purwono
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Hemicellulose Content ◽  
Hemicellulose Degradation

Abstract Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an energy resource with sufficient energy/calorific value, making it a suitable substitute for fuel. This study investigated the effect of air flow rate on the MSW calorific value, the hemicellulose content, and the MSW degradation rate in a biodrying process. Four biodrying reactors equipped with flowrate and temperature recorders were used in the study. The air flow rate was varied as follows: 0 L/min/kg, 2 L/min/kg, 4 L/min/kg, and 6 L/min/kg, corresponding to reactors R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively. The calorific value, water content, hemicellulose content, organic C content, and total N were measured on day 1, day 15, and day 30. The results showed that the biodrying process could increase the calorific value by 55.3 %, whereas the control reactor could increase the calorific value by only 4.7 %. The highest calorific value was 17.63 MJ/kg, at an air flow rate of 4 L/min/kg. The air flow rate had a significant effect on increasing the calorific value (sig.<0.05). The highest temperature in the biodrying process was 41 °C. The final MSW moisture content was 27.28 %, resulting from R4. According to the statistical test results, the air flow rate had a significant influence on the water content parameters. Hemicellulose degradation due to air flow rate reached 80–85 %. The air flow rate did not significantly influence the hemicellulose degradation (sig.>0.05). The biodrying process is the suitable method to increase the calorific value of MSW while reducing its water content; thus, the process promotes the realization of waste to energy as refuse-derived fuel.

Exploration of Biodrying Process for Mixed Municipal Solid Waste Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-304
Author(s):  
Asha P. Tom ◽  
Renu Pawels ◽  
Ajit Haridas
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste Management ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Self Heating

The exploitation of self-heating nature of municipal solid waste for moisture reduction, through convective evaporation reaction called 'Biodrying Process' is promising for converting municipal solid waste with high moisture content in to a renewable energy substrate. The simultaneous regulation of air flow rate and reactor feed volume in the pilot scale reactor system has brought about a significant change in the spatial and temporal distribution of self heating reaction. The constant volumetric air flow rate of 40 L/m and initial filled height of reactor matrix was 1.65 m have been maintained in the first experiment, while the air flow rate has been doubled to of 80 L/m and the filled height of reactor matrix was raised to 2.0 m in the second experiment. Weight reduction of 29.6 % and moisture loss of 24.6 % has been achieved at the end of 11 days of reaction in the first study. A considerable improvement in biodrying process has been observed in the second experiment with a weight reduction of 40.7 % and moisture loss of 38.8 % achieved after 11 days of reaction. The accelerated evaporative cooling mechanism observed in the second experiment has found to improve the biodrying process efficiency.

scholarly journals Effect Of Water Content On Characteristics Fuel From The Municipal Solid Waste Through The Pyrolysis Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Imron Rosyadi ◽  
Ni Ketut Caturwati ◽  
Ahmad Fauzi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Rice Samples

The increase in the population of Indonesia is proportional to the increase in the amount of waste produced. Municipal solid waste (MSW) especially organic waste, can be used as solid fuel by means of the torefaction process. Torefaction is a thermo-chemical heat treatment method for biomass conversion that takes place at a temperature of 200oC to 300oC under conditions of atmospheric pressure and in the absence of oxygen. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moisture content on calorific, proximate and ultimate values ​​of torefaction samples using municipal solid waste. Setting the water content in the mixed sample (30% rice + 70% wood) with variations in moisture content of 30%, 40%, and 50%; and rice and wood samples with variations in moisture content of 40% and 50%. The torefaction was carried out at a temperature of 300oC for one hour and  inert gas  N2. Torefaction products have been tested contain of the calorific value, proximate testing, and ultimate testing. The results obtained were the best calorific value in the rice sample, the moisture content of 40% was 6351.1 cal / g or equivalent to sub-bituminous coal. The proximate and ultimate results of the best heating value are rice samples with 40% moisture content, fixed carbon 62.95%, volatile matter 27.85%, moisture 7.06%, ash 2.14%, carbon 71.85%, hydrogen. 2.80%, nitrogen 3.17%, and sulfur 0.05%. The calorific value calculation method that is almost close to the test results is the Dulong method, with an average error percentage of 1.63%.

scholarly journals Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from Urban Waste using Biodrying Process: Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-74
Author(s):  
Mochammad Chaerul ◽  
Annisa Kusuma Wardhani
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Urban Waste ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel

The utilization of waste into fuel (Refuse Derived Fuel, RDF) is an alternative to overcome the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW). Many processes can be applied to produce RDF including through biodrying process. Biodrying is a part of Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) aiming to reduce water content in the waste by utilizing heat generated from microorganism activities while degrading organic matter in the waste, thus the calorific value will increase. The paper aims to make a review from various research papers on biodrying process published in scientific journals, so it becomes one of reference on further research on biodrying process by considering the characteristics of waste in Indonesia. The review has been conducted by focusing on several important aspects on the research such as operation principle, reactor design configuration, parameters to be examined, and the characteristics of feed and product.

Seasonal characterisation of municipal solid waste from Astana city, Kazakhstan: Composition and thermal properties of combustible fraction

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1271-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bexultan Abylkhani ◽  
Berik Aiymbetov ◽  
Almira Yagofarova ◽  
Diyar Tokmurzin ◽  
Christos Venetis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Waste Composition ◽  
Different Seasons

This study presents the results of a seasonal municipal solid waste composition campaign, that took place over the period of September 2017 to June 2018 in the capital city of Kazakhstan, Astana. Four sampling campaigns were conducted in order to identify the seasonal variation of municipal solid waste composition, recyclables and energy potential materials, such as combustible fraction, useful for the evaluation of waste-to-energy potential. The combustible fraction was analysed for thermal fuel properties, such as proximate and elemental analyses and gross calorific value. The results over the four different seasons showed that the average recyclable fraction of municipal solid waste on a wet basis of 33.3 wt.% and combustibles fraction was 8.3 wt.%. The largest fraction was the organics (47.2 wt.%), followed by plastic (15.4 wt.%) and paper (12.5 wt.%). Small seasonal variations were observed for organics, paper, plastic and glass fractions. The highest values were found in summer for the organic waste, in spring for paper and plastic and autumn for glass. The recyclables fraction showed an absolute seasonal variation of 5.7% with a peak in the winter season (35.4%) and the combustibles fraction showed a seasonal variation between 8.3 wt.% to 9.4 wt.%. Finally, the average calorific value of the combustible fraction was estimated to be 21.6 MJ kg-1 on a dry basis.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL OF LEVEL OF WASTE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY OF FOSSIL FUEL IN TPA CILOWONG

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Ade Ariesmayana ◽  
Fitri Dwirani
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Disposal Site ◽  
Ultimate Analysis

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini memberikan solusi dalam alternatif energi terbarukan dengan memanfaatkan sampah kota (municipal solid waste) dari sumber Tempat Pembuangan Akhir  Sampah (TPA) Cilowong, Kota Serang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji karakteristik sampah Kota Serang, yang meliputi Uji  Proksimat (proximate analysis), Uji Ultimat (ultimate analysis), Kadar Air Sampah dan Uji Nilai Kalor, serta mengetahui seberapa potensialkah timbulan sampah Kota Serang sebagai energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil. Penelitian dilakukan pada kawasan TPA Cilowong, Kota Serang. Pada laporan ini dibatasi hanya pada perhitungan Kadar Air Sampah. Metode penelitian yang  digunakan adalah dengan pengujian laboratorium dan analisis kelayakan karakteristik sampah. Teknik penelitian yaitu  dengan melakukan survei dan obervasi ke TPAS Cilowong serta wawancara mendalam dengan dinas terkait dan masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar kawasan tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini adalah kelayakan sampah kota Serang sebagai energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil.   Kata Kunci: Energi Alternatif, Kadar Air Sampah, TPA Cilowong     ABSTRACT This research provides solutions in alternative renewable energy by utilizing municipal solid waste from the source of the Cilowong Waste Disposal Site (TPA), Serang City. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the city of Serang waste, which includes the Proximate Test (proximate analysis), Ultimate Analysis, Waste Water Content and Calorific Value Test, and find out the potential waste generation of Serang City as an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels. The study was conducted in the Cilowong landfill area, Serang City. This report is limited only to the calculation of Waste Water Content. The research method used is laboratory testing and analysis of the characteristics of waste characteristics. The research technique is by conducting surveys and observations to the Cilowong TPAS as well as in-depth interviews with related agencies and the people living around the area. The results of this study are the feasibility of municipal waste as an alternative energy substitute for fossil fuels.   Keywords: Alternative Energy, Waste Water Content, Cilowong Landfill

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Solid Waste Management: A Preliminary Report on Waste to Energy Conversion for Dehradun City, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 726-731
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Treatment Techniques

Energy management is a very important concept from the point of view of economics, as it explains the energy generated from various sources in various dimensions and ways such as alternating current, high, low or medium voltage, high and low amps, time-variant etc., all these combinations can be used in smart ways. It is used to decide the amount of energy which is required and then is stored for the long as well as short terms to avoid power cut and failure issues. The municipal solid waste (MSW) is also one of the major issues which mainly increases due to the urban population. The conventional dumping and treatment techniques for the MSW have some major ecological difficulties. In this paper, a preliminary report has been presented for the Waste-to-energy conversions. This study also identifies the potential of calorific value from the municipal solid waste generated in the capital city of Uttarakhand (Dehradun). All the related and relevant information are used to analyze energy penetration through proper literature reviews of different research papers and articles.

scholarly journals The performance of up-draft gasifier with various of air flow rate in gasification palm starch waste

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 08007
Author(s):  
Herman Saputro ◽  
Imam Muttaqin ◽  
Supriyadi Supriyadi ◽  
Vani Fadlullah ◽  
Laila Fitriana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel

Conversion of palm starch waste biomass into energy sources through gasification process could be done to meet the energy requirement in palm noodle industry. This research used the Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF-5) based on the palm Starch waste. This is due to the how to overcome the solid waste around the home industry of noodle in Jawa Tengah. This study was conducted to determine the performance of up-draft gasifier with variations of air flow rate, i.e., 72 lpm, 95 lpm, and 123 lpm. The results showed that the variation of air flow rate has affected to the gasification product. The optimum LHV value occurred at 122 l/m air flow rate, where the LHV value increased with the increase of air flow rate, but after passing 122 l/m, the LHV value was continually decreasing.

EFFECT OF AIRFLOW ON MOISTURE REMOVAL OF ROTARY BIODRYING REACTORS

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khajon Somsai ◽  
Tusanee Tondee ◽  
Somrat Kerdsuwan
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Period 2

Biodrying is the process to reduce moisture from municipal solid waste (MSW) by using the heat from aerobic bio-degradation. The typical process parameters are aeration, temperature during the process, initial moisture of waste, and temperature and relative humidity of the inlet air. This study aimed to investigate the effects of air flow rate and the supplied direct airflow duration on the rotary biodrying process for drying the high initial moisture content households solid waste, allowing satisfied energy content biofuel. The MSW from the Karai subdistric, kratumban samutsakorn province were used as a substrate. Biodrying process was performed in 8 trails with various air volumes from 0.20 to 0.45 m3/hr.-kg dry weight (dw). It was found that the increased airflow rate was not linearly proportional to the weight loss. The hydrolytic stage period (2 days) before supplied high air flow in aerobic stage could more increase moisture removal efficiency for rotary biodrying than increase double air flow rate only. The end product was sufficiently homogeneous and heating values 18,024 – 24,260 kJ/kg. 

scholarly journals Electricity Generation Potential of Municipal Solid Waste of Nepal and GHG Mitigations

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishna Bahadur Sodari ◽  
Amrit Man Nakarmi
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Total Energy Content

 This research is carried out to assess the current status of municipal solid waste of municipalities of Nepal and its potential for energy recovery. During the year 2016, solid waste samples were collected by door-to-door collection method and the total energy content of the municipal waste was calculated using Bomb Calorimeter in the laboratory. During the study period, the total waste generated at Kathmandu metropolitan city was 566 tons per day with 0.3 kg per capita contribution. The major waste constituent was the organic with 67.77% of the total waste volume. Other bulk wastes were plastic and paper constituting 10% and 5% by volume respectively. Rest of the wastes (8%) was categorized as “other". In average, the total moisture content in the wastes was 49.93%. Total waste generation of all municipalities was found 1435 tons per day. The calorific value of the plastic wastes had highest energy content (40.61 MJ/kg). The organic (15.68 MJ/kg) and paper (15.61MJ/kg) wastes had similar energy content while the other wastes had slightly higher energy content (17.57MJ/kg). The net energy available and, thus, lost after dumping of the solid waste was 71,895,056 MJ which is equivalent to 4262 MWh which can run 52 MW plasma arc gasification power plant. The waste to energy potential of Kathmandu Metropolitan city was found to be 19 MW. Total reduction in GHG emission was found 220,690 kg CO2 eq kg per day.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2018, 14(1): 151-161

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