scholarly journals Genome-wide studies of time of day in the brain: Design and analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Gang Wu ◽  
Marc D. Ruben ◽  
Yinyeng Lee ◽  
Jiajia Li ◽  
Michael E. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Brain

Transcriptome profiling at different times of day is powerful for studying circadian regulation in model organisms and humans. To date, 24 h profiles from many tissue types suggest that about half of all genes are circadian-expressed somewhere in the body. However, few of these studies focused on the brain. Thus, despite known links between circadian disruption and neurological disease, we have virtually no mechanistic understanding. In the coming decade, we expect more genome-wide studies of time of day in different brain diseases, regions, and cell types. We expect just as many different approaches to the design and analysis of these studies. This review considers key principles of circadian tran scriptomics, with the goal of maximizing utility and reproducibility of future studies in the nervous system.

scholarly journals The functional organization of descending sensory-motor pathways in Drosophila

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehiro Namiki ◽  
Michael H Dickinson ◽  
Allan M Wong ◽  
Wyatt Korff ◽  
Gwyneth M Card
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Layered System ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Functional Map ◽  
The Brain

In most animals, the brain controls the body via a set of descending neurons (DNs) that traverse the neck. DN activity activates, maintains or modulates locomotion and other behaviors. Individual DNs have been well-studied in species from insects to primates, but little is known about overall connectivity patterns across the DN population. We systematically investigated DN anatomy in Drosophila melanogaster and created over 100 transgenic lines targeting individual cell types. We identified roughly half of all Drosophila DNs and comprehensively map connectivity between sensory and motor neuropils in the brain and nerve cord, respectively. We find the nerve cord is a layered system of neuropils reflecting the fly’s capability for two largely independent means of locomotion -- walking and flight -- using distinct sets of appendages. Our results reveal the basic functional map of descending pathways in flies and provide tools for systematic interrogation of neural circuits.

scholarly journals Intranasal Administration as a Route to Deliver Drugs to the Brain (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
N. N. Porfiryeva ◽  
I. I. Semina ◽  
R. I. Moustafine ◽  
V. V. Khutoryanskiy
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
In Situ Gelling ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Intranasal drug delivery from nose-to-brain is one of the promising approaches for the treatment of brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, brain tumors, etc.Text. Delivery of drugs through the nose has a number of advantages, including the rapid onset of a pharmacological effect, the ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier, avoidance of some side effects and fast and non-invasive route of administration. However, the significant disadvantages of this route are rapid elimination of the drug from the surface of the mucosal membrane, poor penetration of the drug through the nasal mucosa, mucociliary clearance and effects of proteolytic enzymes. Currently, to overcome the above limitations, various approaches are used, including the development of delivery systems from nose-to-brain, which are mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating and gel-forming systems that facilitate the retention or penetration of drugs through the mucosal membranes. At the same time, high-molecular weight compounds play a significant role in the design of these systems. In particular, mucoadhesive systems can be prepared from cationic and anionic polymers. Recent studies have also shown that interpolyelectrolyte complexes also exhibit mucoadhesive properties. An improvement in mucoadhesive properties of polymers can also be achieved by conjugating various functional groups such as thiols, maleimides, acrylates, methacrylates, catechols, etc. Mucus-penetrating systems can be prepared by PEGylation of nanoparticles, as well as functionalization with some poly(2-oxazolines), polyvinyl alcohol, etc. The mucus-penetrating ability of these polymers has been shown in other mucosal membranes in the body. Finally, increased penetration can be achieved by using mucolytic agents in combination with non-ionic surfactants. Another approach to increase the efficiency of drug delivery from nose-to-brain is the use of in situ gelling systems. Initially, this type of formulation exists as a solution; then a phase transition to gel is observed in response to chemical and physical effects. Depending on the external stimulation of the phase transition, thermo-, pH-, ion-reversible and other systems are known. These systems have shown effectiveness for delivery to the brain by intranasal administration.Conclusion. Effective intranasal delivery of drugs and therapeutic agents to the brain can be achieved by using mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, gelling systems and/or their combinations.

scholarly journals Interplay of Good Bacteria and Central Nervous System: Cognitive Aspects and Mechanistic Considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Salami
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Common Clinical Problem

The human gastrointestinal tract hosts trillions of microorganisms that is called “gut microbiota.” The gut microbiota is involved in a wide variety of physiological features and functions of the body. Thus, it is not surprising that any damage to the gut microbiota is associated with disorders in different body systems. Probiotics, defined as living microorganisms with health benefits for the host, can support or restore the composition of the gut microbiota. Numerous investigations have proved a relationship between the gut microbiota with normal brain function as well as many brain diseases, in which cognitive dysfunction is a common clinical problem. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that the existence of a healthy gut microbiota is crucial for normal cognitive processing. In this regard, interplay of the gut microbiota and cognition has been under focus of recent researches. In the present paper, I review findings of the studies considering beneficial effects of either gut microbiota or probiotic bacteria on the brain cognitive function in the healthy and disease statuses.

The Vegetative Status Correction in the Patients with Chronic Dyscirculatory Encephalopathy on the Sanatorium Rehabilitation Stage

10.12737/5760 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Куликов ◽  
N. Kulikov ◽  
Череващенко ◽  
Lyubov Cherevashchenko ◽  
Череващенко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Therapy ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Autonomic Imbalance ◽  
Dyscirculatory Encephalopathy ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Adaptive Reactions

Among vascular brain diseases a special place in its importance takes chronic cerebrovascular pathology in the form of dyscirculatory encephalopathy. The most frequently affected cerebral structures with discirculatory encephalopathy are those parts of the brain that are largely responsible for shaping over segmental vegetative disorders, which are characteristic of clinics chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency. The purpose of this work is to develop a new modern high technology of sanatorium rehabilitation of the patients with circulatory encephalopathy on stage I and to correct autonomic imbalance. The authors observed 60 patients who were divided into 2 groups. The control group received radon baths, the patients from the main group in addition to radon baths received laser therapy paravertebrally C1-Th3, according to scanning technique. In all patients before and after treatment the state of the autonomic nervous system studied. It was found that the initial manifestations of vascular encephalopathy accompanied by autonomic imbalance with a predominance of sympathetic tone, activation and inhibition effects of ergotrop activities segmental systems, primarily due to the parasympathetic division. The results of this study demonstrate feasibility of incorporating laser therapy in complex radon baths for rehabilitation of patients with circulatory encephalopathy autonomic imbalance. The findings suggest that improving the functional state mechanisms vegetative maintenance activities, which help to eliminate the state of surge and flow of adaptive reactions in the body.

scholarly journals Neural Stem Cells Therapy to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
pp. 03076
Author(s):  
Weibai Chen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Neural Stem Cell ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
The Brain

Neural stem cells have the ability to proliferation, differentiate and renew, which plays an important role in the growth, maturation and senescence of the human brain. But according to researches, neural stem cells in the brain do not remain active throughout an organism's lifetime. Many neural stem cells become dormant when the brain matures, and may be activated when the body is sick to selectively heal the disease. In recent years, there are many studies on neural stem cells. Joshua[1] and Ting Zhang[2] show that neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease can be improved by the transplantation of neural stem cells, however the specific mechanism is not clear. This paper investigates three main questions: Why neural stem cell transplantation is chosen as a treatment? Where does NSCs derive from in clinical transplantation? How does neural stem cell transplantation treat brain diseases? And we also figure out the answers to these three questions. Firstly, transplantation of hypothalamic NSCs can delay the process of aging in the host, and Chemokines and EVs which secreted by neural stem cells can delay aging and defend neurodegenerative diseases. Secondly, the sources of NSCs can be divided into three types. The first is to isolate NSCs from primary tissue and cultivate them in vitro. The second is to produce the required cells by inducing pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells. The third way to get NCS is through transdifferentiation of somatic cells. Thirdly, in brain diseases, transplanted NSCs can migrate from the aggregation site to the site of the disease, reducing damage to the blood-brain barrier, repairing learning and memory abilities that depend on the hippocampus and secreting neurotrophic factors.

scholarly journals Whole Animal Multiplexed Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Plasticity of Clytia Medusa Cell Types

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Chari ◽  
Brandon Weissbourd ◽  
Jase Gehring ◽  
Anna Ferraioli ◽  
Lucas Leclère ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Batch Effects ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Component Cell ◽  
Jellyfish Species

AbstractWe present an organism-wide, transcriptomic cell atlas of the hydrozoan medusa Clytia hemisphaerica, and determine how its component cell types respond to starvation. Utilizing multiplexed scRNA-seq, in which individual animals were indexed and pooled from control and perturbation conditions into a single sequencing run, we avoid artifacts from batch effects and are able to discern shifts in cell state in response to organismal perturbations. This work serves as a foundation for future studies of development, function, and plasticity in a genetically tractable jellyfish species. Moreover, we introduce a powerful workflow for high-resolution, whole animal, multiplexed single-cell genomics (WHAM-seq) that is readily adaptable to other traditional or non-traditional model organisms.

scholarly journals Tabula Microcebus: A transcriptomic cell atlas of mouse lemur, an emerging primate model organism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Camille Ezran ◽  
Shixuan Liu ◽  
Stephen Chang ◽  
Jingsi Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mouse Lemur ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Primate Cell

Mouse lemurs are the smallest, fastest reproducing, and among the most abundant primates, and an emerging model organism for primate biology, behavior, health and conservation. Although much has been learned about their physiology and their Madagascar ecology and phylogeny, little is known about their cellular and molecular biology. Here we used droplet- and plate-based single cell RNA-sequencing to profile 226,000 cells from 27 mouse lemur organs and tissues opportunistically procured from four donors clinically and histologically characterized. Using computational cell clustering, integration, and expert cell annotation, we defined and biologically organized over 750 mouse lemur molecular cell types and their full gene expression profiles. These include cognates of most classical human cell types, including stem and progenitor cells, and the developmental programs for spermatogenesis, hematopoiesis, and other adult tissues. We also described dozens of previously unidentified or sparsely characterized cell types and subtypes. We globally compared cell type expression profiles to define the molecular relationships of cell types across the body, and explored primate cell type evolution by comparing mouse lemur cell profiles to those of the homologous cells in human and mouse. This revealed cell type specific patterns of primate cell specialization even within a single tissue compartment, as well as many cell types for which lemur provides a better human model than mouse. The atlas provides a cellular and molecular foundation for studying this primate model organism, and establishes a general approach for other emerging model organisms.

scholarly journals Inflammasomes link vascular disease with neuroinflammation and brain disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1668-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolett Lénárt ◽  
David Brough ◽  
Ádám Dénes
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Multiple Cell

The role of inflammation in neurological disorders is increasingly recognised. Inflammatory processes are associated with the aetiology and clinical progression of migraine, psychiatric conditions, epilepsy, cerebrovascular diseases, dementia and neurodegeneration, such as seen in Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. Both central and systemic inflammatory actions have been linked with the development of brain diseases, suggesting that complex neuro-immune interactions could contribute to pathological changes in the brain across multiple temporal and spatial scales. However, the mechanisms through which inflammation impacts on neurological disease are improperly defined. To develop effective therapeutic approaches, it is imperative to understand how detrimental inflammatory processes could be blocked selectively, or controlled for prolonged periods, without compromising essential immune defence mechanisms. Increasing evidence indicates that common risk factors for brain disorders, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, obesity or infection involve the activation of NLRP3, NLRP1, NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes, which are also associated with various neurological diseases. This review focuses on the mechanisms whereby inflammasomes, which integrate diverse inflammatory signals in response to pathogen-driven stimuli, tissue injury or metabolic alterations in multiple cell types and different organs of the body, could functionally link vascular- and neurological diseases and hence represent a promising therapeutic target.

Hemichordate Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Miyamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Wada
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
The Body ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
System P ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nerve Cords ◽  
Apical Ganglion

Hemichordates are marine invertebrates consisting of two distinct groups: the solitary enteropneusts and the colonial pterobranchs. Hemichordates are phylogenetically a sister group to echinoderm composing Ambulacraria. The adult morphology of hemichordates shares some features with chordates. For that reason, hemichordates have been considered key organisms to understand the evolution of deuterostomes and the origin of the chordate body plan. The nervous system of hemichordates is also important in the discussion of the origin of centralized nervous systems. However, unlike other deuterostomes, such as echinoderms and chordates, information on the nervous system of hemichordates is limited. Recent improvements in the accessibility of embryos, development of functional tools, and genomic resources from several model organisms have provided essential information on the nervous system organization and neurogenesis in hemichordates. The comparison of the nervous system between hemichordates and other bilaterians helps to elucidate the origin of the chordate central nervous system. Extant hemichordates are divided into two groups: enteropneusts and pterobranchs. The nervous system of adult enteropneusts consists of nerve cords and the basiepidermal nerve net. The two nerve cords run along the dorsal and ventral midlines. The dorsal nerve cord forms a tubular structure in the collar region. The two nerve cords are connected through the prebranchial nerve ring. The larval nervous system of enteropneusts develops along the ciliary band and there is a ganglion at the anterior end of the body called the apical ganglion. A pair of pigmented eyespots is situated at the lateral side of the apical ganglion. The adult nervous system of pterobranchs is basiepidermal and there are several condensations of plexuses. The most prominent one is the brain, located at the base of the tentaculated arms. From the brain, small fibers radiate and enter tentaculated arms to form a tentacle nerve in each. There is a basiepidermal nerve cord in the ventral midline of the trunk.

scholarly journals A Cecal Slurry Mouse Model of Sepsis Leads to Acute Consumption of Vitamin C in the Brain

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 911
Author(s):  
David C. Consoli ◽  
Jordan J. Jesse ◽  
Kelly R. Klimo ◽  
Adriana A. Tienda ◽  
Nathan D. Putz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Treatment Changes ◽  
Factor Alpha ◽  
Inflammatory Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Vitamin C (ascorbate, ASC) is a critical antioxidant in the body with specific roles in the brain. Despite a recent interest in vitamin C therapies for critical care medicine, little is known about vitamin C regulation during acute inflammation and critical illnesses such as sepsis. Using a cecal slurry (CS) model of sepsis in mice, we determined ASC and inflammatory changes in the brain following the initial treatment. ASC levels in the brain were acutely decreased by approximately 10% at 4 and 24 h post CS treatment. Changes were accompanied by a robust increase in liver ASC levels of up to 50%, indicating upregulation of synthesis beginning at 4 h and persisting up to 7 days post CS treatment. Several key cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1, KC/Gro) were also significantly elevated in the cortex at 4 h post CS treatment, although these levels returned to normal by 48 h. These data strongly suggest that ASC reserves are directly challenged throughout illness and recovery from sepsis. Given the timescale of this response, decreases in cortical ASC are likely driven by hyper-acute neuroinflammatory processes. However, future studies are required to confirm this relationship and to investigate how this deficiency may subsequently impact neuroinflammation.

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