scholarly journals Kemampuan Kolonisasi Cendawan Endofit dan Peningkatan Pertumbuhan Bibit Cabai

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Evan Purnama Ramdan ◽  
Efi Toding Tondok ◽  
Suryo Wiyono ◽  
Sri Hendrastuti Hidayat ◽  
Widodo Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Colonization Ability

Endophytic fungi are fungi that live in healthy plant tissues without causing disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi in chili have been tested as both biocontrol agents and growth promoters, but their colonization has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of colonization of endophytic fungi and its effect on the growth of chili seedlings. A total of 8 endophytic fungi were prepared at a density of 2.8 × 106 CFU mL-1. Then the endophytic fungus was inoculated 2 times, first by soaking the seeds, and secondly by watering the endophytic fungus suspension on chili seedlings aged 3 weeks after sowing. Endophytic fungi were re-isolated on chili seedlings that were 4 weeks old after sowing on the roots and stems to determine their colonization ability. Chili seeds were then maintained for up to 4 weeks after transplanting to observe their growth. The results showed that the endophytic fungal colonization ranged from 26-60% on the chili root, while at the base of the stem it was 20-40% with a different pattern of colonization distribution. In addition, endophytic fungus colonization was also able to increase the shoot height and root length of chili seedlings.

scholarly journals Isolasi Jamur Endofitik Rumput Mutiara (Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk.) dan Analisis Potensi Sebagai Antimikroba

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Pratika Viogenta ◽  
Siti Nurjanah ◽  
Yuli Wahyu Tri Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Grass Roots

ABSTRAK Jamur endofit merupakan jamur yang hidup di dalam jaringan atau organ tanaman yang tidak bersifat patogen. Jamur ini dapat menghasilkan beberapa zat yang sama seperti tanamannya.  Rumput mutiara (Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk)  merupakan jenis rumput liar yang biasa hidup di tanah lembab. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman mikroba endofit rumput mutiara. Metode dari penelitian ini meliputi isolasi jamur endofit dari batang, daun, akar, bunga rumput mutiara,  identifikasi jamur yang berhasil diisolasi, pengukuran diameter laju pertumbuhan jamur endofit dan uji daya hambat antimikroba dari jamur endofit. Hasil penelitian didapatkan tujuh jenis jamur endofit yang berhasil diisolasi dari rumput mutiara (batang, daun, akar dan bunga). Setelah diindentifikasi ketujuh jenis kapang, yaitu 2 jenis dari genus Aspergillus yaitu A. niger dan A. parasiticus yang berhasil diisolasi dari akar, batang, daun rumput mutiara, Penicillium berasal dari akar rumput mutiara, Geotrchihum dari batang, Chrysosporium dari daun, Rhizoctonia  dan Phytophthora dari bunga. Pada ketujuh jamur endofit ini fase lag terjadi hari pertama dan fase eksponensial terlihat pada hari kedua sampai hari ketujuh. Aspergillus niger memiliki daya hambat terhadap E.coli, St. aureus, Sh. disentriae,dan P.aeruginosa masing-masing 9.95mm, 8.96mm, 10.51mm,  dan 9.26mm. Chrysosporium dan Phytophthora mengahambat C. albicans sebesar 11.3mm dan 3.63mm.  Kata Kunci: Rumput mutiara, jamur endofit, antimikroba. ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi are fungi that live in plant tissues or organs that are not pathogenic. This fungus can produce some of the same substances as the plant. Pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lamk) is a type of weed that normally lives in moist soil. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of endophytic pearl grass microbes. The methods of this study include the isolation of endophytic fungi from stems, leaves, roots, and flowers  of pearl grass, identification, measurement of the diameter of endophytic fungi growth rate and antimicrobial inhibition test of endophytic fungi. The results showed seven types of endophytic fungi that were isolated from pearl grass. After identifying the seven types of molds, namely 2 types of the genus Aspergillus namely A.niger and A.parasiticus which were successfully isolated from roots, stems, pearl grass leaves, Penicillium derived from pearl grass roots, Geotrchihum from the stems, Chrysosporium from leaves, Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora from flowers. In these seven endophytic fungi the lag phase occurs the first day and the exponential phase is seen on the second day to the seventh day. Aspergillus niger has inhibitory properties against E.coli, St.aureus, Sh.disentriae, and P.aeruginosa 9.95mm, 8.96mm, 10.51mm and 9.26mm, respectively. Chrysosporium and Phytophthora inhibit C. albicans by 11.3mm and 3.63mm. Keywords: Pearl grass, endophytic fungus, antimicrobial

scholarly journals Endophytic Fungus Drives Nodulation and N2 Fixation Attributable to Specific Root Exudates

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing-Guang Xie ◽  
Feng-Min Zhang ◽  
Teng Yang ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Xiao-Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi play important roles in the modification of ecosystem productivity; however, the underlying mechanisms are only partly understood. A 2-year field plot experiment verified that the endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris increased peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields and significantly increased nodulation and N2 fixation regardless of whether N fertilizers were added. Root exudates collected from P. liquidambaris-colonized plants significantly improved nodulation and N2 fixation. Rhizosphere stimulation experiments further showed that colonized root exudates had significantly decreased soil nitrate (NO3−) concentrations, with decreased abundance and diversity of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA). In contrast, the abundance and diversity of diazotrophs significantly increased, and most diazotrophs identified were peanut nodulation-related strains (Bradyrhizobium sp.). P. liquidambaris symbiosis increased the expression of phenolic and flavonoid synthesis-related genes, and the derived phenolics and flavonoids could effectively increase the chemotaxis, biofilm formation, and nodC gene expression (nodulation-related biological processes) of the Bradyrhizobium strain. Metabolic pattern analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids are more likely to accumulate to higher levels in the rhizosphere soil of peanuts colonized with P. liquidambaris. Finally, a synthetic root exudate experiment further confirmed the underlying mechanisms for the P. liquidambaris-induced improvement in nodulation and N2 fixation, i.e., that the specific root exudates derived from P. liquidambaris colonization decrease nitrate concentration and increase the population and biological activities of peanut nodulation-related Bradyrhizobium species, which beneficially enhance peanut-Bradyrhizobium interactions. Therefore, this study is the first to provide new insight into a positive relationship between an exotic endophytic fungus, crop nodulation, and N2 fixation increase. IMPORTANCE Endophytic fungi play an important role in balancing the ecosystem and boosting host growth; however, the underpinning mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we found that endophytic fungal colonization with P. liquidambaris significantly increased the productivity, nodulation, and N2 fixation of peanuts through the secretion of specific root exudates. We provide a reasonable mechanism explaining how P. liquidambaris promotes peanut nodulation and N2 fixation, whereby the specific root exudates produced by P. liquidambaris colonization decrease rhizosphere soil nitrate (NO3−) and increase the population and biological activities of peanut-nodulating-related Bradyrhizobium strains, which is beneficial to enhancing the peanut-Bradyrhizobium symbiotic interaction. Our study provides reliable empirical evidence to show the mechanism of how an exotic endophytic fungus drives an increase in nodulation and N2 fixation, which will be helpful in erecting a resource-efficient and sustainable agricultural system.

scholarly journals A Sesquiterpene Synthase from the Endophytic Fungus Serendipita indica Catalyzes Formation of Viridiflorol

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 898
Author(s):  
Fani Ntana ◽  
Wajid W. Bhat ◽  
Sean R. Johnson ◽  
Hans J. L. Jørgensen ◽  
David B. Collinge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Growth Inhibition Assay ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colonization Ability ◽  
Terpenoid Synthase

Interactions between plant-associated fungi and their hosts are characterized by a continuous crosstalk of chemical molecules. Specialized metabolites are often produced during these associations and play important roles in the symbiosis between the plant and the fungus, as well as in the establishment of additional interactions between the symbionts and other organisms present in the niche. Serendipita indica, a root endophytic fungus from the phylum Basidiomycota, is able to colonize a wide range of plant species, conferring many benefits to its hosts. The genome of S. indica possesses only few genes predicted to be involved in specialized metabolite biosynthesis, including a putative terpenoid synthase gene (SiTPS). In our experimental setup, SiTPS expression was upregulated when the fungus colonized tomato roots compared to its expression in fungal biomass growing on synthetic medium. Heterologous expression of SiTPS in Escherichia coli showed that the produced protein catalyzes the synthesis of a few sesquiterpenoids, with the alcohol viridiflorol being the main product. To investigate the role of SiTPS in the plant-endophyte interaction, an SiTPS-over-expressing mutant line was created and assessed for its ability to colonize tomato roots. Although overexpression of SiTPS did not lead to improved fungal colonization ability, an in vitro growth-inhibition assay showed that viridiflorol has antifungal properties. Addition of viridiflorol to the culture medium inhibited the germination of spores from a phytopathogenic fungus, indicating that SiTPS and its products could provide S. indica with a competitive advantage over other plant-associated fungi during root colonization.

Dynamics of fungal pathogens in host plant tissues

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1275-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigehito Takenaka
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Plant Tissues

To develop efficient control measures against fungal plant pathogens, the dynamics of host plant colonization during disease development and the interactions among fungi within host plant tissues need to be clarified. These studies require accurate quantitative estimation of specific fungal biomass in plant tissues. This has been approached by direct-microscopic methods, cultural methods, chemical determinations of fungal components, serological methods, and molecular methods. Among these methods, serological and molecular methods provide rapid, specific, and sensitive quantitative measures of fungal biomass in host plant tissues. Therefore, studies on fungal dynamics of host plant colonization using these two methods are presented. Some examples of species interactions among pathogenic fungi within host plants, such as synergism and competition, are reviewed and the usefulness of serological and molecular methods for studies on these interactions is presented. These quantitative methods will provide helpful information for understanding the ecology of plant pathogenic fungi, such as the dynamics of host plant colonization and species interactions. Key words: quantitative methods, fungal biomass, ELISA, PCR, fungal colonization, species interaction.

The current state of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals and the potential for application to plant systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Baldwin ◽  
R. Riley ◽  
N. Zitomer ◽  
K. Voss ◽  
R. Coulombe Jr. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Living Plant ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Livestock Feeds ◽  
Commercially Important

Filamentous fungi that contaminate livestock feeds and human food supply often produce toxigenic secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. Among the hundreds of known mycotoxins, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone are considered the most commercially important. Intense research on these mycotoxins, especially aflatoxin, has resulted in the development of 'biomarkers' used to link exposure to disease risk. In the case of aflatoxin this effort has led to the discovery of both exposure and mechanism-based biomarkers, which have proven essential for understanding aflatoxin's potential for causing disease in humans, including subtle effects on growth and immune response. Fumonisin biomarkers have also been used extensively in farm and laboratory animals to study the fumonisin-induced disruption of cellular and systemic physiology which leads to disease. This review summarises the status of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals for the commercially important mycotoxins. Since the fungi responsible for the production of these mycotoxins are often endophytes that infect and colonise living plant tissues, accumulation of mycotoxins in the plant tissues may at times be associated with development of plant disease symptoms. The presence of mycotoxins, even in the absence of disease symptoms, may still have subtle biological effects on the physiology of plants. This review examines the question of whether or not the knowledge gained from mechanistic studies and development of biomarkers in animal and human systems is transferable to the study of mycotoxin effects on plant systems. Thus far, fumonisin has proven amenable to development of mechanism-based biomarkers to study maize seedling disease caused by the fumonisin producer, Fusarium verticillioides. Expanding our knowledge of mechanisms of toxicity and the overt and subtle effects on animal, human, and plant systems through the identification and validation of biomarkers will further our ability to monitor and limit the damage and economic impact of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals AVOCADO SEEDLINGS MULTIPLE STEMS PRODUCTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCUS VINICIUS SANDOVAL PAIXÃO ◽  
JOSÉ CARLOS LOPES ◽  
EDILSON ROMAIS SCHMILDT ◽  
RODRIGO SOBREIRA ALEXANDRE ◽  
CAROLINE MERLO MENEGHELLI
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Multiple Stems

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the potential of multi-stems in avocado seeds according to their mass as well as the adventitious rooting of multi-stem budding with or without the use of auxin. The research was carried out at the Vegetation House of Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Santa Teresa -ES, with seeds of different masses: <60 g, 61 to 80 g, 81 to 100 g and >100 g, in which each experimental unit was made of five seeds, distributed within five repetitions, under a completely randomized design. The seeds were put to germinate and the percentage number of emergence and multiple stems were evaluated. After 150 days, the following evaluations were carried out: survival of rooted cuttings; number of leaves; stem diameter; root length; root volume; root and shoot fresh mass; root and shoot dry mass; shoot height; absolute growth and shoot growth rate; shoot dry weight/root dry mass ratio; shoot height/stem diameter ratio; shoot height/root length and Dickson's quality index ratio. Avocado seeds with mass over 100 g and between 81-100 g presented higher percentage of multiple stems. Rods over 20 cm that were not treated with IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) resulted on avocado plants of better quality. The use of IBA (2000 mg L-1) does not affect the rooting and growth of avocado's multi-stem plants.

scholarly journals Isolation of Endophytic Fungi QPS 05 from Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray and Its Potential for α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Anastasia Wheni Indrianingsih ◽  
Amalia Indah Prihantini ◽  
Sanro Tachibana
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Quercus Phillyraeoides ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractEndophytic fungi are the microorganisms that spend all or part of their life cycles within plant tissue without causing harmful effects on the plant. In this study, 14 endophytic fungus from Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray were isolated. Alternaria sp. QPS 05, an endophytic fungi which was isolated from the stem of Q. phillyraeoides A. Gray showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Further separation of ethyl acetate extract from the fungus led to the isolation of active substance from hexane-soluble fraction which give fatty acids mixture consist of palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (1) strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Isolated fatty acids (1) had inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 12.10 μg/mL. The results of the present study showed that endophytic fungus from Alternaria sp. QPS 05 potentially contained a rich source of natural antidiabetic medicine.

scholarly journals A Phenolic Compound of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Stem of Syzygium aqueum and its Diuretic Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 7040-7051
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Phenolic Compound ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Endophytic Fungus ◽  
White Male ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Diuretic Activity ◽  
Fungus Extract

Guava (Syzygium aqueum), a typical Indonesian crop plant, has diuretic properties. Plants used as diuretic medicines can also be valuable sources for endophytic fungi containing diuretic drugs. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from S. aqueum stems, to isolate their secondary metabolites, and to conduct in vivo tests of the diuretic activity of an endophytic fungus extract on white male rats of the Wistar strain. Endophytic fungi were isolated by a direct plating method, and fungal isolates were identified molecularly. A phenolic compound was isolated by chromatography, and the chemical structure was identified spectroscopically. Doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW were administered to white male rats divided into six groups (normal control, negative control, positive control, and the three treatment groups). Diuretic tests included urine volume; sodium, chloride, and calcium electrolyte levels; and pH. Phylogenetic analysis identified the endophytic fungal isolate as Trichoderma ghanense (isolation code SA1). The secondary metabolite isolated from the T. ghanense extract was a phenolic compound. Diuretic tests using the endophytic fungus extract showed the highest urine volume with a dose of 300 mg/kg BW. The diuretic test results showed an increase in urine volume and levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride ions in the urine. The extract of T. ghanense isolated from the stem of S. aqueum has the potential as initial therapy for hypertension because it contains phenolic secondary metabolites that show diuretic activity.

scholarly journals Defense responses of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) against brown spot as a result of possible elicitors application

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Pittner ◽  
Janaina Marek ◽  
Douglas Bortuli ◽  
Leandro Alvarenga Santos ◽  
Adriana Knob ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Bipolaris Sorokiniana ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Brown Spot Disease

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the response of wheat plants to the application of possible elicitor compounds against Bipolaris sorokiniana pathogen. This response was measured through the quantification of antioxidant enzymes, malondialdehyde and flavonoids, evaluation of the severity of brown spot disease and productivity in wheat, greenhouse and field crops. The treatments consisted of suspensions of endophytic fungi Aspergillus japonicus and Trichoderma tomentosum, salicylic acid, acibenzolar-S-methyl and fungicide. In the field trials, in 2015 and 2016, the development of the disease was lower and productivity was higher in all treatments, with emphasis on the fungicide. However, endophytic fungi suspensions demonstrated potential as growth promoters, disease severity reducers and protective antioxidant response activators, as they promoted significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and flavonoid enzymes.

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