scholarly journals Penerapan Keterampilan Membaca Kritis sebagai Upaya Meningkatkan Pemahaman Karya Ilmiah

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Enggal Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Language Skills ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
National Language ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Language Of Science ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

AbstractThe changing times demand the increasing competitiveness and mindset of society, as well as the younger generation. Therefore to face fierce global competition, the younger generation (students) must be equipped with language skills through learning in schools. Language in the global era becomes a very important communication tool as well as in the field of science. Indonesian functions as the national language. In addition, Indonesian also functions as a language of science so that it is used as the language of instruction in all educational institutions in Indonesia. In Indonesian language language skills are needed. Language skills are divided into four, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. So in Indonesian language we must be able to master language skills. In increasing critical reading efforts, readers are expected to keep practicing to hone their concentration in the reading process. The reader must be able to classify the type of reading according to its form. It is hoped that after reading this article, readers can better understand scientific work and can become a reference in scientific writing. By reading critically scientific works, we can get benefits, one of which can add insight knowledge. Therefore let's read, read and continue reading. Keywords: Language, young generation, language skills, Critical Reading, scientific workAbstrakBerubahnya zaman menuntut semakin meningkatnya daya saing dan pola pikir masyarakat, begitu pula generasi muda. Karenanya untuk menghadapi persaingan global yang ketat, generasi muda (peserta didik) harus dibekali dengan keterampilan berbahasa melalui pembelajaran di sekolah. Bahasa di era global menjadi alat komunikasi yang sangat penting begitu juga dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan. Bahasa Indonesia berfungsi sebagai bahasa nasional. Selain itu, bahasa Indonesia juga berfungsi sebagai bahasa ilmu sehingga digunakan sebagai bahasa pengantar disemua lembaga pendidikan di Indonesia. Dalam berbahasa indonesia di butuhkan keterampilan berbahasa. Keterampilan berbahasa dibagi menjadi empat, yaitu memyimak, berbicara, membaca dan menulis. Jadi dalam berbahasa indonesia kita harus bisa menguasai keterampilan berbahasa. Dalam meningkatkan upaya membaca kritis, diharapkan pembaca tetap berlatih untuk mengasah konsentrasi dalam proses membaca. Pembaca harus dapat mengklasifikasi jenis membaca menurut bentuknya. Diharapkan setelah membaca artikel ini, pembaca dapat lebih memahami karya ilmiah dan dapat menjadi referensi dalam menulis ilmiah. Dengan membaca kritis karya ilmiah, kita dapat memperoleh manfaat yang salah satunya dapat menambah wawasan pengetahuan. Oleh karena itu mari membaca, membaca dan terus membaca. Kata kunci: Bahasa, generasi muda, keterampilan berbahasa, Membaca Kritis, karya ilmiah

scholarly journals The Essence of Poetry Application as Indonesian Pop Songs Lyrics in the Perspective of Utilitarianism Ethical Axiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Sioe ◽  
Wahyuningtyas Krisnawati Wibowo ◽  
Assyifa Intan Ramadhanti ◽  
Nurul Mumtaz ◽  
Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
National Language ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Classification Technique ◽  
Song Lyrics ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Background: The existence of literature among the younger generation is increasingly difficult to detect. Meanwhile, literature plays an important role in character education as well as the existence of bahasa Indonesia as the national language. One form of literature whose popularity is declining is poetry. Using poems as song lyrics is a new way to deliver poetry. Aim: This study aims to determine the essence of poetries application as Indonesian pop song lyrics on the spread of literature. Methods: The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with an open questionnaire data collection method and interview. The population is Faculty of Humanities (FIB) of Universitas Airlangga students from the cohort of 2019-2021. The sample was taken using a random sampling technique with the number 40 respondents for the questionnaire and 14 participants for the interview. For the questionnaire, the respondents were asked to interpret three lyric snippets of popular pop songs in Indonesia. The purpose of the questionnaire was to measure the respondent's level of understanding of the song lyrics so that conclusions could be drawn. The data analysis method was done using the classification technique, which was grouping the answers from the questionnaire into four categories, namely: 1). completely understand, 2). somewhat understand, 3). do not quite understand, and 4). do not understand at all. Results: The results show that the use of poetry as song lyrics has an effect on increasing respondents' literary understanding. Recommendation: Younger generation should utilize songs as media for dissemination as well as learning literature, especially poetry. Limitation: However, further in-depth research is needed due to the limitations of this study. The respondents and participants involved are still restricted to FIB students from Universitas Airlangga, hence the resulting data does not represent the young generation from all over Indonesia.

scholarly journals Menumbuhkan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Baik Dan Benar Dalam Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran

Tamaddun ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Andi Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
National Identity ◽  
National Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Word Structure ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Speaking is very closely related to the culture of a generation. The generation of this country is increasingly immersed in the fading of a deeper Indonesian language, maybe the Indonesian language will be increasingly staggered in shouldering its burden as a national language and national identity. In such conditions, it is necessary to provide guidance and fertilization early on to the young generation so that they do not follow the use of foreign languages. The influence of the current of globalization in national identity is reflected in the behavior of people who are starting to leave Indonesian and are accustomed to using slang. Today it is clear that in many society the use of slang and compounded by the younger generation of Indonesians who are also inseparable from the use of slang. In fact, this young generation uses the most and creates slang in the community. Another phenomenon is the language of Alay which is often used in social media and daily conversation. The shift in word structure that occurs at the present time and is carried out by many circles forms the emergence of new vocabulary that marginalizes formality in language.

scholarly journals Sikap Generasi Muda Batak dalam Upaya Pemertahanan Bahasa Batak: Kajian Sosiolinguistik

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Warisman Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Regional Language ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Regional Languages ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Masyarakat Batak Toba telah terbiasa menggunakan bahasa Indonesia, apalagi yang hidup di perkotaan. Pada umumnya mereka mampu berbahasa Indonesia karena  bilingual, yakni mampu menggunakan dua bahasa. Bahkan intensitas pemakaian bahasa Indonesia lebih tinggi dibanding bahasa Batak. Hal ini akan menimbulkan masalah dalam pemertahanan bahasa. Sikap generasi muda sangat menentukan akan keberlangsungan bahasa daerah ini. Bahasa daerah akan punah apabila penutur bahasa daerah itu habis. Agar tidak terjadi kepunahan bahasa daerah, maka diharapkan bahasa tersebut senantiasa digunakan mulai dari lingkungan keluarga, tempat tinggal, dan lingkungan bekerja. Teori yang digunakan untuk menguraikan masalah ini adalah teori sosiolinguistik, dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Berdasarkan pembahasan diketahui bahwa generasi muda Batak merasa bangga mampu menggunakan bahasa Batak (97,5%). Generasi muda Batak juga menyadari bahwa penguasaan bahasa Batak sangatlah penting (95%). Kurangnya kemampuan generasi muda berbahasa Batak disebabkan orang tuanya mengajari mereka di rumah cenderung dengan menggunakan bahasa Indonesia (50%).   The Toba Batak people are accustomed to using Indonesian, especially those living in urban areas. In general, they are able to speak Indonesian because they are bilingual, which is able to use two languages. Even the intensity of the use of Indonesian is higher than the Batak language. This will cause problems in language maintenance. The attitude of the young generation is crucial for the sustainability of this regional language. Regional languages ​​will become extinct if the speakers of the regional languages ​​are exhausted. In order to avoid the extinction of regional languages, it is expected that the language will always be used starting from the family environment, residence, and work environment. The theory used to describe this problem is the sociolinguistic theory, using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. Based on the discussion it is known that the younger generation of Bataks feel proud to be able to use Batak language (97.5%). The younger generation of Bataks also realize that mastery of the Batak language is very important (95%). The lack of ability of the younger generation in the Batak language is due to their parents teaching them at home and tends to use Indonesian (50%).

scholarly journals Nasib Bahasa Jawa dan Bahasa Indonesia dalam Pandangan dan Sikap Bahasa Generasi Muda Jawa

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suharyo Suharyo
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Java Language ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
The One ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

Abstract This study aims to reveal the fate of the Java language on the one hand and the Indonesian language on the other hand through the selection and defense of language (Indonesia and Java) by the younger generation. How young people choose language as a means of expression in the realm of house and the realm of friendship. (A) determining the location and population and sample, (b) questionnaire distribution to a number of respondents who were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, (c) nonparticipant observation in the daily life of the younger generation, (d) structured interviews and depth using snowball method which then analyzed qualitatively. The population of this research is the entire younger generation of Javanese who live in Central Java. The target population of this study is the younger generation of the various regions who live in Solo, Boyolali, Pekalongan, and Tegal, while the sample was selected randomly. The result shows that (1) the younger generation of Java uses more BI (Bahasa Indonesia) than Javanese (BJ) both in the home and friendship, (2) the young generation of Java will use 100% BI when someday have a spouse, (3) the younger generation of Java has a negative attitude towards BJ, being ignorant of BI, and not proud of BI, (4) the younger generation is more familiar with the vocabulary such as downloads, stakeholders, gadgets, than in BI, and (5) estimated BJ (especially manners) in the next 2 or 3 generations will be abandoned by the younger generation of Java. Intisari Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap nasib bahasa bahasa Jawa di satu sisi dan bahasa Indonesia di sisi lain melalui  pemilihan dan pemertahanan bahasa (Indonesia dan Jawa) oleh generasi muda. Bagiamana kaum muda memilih bahasa sebagai alat ekspresinya pada ranah rumah dan ranah persahabatan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dilakukan (a) menentukan lokasi dan  populasi  serta sampel, (b) penyebaran angket ke sejumlah responden yang kemudian dianalisis secara kualitatif dan  kuantitatif, (c) observasi nonpartisipan pada kehidupan sehari-hari generasi muda, (d) wawancara terstruktur dan mendalam dengan menggunakan metode snowball yang kemudian dianalaisis secara kualitatif. Populasi penelitin ini adalah seluruh generasi muda Jawa yang tingal di Jawa Tengah. Adapun populasi sasaran penelitian ini adalah generasi muda dari berbagai daerah yang tinggal di Solo, Boyolali, Pekalongan, dan Tegal, sedangkan sampel dipilih secara acak.  Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa (1) generasi muda Jawa lebih banyak mengunakan BI (Bahasa Indonesia) daripada bahasa Jawa (BJ) baik pada ranah rumah maupun persahabatan, (2) generasi muda Jawa akan menggunakan 100 % BI ketika kelak memiliki pasangan hidup, (3) generasi muda Jawa memiliki sikap negatif terhadap BJ, bersikap abai terhadap BI, dan tidak bangga terhadap BI, (4) generasi muda lebih familiar terhadap kosakata-kokata seperti download, stakeholder, gadget, daripada padan katanya dalam BI, dan (5) diperkirakan BJ (terutama ragam krama) pada 2 atau 3 generasi mendatang akan ditinggalkan oleh  generasi muda Jawa.

scholarly journals Kemampuan Menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia Baku Siswa di Sekolah, Diiringi masuknya Bahasa Inggris Sebagai Pengantar Pembelajaran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firda Nurul F.
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
National Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Primary Language ◽  
Communication Tools ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
State Language

Language is used to convey messages and thoughts to the other person. Indonesian is used as a national language as well as a unifying language. In accordance with the mandate of Article 36 of the 1945 Constitution, "State Language is Indonesian". In addition, the position of Indonesian as a National Language was made on October 28, 1928 on the day of the "Youth Oath" which had functions as: a symbol of national identity, a symbol of nationality, communication tools and a unifying tool of different tribes; religion; race; customs and culture. In the current era of globalization, we must master languages other than Indonesian to communicate with other nations, and support our language skills in learning. But we must be able to preserve Indonesian as our primary language, a language that must be used frequently in relationships. Not infrequently foreign languages are more favored than using our own language. Most teenagers are even more proud of using foreign languages fluently. In the use of a foreign language, it certainly has an influence on the existence of Indonesian language, besides that, the quality of learning that exists in Indonesia. Each influence will certainly produce positive and negative impacts.

An Integrative Interconnect Approach to Da’wa of Cak Nun to the Young Generation Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Word Processing ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Discussion Groups ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Main Attraction

Da’wa approach among the younger generation is continues to develop along with the changing times and demands of the younger generation. The integrative interconnect da’wa approach was conducted by cak nun is one of the da'wa approaches that interesting and is loved by the young generation today. This approach as a new alternative to the existing approaches. Cak Nun has succeeded in drawing attention of young people from various regions with different characteristics. His expertise in word processing, packing messages, subjugating the mind, and entertaining the younger generation become the main attraction in da’wa of cak nun. Therefore, this paper will explains the new approach in da'wa is conducted by cak nun through integrative interconnect approach. Cak nun has done unification between verbal, intellectual, art, and cross cultural approaches and they was interconnected with Islam, Indonesia, and modernity. Then, This approach is realized in various methods of da'wa in accordance with the level of the needs of the young generation. Sometimes, Cak nun performs with kiyai kanjeng groups, love concessions, maiyah discussion groups, shalawatan, and even through social media. The philosophically and academically, da'wa of cak nun approach can be studied and developed within the framework of developing da'wa science, so that the integrative interconnect approach can be developed by the da'i and the wider community.

scholarly journals STRENGTHENING YOUNG GENERATION CHARACTERS IN THE DISRUPTION ERA THROUGH THE INTERNALIZATION OF WAYANG GOLEK VALUES

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Azis ◽  
Kokom Komalasari ◽  
Iim Siti Masyitoh
Keyword(s):  
Religious Values ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Ethnographic Methods ◽  
Current Challenge ◽  
The Face ◽  
Puppet Show ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Art Performance ◽  
Changing Times

As a adiluhung (valuable art), Wayang Golek performances can contribute to the strengthening of the character of the young generation in facing various challenges in the era of disruption. This is very important, considering that in the era of disruption such as the current challenge for the younger generation in facing the industrial era 4.0 is the loss of character as an Indonesian nation. This study aims to reveal the contribution of Wayang Golek performances values to the strengthening of the character of the younger generation in the era of disruption. The research approach used is qualitative with ethnographic methods, so that it can describe the character values contained in the Wayang Golek performances that are relevant to the character of the Indonesian nation. The results showed that the values of the Wayang Golek performances could contribute to the strengthening of the character of the younger generation. This is because the puppet show is aesthetically designed as an art performance that contains elements of the spectacle as well as guidance. This means, in addition to entertaining through humorous jokes, the Wayang Golek performance is able to give a moral message to the audience about the importance of religious values and nationalism in the face of changing times. Keywords; Wayang Golek; Character Strengthening; Disruption Era

scholarly journals The level of student’s pride in Ruteng (East Nusa Tenggara) high school on Bahasa

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-196
Author(s):  
Ifran Nurtriputra ◽  
Heppy Atma Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
National Language ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
International Language ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Research Show

The younger generation of Indonesia unconsciously affected and following everydevelopment of communication technology that many use a foreign language. The changes oflanguage attitude of the students is inseparable from the literary situation in Indonesia. Indonesiasociety generally are bilingual and multilingual. In the literary situation like that there will be alanguage change in behavior that may not support the existence of one of the languages. From theperspective of sociolinguistics, the phenomenon of language attitude can determine the survival ofthe language. The object in this research is SMA 1 (1 High School) Ruteng, Nusa Tenggara Timur(NTT). The benefits of this research are able to be guidelines for the community's evocative,especially the young generation in addressing our national language with more pride, because thelanguage is one of the nation's identity. The results of this research show that 57, 58% feel proud touse the language of Indonesia, 42.42% regarded English is more attractive than in Bahasa. Studentswho support Bahasa became the international language of 29 respondents (87, 88%). Therespondents have thought optimistic Bahasa can exist in an era of globalization only 23 ofrespondents (69, 70%) while 10 respondents (30, 30%) were still skeptical that Bahasa became theinternational language.

scholarly journals Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa Morfologi pada Bak Truk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyvaldi Yuda Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

ABSTRACTLanguage is a communication tool used in everyday life. Communication can be done verbally and in writing. The purpose of learning Indonesian is that students can understand and appreciate Indonesian and have good and correct Indonesian language skills and are appropriate to the situation and purpose of the language. Deviations from the language rules by learners can be called a language error. This study aims to analyze morphological language errors in the tailgate. The method used is a qualitative method in the form of case studies with a descriptive approach to document analysis in writing in a tailgate. The results of the analysis of this study are the data obtained from observations as a form of language errors in the field of morphology in the tailgate.Keywords: linguistic, morphology, qualitative descriptive, languageABSTRAKBahasa merupakan alat komunikasi yang digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Komunikasi dapat dilakukan secara lisan maupun tulisan. Tujuan pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia adalah agar siswa bisa memahami dan menghayati bahasa Indonesia dan memiliki kemampuan berbahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar serta sesuai dengan situasi dan tujuan dari berbahasa. Penyimpangan terhadap kaidah kebahasaan yang dilakukan pembelajar dapat disebut dengan kesalahan berbahasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesalahan berbahasa morfologi pada bak truk. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif yang berbentuk studi kasus dengan pendekatan deskriptif analisis dokumen pada tulisan di beberapa bak truk. Hasil dari analisis penelitian ini adalah data-data yang di dapat dari observasi sebagai wujud kesalahan berbahasa pada bidang morfologi pada bak truk.Kata kunci: linguistic, morfologi, deskriptif kualitatif, berbahasa

scholarly journals Pergeseraan Bahasa Pakpak Dairi: Kajian Sosiolinguis

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-137
Author(s):  
Amhar Kudadiri ◽  
Ida Basaria ◽  
Pribadi Bangun
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
At Home

Para ahli bahasa yang mencurahkan perhatiannya pada gejala kepunahan bahasa-bahasa minoritas, terutama bahasa-bahasa di negara-negara berkembang berkesimpulan bahwa sebab utama kepunahan bahasa-bahasa adalah karena para orang tua tidak lagi mengajarkan bahasa ibu kepada anak-anaknya dan tidak lagi secara aktif menggunakannya di rumah dalam berbagai ranah komunikasi (Grimes 2000 : 17). Jadi, kepunahan itu bukan karena penuturnya berhenti bertutur, melainkan akibat dari pilihan penggunaan bahasa sebagian besar masyarakat tuturnya. Penutur bahasa memilih tidak membelajarkan bahasa ibu kepada anakanaknya dan memilih tidak menggunakan cara aktif dalam ranah pertuturan di rumah. Selain itu, kepunahan sebuah bahasa juga ditentukan oleh tekanan bahasa mayoritas dalam suatu kawasan masyarakat multilingual. Memilih tidak menggunakan bahasa ibu dan menggunakan sebuah bahasa lain serta tekanan bahasa mayoritas merupakan tiga faktor penting penyebab kepunahan bahasa.Dalam konteks kebahasaan di Indonesia, yang multilingual, multietnis, dan multikultural, dengan intensitas kontak antara kelompok etnis yang satu dan yang lainnya cukup tinggi, persaingan kebahasaan tidak dapat dielakkan. Lebih-lebih lagi jika persaingan itu dihubungkan dengan perkembangan dan kemajuan bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris yang begitu cepat dan menyeluruh pada hampir setiap kelompok lapisan masyarakat. Dengan menggunakan pisau analisis teori sosiolinguistik, penelitiaan ini ingin mengkaji bagaimana dan seberapa besar gejala pergeseran bahasa Pakpak Dairi (BPD) pada penuturpenuturnya. Sebab diasumsikan bahwa generasi muda penutur BPD bukan hanya sangat berkurang minatnya mempelajari BPD sebagai identitas kedaerahannya tetapi juga makin meningkatnya kecenderungan orangtua yang berasal dari keluarga satu suku untuk memilih memakai bahasa Indonesia (BI) sebagai alat komunikasi utama mereka di rumah. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa ranah pemakaian BPD di dalam rumah tangga lambat laun mulai tergeser oleh BI, yang berarti pula telah memicu terjadinya apa yang disebut ―pergeseran bahasa‖ (language shift).   Linguists who devote their attention to the symptoms of the extinction of minority languages, especially languages in developing countries, conclude that the main reason for the extinction of languages is that parents no longer teach mother tongue to their children and are no longer actively using it at home in various ways of communication (Grimes 2000: 17). So, the extinction is not because the speaker stopped speaking, but rather a result of the choice of language usage of the majority of the speech community. Speakers of languages choose not to teach their mother's language to their children and choose not to use active ways to communicate at home. In addition, the extinction of a language is also determined by the pressure of majority language in a multilingual community area. Choosing not to use mother tongue and using another language and also the pressure of majority language are three important factors that cause language extinction. In the language context in Indonesia, which is multilingual, multiethnic, and multicultural, the intensity of contact between one ethnic group to another is quite high. The linguistic competition is inevitable. Moreover, if the competition is related to the development and progress of Indonesian 4cand accelerated and comprehensive English language in almost every group of society. By using the analysis of sociolinguistic theory, this research tried to examine how and how much the symptoms of Pakpak Dairi (BPD) language shift on its speakers. Because it was assumed that the young generation of BPD speakers was not greatly reduced in their interest in studying the BPD as their regional identity, and there was an increasing tendency of parents from one ethnic family to choose Indonesian (BI) as their main communication tool at home. This indicated that the realm of the use of BPD in the household gradually began to be displaced by BI, which also meant that it had triggered the "language shift".

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