scholarly journals Ecological status and diversity indices of Panchaule (Dactylorhiza hatagirea) and its associates in Lete village of Mustang district, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Khadka ◽  
A. L. Hammet ◽  
A. Singh ◽  
M. K. Balla ◽  
Y. P. Timilsina
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Illegal Harvesting ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
June July ◽  
Important Value Index ◽  
Rheum Australe

This paper focuses on the ecological status and diversity indices: Simson’s Index (C), Simson’s Index of Dominance (D) and Shannon-Weaver Index (H) of Dactylorhiza hatagirea and its associates- Rheum australe and Rumex nepalensis in Lete village of Mustang District within the Annapurna Conservation Area. The study was conducted during the monsoon season (June/July) of 2013 in the Lete VDC of Mustang District. The study site possessed an area of 4.5 ha. Altogether, 100 circular plots, each with 25 m2 area, were laid out purposively within the study area; the sampling intensity being 5.55%. The relative frequency, the relative density, the abundance, the relative coverage and the Important Value Index of the species were found to be 61.11, 53.91, 1,061.54, 72.2 and 187.24 respectively. Similarly, the Simson’s Index (C), the Simson’s Index of Dominance (D) and the Shannon-Weaver Index of the species were found to be 0.41, 0.59 and 3.27 respectively, indicating relatively even and relatively diverse community. The study showed relatively higher values of all the parameters of D. hatagirea as compared to its associates indicating good ecological value. However, threats remain due to the illegal harvesting of this valuable orchid and overgrazing in the study site.Banko JanakariA Journal of Forestry Information for NepalVol. 26, No. 1, Page: 45-52, 2016

scholarly journals Reproductive cycle of the endemic and threatened fish Puntius shalynius (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Meghalaya, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisnam Manorama ◽  
Sunkam NarayanaIyengar Ramanujam
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Ecological Value ◽  
Spawning Activity ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Fragmented Distribution ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
June July ◽  
First Time

Puntius shalynius is a highly endemic freshwater minor carp that is economicallyimportant and is threatened because of its ornamental value. The present investigationevaluated this barb gonadal maturation, based on morphology and spawning of this species inthe Umiam river, Meghalaya, India. The population of this indigenous fish has declined due toits fragmented distribution and exploitation as an ornamental fish. The reproductive cycle ofP. shalynius was studied for the first time. A total of 609 fish samples were randomlycollected from the river for a period of two years during January 2010 and December 2011.Five maturity phases (rest, primary growth, secondary growth, ripe and spent) were observedon the basis of ovarian and testicular macroscopic evaluation throughout the annual cycle.Peak spawning activity was observed in the month of June/July and it coincided with the startof the monsoon season. The study showed that the fish spawns once in a year with singlespawning peak and that the species is a low fecund fish. It is important to conserve thisspecies for its unique ecological value and urgent management policies should promote itssustainable utilization.

scholarly journals Cloudburst events observed over Uttarakhand during monsoon season 2017 and their analysis

MAUSAM ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
BIKRAM SINGH ◽  
ROHIT THAPLIYAL
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Interval Data ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
North Pakistan ◽  
June July ◽  
Head Bay Of Bengal

Cloudburst is an extreme weather event characterised by the occurrence of a large amount of rainfall over a small area within a short span of time with a rainfall of 100 mm or more in one hour. It is responsible for flash flood, inundation of low lying areas and landslides in hills causing extensive damages to life and property. During monsoon season 2017 five number of cloudburst events are observed over Uttarakhand and analysed. Self Recording Rain Gauge (SRRG) and 15 minutes interval data from the newly installed General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) based Automatic Weather Station (AWS) are able to capture the cloudburst events over some areas in Uttarakhand. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the significant synoptic and thermodynamic conditions associated with the occurrence of the cloudburst events in Uttarakhand. These 5 cases of cloudburst events that are captured during the month of June, July and August 2017 in Uttarakhand are studied in detail. Synoptically, it is observed that the existence of trough at mean sea level from Punjab to head Bay of Bengal running close to Uttarakhand, the movement of Western Disturbance over north Pakistan and adjoining Jammu & Kashmir and existence of cyclonic circulation over north Rajasthan and neighbourhood are favourable conditions. Also, the presence of strong south-westerly wind flow from the Arabian Sea across West Rajasthan and Haryana on upper air charts are found during these events. Thermodynamically, the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) is found to be high (more than 1100 J/Kg) during most of the cases and vertically integrated precipitable water content (PWC) is more than 55mm. The GPRS based AWS system can help in prediction of the cloud burst event over the specified location with a lead time upto half to one hour in association with radar products.  

scholarly journals Beach environmental DNA fills gaps in photographic biomonitoring to track spatiotemporal community turnover across 82 phyla

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel S. Meyer ◽  
Teia M. Schweizer ◽  
Wai-Yin Kwan ◽  
Emily Curd ◽  
Adam Wall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Marine Conservation ◽  
Biological Interactions ◽  
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Community Turnover ◽  
Biomonitoring Tool ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Diverse Community

Abstract:Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is emerging as a biomonitoring tool available to the citizen science community that promises to augment or replace photographic observation. However, eDNA results and photographic observations have rarely been compared to document their individual or combined power. Here, we use eDNA multilocus metabarcoding, a method deployed by the CALeDNA Program, to inventory and evaluate biodiversity variation along the Pillar Point headland near Half Moon Bay, California. We describe variation in presence of 13,000 taxa spanning 82 phyla, analyze spatiotemporal patterns of beta diversity, and identify metacommunities. Inventory and measures of turnover across space and time from eDNA analysis are compared to the same measures from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data, which contain information largely contributed by iNaturalist photographic observations. We find eDNA depicts local signals with high seasonal turnover, especially in prokaryotes. We find a diverse community dense with pathogens and parasites in the embayment, and a State Marine Conservation Area (SMCA) with lower species richness than the rest of the beach peninsula, but with beta diversity signals showing resemblance to adjacent unprotected tidepools. The SMCA differs in observation density, with higher density of protozoans, and animals in Ascidiacea, Echinoidea, and Polycladida. Local contributions to beta diversity are elevated in a section of East-facing beach. GBIF observations are mostly from outside the SMCA, limiting some spatial comparisons. However, our findings suggest eDNA samples can link the SMCA sites to sites with better GBIF inventory, which may be useful for imputing species from one site given observations from another. Results additionally support >3800 largely novel biological interactions. This research, and accompanying interactive website support eDNA as a gap-filling tool to measure biodiversity that is available to community and citizen scientists.

scholarly journals Impact of the Desert dust on the summer monsoon system over Southwestern North America

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 3717-3731 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zhao ◽  
X. Liu ◽  
L. R. Leung
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Lower Atmosphere ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Western Slope ◽  
Monsoon Circulation ◽  
The North ◽  
Moisture Fluxes ◽  
June July

Abstract. The radiative forcing of dust emitted from the Southwest United States (US) deserts and its impact on monsoon circulation and precipitation over the North America monsoon (NAM) region are simulated using a coupled meteorology and aerosol/chemistry model (WRF-Chem) for 15 years (1995–2009). During the monsoon season, dust has a cooling effect (−0.90 W m−2) at the surface, a warming effect (0.40 W m−2) in the atmosphere, and a negative top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) forcing (−0.50 W m−2) over the deserts on 24-h average. Most of the dust emitted from the deserts concentrates below 800 hPa and accumulates over the western slope of the Rocky Mountains and Mexican Plateau. The absorption of shortwave radiation by dust heats the lower atmosphere by up to 0.5 K day−1 over the western slope of the Mountains. Model sensitivity simulations with and without dust for 15 summers (June-July-August) show that dust heating of the lower atmosphere over the deserts strengthens the low-level southerly moisture fluxes on both sides of the Sierra Madre Occidental. It also results in an eastward migration of NAM-driven moisture convergence over the western slope of the Mountains. These monsoonal circulation changes lead to a statistically significant increase of precipitation by up to ~40 % over the eastern slope of the Mountains (Arizona-New~Mexico-Texas regions). This study highlights the interaction between dust and the NAM system and motivates further investigation of possible dust feedback on monsoon precipitation under climate change and the mega-drought conditions projected for the future.

scholarly journals Floristic composition and phytodiversity status of Sitakunda Ecopark, Chittagong, Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Anwarul Islam ◽  
Mohammad Mahfuzur Rahman ◽  
Gazi Mosharof Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Vascular Plant Species ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Plant Families

The present study dealt with the exploration and documentation of the floristic composition and phyto-diversity of Sitakunda Eco-park, Chittagong, Bangladesh. A total of 412 vascular plant species under 315 genera belonging to 94 plant families have been recorded from the study area during February, 2013 to April, 2015. Out of these recorded taxa, 330 were dicotyledons, 62 were monocotyledons, 5 were gymnosperms and 15 were pteridophytes. Among those, the maximum 144 species belonged to herbs followed by 138, 75 and 55 species as trees, shrubs and climbers, respectively. The species composition among the plant families varied in plant groups. In dicotyledonous group, Euphorbiaceae appeared to be the largest family with 35 species, whereas Poaceae showed the largest family containing 30 species among monocotyledonous group. The highest values of both Shannon-Weiner and Simpson diversity indices have been observed as 3.82 and 0.98, respectively to site D during monsoon season, whereas the lowest values 3.19 and 0.95, respectively of these indices were recorded in site A during summer season.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 5(1): 29-45, 2016 (June)

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical Knowledge on Non-conventional Food and Medicinal Plants in Rio Cajari Extractivist Reserve, Amazon, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galdino Xavier de Paula Filho ◽  
Adivair Freitas Ribeiro ◽  
Alcidete Flexa Moraes ◽  
Willis Freitas Penha ◽  
Wardsson Lustrino Borges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Eryngium Foetidum ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Background:Information on the knowledge, management and ways of using food and medicinal plants by traditional populations, family farmers and Brazilian native population in the Amazon is essential to guarantee the sovereignty of these groups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity, knowledge and ways of using non-conventional food and medicinal plants in traditional communities in a conservation unit in the Brazilian Amazon.Methods:This study was conducted using semi-structured interviews applied to local respondents. Fifty-six residents were interviewed in 26 communities. The Indices of Use Value (UVI) and relative frequency of species citation (Fr) were evaluated; also, their diversity and equitability using the Shannon- Wiener (H’) Pielou (J’) indices, respectively. The species were listed according to their family, scientific name, popular names, categories of use, propagation environment, growth habit, medicinal indications, domestication status, production cycle and herbarium registration.Results:A total of 269 species of both non-conventional food and medicinal plants were identified, distributed in 84 botanical families, 198 genera, in addition to 13 unidentified species. The Arecaceae and Lamiaceae families had the highest species richness (11 and 7, respectively). Eryngium foetidum L. (Apiaceae) and Ipomoea potatoes L. (Convolvulaceae) presented the highest relative citation frequencies (19.7 and 19.3, respectively) and the highest index of use value of the species (0.94 and 0.92, respectively). The Shannon-Wiener (H’) and Pielou (J’) diversity indices were considered high (5.02 and 0.9, respectively) when compared to other ethnobotanical works carried out in Brazil and in the Amazon.Conclusions:A wide relationship of use was observed between the species under study and the population of this conservation area. In the environment in which these families are found, of geographical isolation and distance from urban centers, these species become, in many circumstances, the only food and medicinal resources, therefore, being fundamental to the sovereignty of these families.

scholarly journals Transposable element diversity remains high in gigantic genomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ava Louise Haley ◽  
Rachel Lockridge Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Index ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Ecological Community ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Low Coverage

ABSTRACTTransposable elements (TEs) are repetitive sequences of DNA that replicate and proliferate throughout genomes. Taken together, all the TEs in a genome form a diverse community of sequences, which can be studied to draw conclusions about genome evolution. TE diversity can be measured using models for ecological community diversity that consider species richness and evenness. Several models predict TE diversity decreasing as genomes expand because of selection against ectopic recombination and/or competition among TEs to garner host replicative machinery and evade host silencing mechanisms. Salamanders have some of the largest vertebrate genomes and highest TE loads. Salamanders of the genus Plethodon, in particular, have genomes that range in size from 20 to 70 Gb. Here, we use Oxford Nanopore sequencing to generate low-coverage genomic sequences for four species of Plethodon that encompass two independent genome expansion events, one in the eastern clade (P. cinereus, 29.3 Gb vs. P. glutinosus, 38.9 Gb) and one in the western clade (P. vehiculum, 46.4 Gb vs P. idahoensis, 67.0 Gb). We classified the TEs in these genomes and found ~52 TE superfamilies, accounting for 27-32% of the genomes. We calculated Simpson’s and Shannon’s diversity indices to quantify overall TE diversity. In both pairwise comparisons, the diversity index values for the smaller and larger genome were almost identical. This result indicates that, when genomes reach extremely large sizes, they maintain high levels of TE diversity at the superfamily level, in contrast to predictions made by previous studies on smaller genomes.

scholarly journals Structure and composition of trees in Mount Tilu Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Cahyanto ◽  
Muhammad Efendi ◽  
DIAN MUHAMAD RAMDAN
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Species Structure ◽  
West Java ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Regeneration Status

Abstract. Cahyanto T, Efendi M, Ramdan DM. 2020. Structure and composition of trees in Mount Tilu Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2674-2680. An understanding of the structure and composition of stands in a conservation area is needed to support sustainable management strategy. However, this information in the Mount Tilu Nature Reserve, Bandung District, West Java area is still lacking. This research was aimed to analyze the structure and composition of tree species in the block of Malagembol forest, Mt. Tilu NR. Data collection was carried out through vegetation analysis using sampling plot method with size of 10x100 m2 at three-level altitudes of 1530 m, 1745 m, and 1950 m asl. Observation parameters included species names, number of individuals, and diameter at breast height (dbh). Data were analyzed to determine the floristic composition, species structure based on their diameter class, relative basal area, diversity indices, and analysis of the importance of the main components of trees species through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A total of 32 tree species from 23 families was found in the observation plots which was dominated by Fagaceae, Lauraceae, and Myrtaceae families. Some pioneer plants covered the gap in vegetation due to minor disturbance and residual damage in the past. Nonetheless, the dominance of stands with small diameters indicated good regeneration status following such disturbance. Based on these findings, we recommend protecting the vegetation in Mt. Tilu NR by limiting community activities that can disturb the forest.

scholarly journals Temporal Variation of Black Carbon Aerosol Concentration during Monsoon in Kathmandu Valley

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-35
Author(s):  
Ram K. Sharma ◽  
Binod K Bhattarai ◽  
Balkrishna Sapkota ◽  
Mohan Bahadur Gewali ◽  
Berit Kjeldstad
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Engineering Department ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Rain Fall ◽  
Black Carbon Aerosol ◽  
June July ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Average Rain

Black carbon aerosol was measured continuously for three months June, July and August 2009 at G block of Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Humanities using Magee Scientific Aethalometer AE 31 model. The study period corresponds to monsoon season over Nepal. The study site Pulchow Campus is located at 27°22’N latitude and 85°32’E longitude. The diurnal variation of aerosol black carbon shows two peaks during morning and late evening. These two distinct peaks occur due to gradual increase in the anthropogenic activities and rush hour traffic. Among the three months of monsoon highest monthly average was observed during June while lowest during July and moderate on August with 5.3 7mu&g/m3, 3.0 μg/m3 and 3.8 μg/m3 respectively. The average rain fall in these months were 126mm, 326.3mm and 383mm respectively. The concentration of aerosol black carbon is higher in dry month than rainy months because it is washed by rain once it is released in the atmosphere. In the daily average the highest value of aerosol black carbon was observed on 9th June as 8.2 μg/m3 while lowest value on 16th August as low as 1.9μg/m3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v9i1.10666Journal of the Institute of Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 27–35

scholarly journals A hospital based study on snake bite poisoning in adults in the western region of Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
V P Poudyal ◽  
K M Paudal ◽  
N B Rana ◽  
S Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Management Guideline ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Epidemiological Profile ◽  
June July

Snake bite poisoning is an emergency condition with significant morbidity and mortality. It is more prevalent in Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal especially during monsoon season. There is no study on snake bite poisoning in adults in this part of the country after the introduction of national snake bite management guideline in 2003. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinico-epidemiological profile, amount of anti-snake venom used and outcome of snake bites. Six hundred and thirty eight cases of snake bite poisoning above the age of 15 years admitted in emergency department of the hospital, over a period of 6 years from 2004/2005 to 2009/2010 were evaluated retrospectively. The study showed almost equal numbers of bites in males and females (50.3% vs 49.7%) with two third of victims of 15 to 45 years of age. Most of the poisonings (68%) was seen during June, July and August months corresponding to the monsoon season in Nepal. Majority of the victims could not identify the snakes (45 %).Fingers & hands were bitten in majority cases (43 %). Ptosis was observed in all cases of snake bite poisoning. About 21% of the adults had respiratory distress needing respiratory support. Average ASV used was 21.3 vials. Case fatality rate (CFR) was 11.9% with more fatality on those with respiratory distress. As mortality due to snakebite poisoning and consumption of antisnake venom is still high with the use of national protocol 2003, further study to evaluate alternate protocol is recommended. 

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