scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Institutional and Non-institutional Direct Private Cost in Higher Education of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Min Raj Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
Inquiry Approach ◽  
Private Cost ◽  
Institutional Cost ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Institutional Unit

This study is followed the descriptive and analytical research design under quantitative inquiry approach as its aims to analyze and compare institutional and non-institutional direct private cost. Furthermore, it tries to find out the size of institutional and non-institutional direct private cost at bachelor level of Nepal. For these purposes, researcher has selected a community based college from Kathmandu valley purposively using simple random sampling. The findings of the study reveal that per student average college related institutional unit cost was Rs 24730. 57, university related institutional cost was Rs 5982.23 and total annual institutional unit cost was Rs 30712.80. Likewise, it was found that a student has expensed Rs 46411.63 as non-institutional direct private cost in a year. Total annual average direct private cost of education (institutional plus non-institutional) was Rs 77124.43 at bachelor level of community based college in the capital city of Nepal.

scholarly journals Analysis of Direct Private Investment: The Case of Bachelor’s Level in Community College

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Min Raj Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
Private Cost ◽  
Institutional Cost ◽  
Institutional Unit

The costs spent by students or parents while attaining education are called the direct private costs which are usually placed outside and inside the domain of educational institutions. The present study is a quantitative survey that aims to conduct a comparative analysis of institutional and non-institutional direct private costs. Furthermore, it tries to find the size of institutional and non-institutional direct private costs at Bachelor’s level education in Nepal. For these purposes, I have selected a community based college from Kathmandu valley purposively and 90 students of Bachelor’s level (30 each from the faculty of humanities, education and management) were selected using simple random sampling technique. The findings of the study reveal that the average college related institutional unit cost per student was Rs. 24730.57, university related institutional cost was Rs. 5982.23; and total annual institutional unit cost was Rs. 30712.80. Likewise, it was found that a student has expensed Rs. 46411.63 as non-institutional direct private cost in a year. Total annual average direct private cost of education (institutional plus non-institutional) was Rs. 77124.43 at Bachelor’s level of community based college in the capital city of Nepal.

E-Voting Kepala Desa dan Modal Sosial

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Khaulah Afifah ◽  
Lala M Kolopaking ◽  
Zessy Ardinal Barlan
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
The Social ◽  
Voting System

Head of a village election with e-voting system is a new thing for community The success level of e-voting system can be reached by fulfil several principles in order to the implementation going effective and the result of the election can be accepted by all. The objectives of this research is to analyze the relation between the success level of e-voting system with social capital of the community. This research is carried out with the quantitative approach and supported by qualitative data. This research takes 60 respondents using simple random sampling technique. The results showed that the success level of e-voting has a correlation with the level of social capital of the community. Based on the field study, the social capital of the community is classified as high. The high social capital makes the implementation of e-voting successful and the success level is also high, because in the election ten years ago occurred a conflict. The community considers e-voting easier and more practical, cost effective and time-saving, and the results of e-voting are also reliable. A practical and fast of e-voting system can be a solution especially for “rural-urban” community who are busy or work outside the village.Keywords: E-voting, the success level of the system, social capital Pemilihan kepala desa dengan sistem e-voting merupakan hal yang baru bagi masyarakat. Keberhasilan penerapan sistem e-voting dilihat dari terpenuhinya beberapa prinsip agar penerapannya berlangsung efektif dan hasilnya dapat diterima oleh seluruh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan tingkat keberhasilan sistem e-voting dalam pemilihan kepala desa dengan tingkat modal sosial masyarakat. Bentuk penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif yang didukung oleh analisis data kualitatif. Penelitian ini mengambil enam puluh responden dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberhasilan e-voting memiliki hubungan dengan tingkat modal sosial masyarakat. Berdasarkan kajian di lapang, modal sosial masyarakat tergolong tinggi. Tingginya modal sosial tersebut membuat pelaksanaan e-voting berhasil dan tingkat keberhasilannya juga tergolong tinggi karena pada pemilihan sepuluh tahun silam sempat terjadi konflik. Masyarakat menganggap sistem evoting lebih mudah dan praktis, hemat dalam segi biaya dan waktu, serta hasil dari pemilihan juga dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Sistem e-voting yang praktis dan cepat dapat menjadi solusi khususnya bagi masyarakat daerah “desa-kota” yang memiliki kesibukan atau pekerjaan di luar desa.Kata Kunci: E-voting, keberhasilan sistem, modal sosial. 

Marginal assessment of the cost and benefits of aphasia treatment: Evidence from community-based telerehabilitation treatment for aphasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2098277
Author(s):  
Molly Jacobs ◽  
Patrick M Briley ◽  
Heather Harris Wright ◽  
Charles Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Conduction Aphasia ◽  
Aphasia Treatment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction Few studies have reported information related to the cost-effectiveness of traditional face-to-face treatments for aphasia. The emergence and demand for telepractice approaches to aphasia treatment has resulted in an urgent need to understand the costs and cost-benefits of this approach. Methods Eighteen stroke survivors with aphasia completed community-based aphasia telerehabilitation treatment, utilizing the Language-Oriented Treatment (LOT) delivered via Webex videoconferencing program. Marginal benefits to treatment were calculated as the change in Western Aphasia Battery-Revised (WAB-R) score pre- and post-treatment and marginal cost of treatment was calculated as the relationship between change in WAB-R aphasia quotient (AQ) and the average cost per treatment. Controlling for demographic variables, Bayesian estimation evaluated the primary contributors to WAB-R change and assessed cost-effectiveness of treatment by aphasia type. Results Thirteen out of 18 participants experienced significant improvement in WAB-R AQ following telerehabilitation delivered therapy. Compared to anomic aphasia (reference group), those with conduction aphasia had relatively similar levels of improvement whereas those with Broca’s aphasia had smaller improvement. Those with global aphasia had the largest improvement. Each one-point of improvement cost between US$89 and US$864 for those who improved (mean = US$200) depending on aphasia type/severity. Discussion Individuals with severe aphasia may have the greatest gains per unit cost from treatment. Both improvement magnitude and the cost per unit of improvement were driven by aphasia type, severity and race. Economies of scale to aphasia treatment–cost may be minimized by treating a variety of types of aphasia at various levels of severity.

scholarly journals Understanding the Distribution, Conservation and Threats to Pangolin (Manis spp.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Uchita Lamichhane ◽  
Basudev Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Faecal Material ◽  
Community Based Conservation ◽  
The People

This article is based on the study carried out in Rani Community Forest (CF) of Makwanpur district of Nepal to assess the distribution of and key threats to pangolin along with its conservation efforts at the community level. The methodology includes searching the direct and indirect signs of pangolin (burrows, footprints, faecal material). Simple random sampling method was applied for the collection of social information related to pangolin. 130 burrows (44 new and 86 old) were recorded during the survey. Distribution of burrows was clumped type and not uniform throughout all elevations. Most of the burrows were found in the elevation range of 500-600m. Most of the people had awareness about pangolin while only few respondents had seen it directly inside the community forest. It indicates that there was occurrence of pangolin in the community forest. Key threats to Pangolin were construction activities, drying water resource, rapid urbanization, habitat loss, lack of food, overgrazing, mining, deforestation, poaching, predation of associated animal species, and forest fire. Among them the construction activities were considered as biggest threat to pangolin. Various community-based conservation programs were initiated by authorities of Rani Community Forest; however, these programs were still not effective for the conservation of pangolin.

scholarly journals Sikap Ibu Hamil terhadap Inisiasi Menyusu Dini

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Siti Choirul Dwi Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Early Initiation ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Early Initiation Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
Initiation Of Breastfeeding

Early initiation of breastfeeding is still difficult to implement because the mother's knowledge about early initiation of breastfeeding is still lacking. Whereas one of the factors that determine the mother's attitude towards early initiation of breastfeeding is because the mother has information about early initiation of breastfeeding. For this reason, the purpose of this study is the influence of knowledge on the mother's attitude to initiate early breastfeeding. The population in this study were all third-trimester pregnant women who visited the RB where the study was conducted and the sample was determined using simple random sampling. This research includes analytical research with a cross-sectional approach. The method used for data analysis using Chi-Square. The questionnaire is used as a tool that has been tested for validity and reliability. The results of this study, the majority of respondents have the characteristics of healthy reproductive age, secondary education and good knowledge have a positive attitude towards early initiation of breastfeeding. This study concludes that there is a relationship between age, education, and knowledge of mothers' attitudes in the early initiation of breastfeeding.

Local Participation in Community Based Development Projects in Ghana

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Method ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Local People ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Local Participation ◽  
Mixed Method Design ◽  
Convenience Sampling

The study critically analyses how the local people in Ga West municipality perceive local participation and socio-cultural factors that influence local participation. The study used the mixed method design. The lottery method of the simple random sampling technique coupled with Neuman and Neuman’s (2006) recommendation on random convenience sampling were used to sample and collect data from 187 respondents. The study revealed that local participation provides the local people employment avenues. It was revealed that developmental projects brought to their communities do not allow the local people to be involved at the planning and implementation phases. The study further revealed that women were of the opinion that projects brought to them were not feminine enough and did not build their capacity. Education, social cohesion, peace and stability were among some of the sociocultural factors that influence participation. The study again recommended that every community member should participate, regardless of their gender, ethnic group or socio-cultural differences.

scholarly journals Effect of attending pregnant women’s conference on institutional delivery, Northwest Ethiopia: comparative cross-sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melash Belachew Asresie ◽  
Gizachew Worku Dagnew
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Danger Signs

Abstract Background Institutional delivery is the cornerstone reducing maternal mortality. Community-based behavioral change interventions are increasing institutional delivery in developing countries. Yet, there is a dearth of information on the effect of attending pregnant women’s conferences in improving institutional delivery in Ethiopian. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the effect of attending pregnant women’s conference on institutional delivery, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods Community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among 871 women who gave birth within the last 12 months (435: pregnant women’s conference attendants and 436: pregnant women’s conference non-attendants). Participants were selected by using a multistage-simple random sampling technique and a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Both descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS V.23. A P-value less than or equal to 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was set to test statistical significance. Results Institutional delivery among women who attended pregnant women’s conferences was 54.3%, higher compared with 39.9% of women who didn’t attend the conference. Likewise, the level of well-preparedness for birth was higher among women who attended the conference (38.9%) compared with their counterparts (25.7%). Being knowledgeable on childbirth (AOR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2, 2.8) and postpartum danger signs (AOR = 14.0, 95%CI: 4.6, 40.0), and discussed with partners/families about the place of birth (AOR = 7.7, 95%CI: 3.6, 16.4) were more likely to institutional delivery among women who attended pregnant women’s conference. Whereas, among women who didn’t attend the pregnant women’s conference, being knowledgeable about pregnancy danger signs (AOR = 3.6, 95%CI: 1.6, 8.1) were more likely to institutional delivery. In addition, the nearest health facility within 1 h of walking and well-preparedness for birth and its complication were found positively associated with institutional delivery in both groups. Conclusion Institutional delivery was low in both groups compared to the national plan, but was higher among women who attended the conference. Similarly, women’s knowledge of obstetric danger signs and preparation for birth and its complication was higher among women who attended the conference. Therefore, encouraging women to attend the pregnant women’s conference and discuss with their families about the place of delivery should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Utilisation of a community-based health facility in a low-income urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayodeji M. Adebayo ◽  
Michael C. Asuzu
Keyword(s):  
Health Facility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West

Background: Primary healthcare is established to ensure that people have access to health services through facilities located in their community. However, utilisation of health facilities in Nigeria remains low in many communities.Aim: To assess the utilisation of community-based health facility (CBHF) amongst adults in Ibadan, Nigeria.Settings: A low-income community in Ibadan North West Local Government Area of Oyo State.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a simple random sampling technique to select one adult per household in all 586 houses in the community. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and utilisation of the CBHF. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and association testing using the Chi-square test at p = 0.05.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 46.5 ± 16.0 years; 46.0% were men and 81.0% married; 26% had no formal education and 38.0% had secondary-level education and above; traders constituted 52.0% of the sample; and 85.2% were of low socioeconomic standing; 90%had patronised the CBHF. The main reasons for non-utilisation were preference for general hospitals (13.8%) and self-medication (12.1%). Respondents who had secondary education and above, were in a higher socioeconomic class, who had good knowledge of the facility and were satisfied with care, utilised the CBHF three months significantly more than their counterparts prior to the study (p < 0.05). However, only satisfaction with care was found to be a significant predictor of utilisation of the CBHF.Conclusion: The utilisation of the CBHF amongst adults in the study setting is high, driven mostly by satisfaction with the care received previously. Self-medication, promoted by uncontrolled access to drugs through pharmacies and patent medicine stores, threatens this high utilisation.

scholarly journals STUDENTS AS WORKFORCE/INTERNS IN COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-47
Author(s):  
Anna Davtyan
Keyword(s):  
Work Experience ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Hands On ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Willingness

The main purpose of the study has been to find out the willingness of students to get unpaid internship in tourism industry, specifically in community-based tourism (CBT), which will allow having workforce for the community-based tourism development in different departments and fields where there is need for such support. The study is also aimed to find out the awareness of young generation about CBT as such. A survey was conducted with the students of universities and colleges of the Republic of Armenia (all interviewed students were from the universities and colleges located in the capital city, Yerevan); random sampling method was applied. Surveys distributed in hard copies to universities and colleges with various specializations, since tourism is a bundle of goods and services, so there is a need to consider future employees of different disciplines. The findings revealed: High willingness of the students to get internship in the tourism industry (339 students out of 436, or 78% (despite the fact that it would be unpaid); High willingness to experience community-based tourism: 318 students out of 436, or 73%). Involving students as workforce (interns) in CBT-related business will be able to support and develop those businesses in the most efficient way, while the students will gain too by getting hands on work experience. Since the students are potential tourists as well, the willingness to experience such type of activity shows that Armenian CBT has a potential of attracting more tourists into the country.

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