scholarly journals Recovery of used acetic acid via sulfuric acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Y.B. Raiymbekov ◽  
◽  
U. Besterekov ◽  
P.A. Abdurazova ◽  
U.B. Nazarbek ◽  
...  

Kazakhstan has a huge phosphate raw material base, where the basis is made up of micro-grained phosphate ores of the Karatau basin. The depletion of reserves of high-quality commercial ores leads to the search for new methods of using the enrichment and sorting of low-grade technogenic ores, one of which is phosphate-siliceous slates. The presented study was carried out in two stages: at the first stage, phosphate-siliceous shales were enriched by the acetic acid method, regime technological parameters, kinetic and thermodynamic regularities of the process were determined. At the second stage of the research a method for recycling used acetic acid during the enrichment of low-grade phosphate-siliceous slates is proposed. In this case, sulfuric acid was chosen as the regenerating agent of acetic acid. The reliability of the performed studies was proved by the use of modern complex research methods: scanning electron microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray and X-Ray difraction analyses. To determine the course of a particular reaction, a thermodynamic analysis was performed using modern HSC 6.0 software. The kinetic data are determined by calculation. The obtained experimental data were subjected to statistical analysis (Chaddock scale, standard deviation, coefficient of determination). The mechanism of interaction of an acetate solution with sulfuric acid is illustratively described. In conclusion, the sulfuric acid method is suitable for the regeneration of applied acetic acid. In this case, a by-product is formed in the form of calcium sulfate. This product can be used as a building binder (confirmed by the protocol of the “National Center of Expertise” of the Republic of Kazakhstan).

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. e87365
Author(s):  
Darwin Carranza Saavedra ◽  
Jorge Andrés Alvarado Nuñez ◽  
José Fernando Solanilla Duque ◽  
Claudia Patricia Valenzuela Real

In Colombia, approximately 855 840 tons of arracacha are produced each year. The unsalable postharvest arracacha root (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft) is not commercialized, mainly due to mechanical damage or small and misshapen roots. In this work, dry samples were characterized and subjected to two treatments: one using thermal hydrolysis, applying saturated steam at pressures of 0,1034 MPa, 0,2068 MPa, and 0,4137 MPa; and another one using hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in concentrations between 0,252,00 M. Then, the cake resulting from the hydrolysis and filtration process was enzymatically hydrolyzed (Liquozyme SC DS, Novozymes) at 1,5, 5 and 10 KNU/g (pH 6, 80 _C, 2 h). Fermentation inhibitors (acetic acid and furfural) were evaluated in the best pretreatment. The results showed that the treatment with sulfuric acid at 1,00 M (2 h) has high yields in reducing sugars added to enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum level of fermentable carbohydrates per gram of dry sample (1,04 g/g) was also reached. Regarding the fermentation inhibitors of the reducing sugar, a higher concentration of acetic acid was found with a lower furfural content. Therefore, arracacha discards are a promising raw material to increase the supply of bioethanol.


1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
HD Becker ◽  
BW Skelton ◽  
AB Turner ◽  
AH White

Oxidation of 10-methyl-9-anthraldehyde with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid gives 9-formyloxy-10-methylanthracene which dimerizes in solution upon exposure to light. The head-to-tail structure of the 4π+4π photodimer was established by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. In the crystalline state, the molecular structure is centrosymmetric, and the length of the photochemically formed bonds 1.646(4)Ǻ. Crystals are monoclinic, P21/c, a 7.980(5), b 16.143(7), c 9.571(3)Ǻ, β 114.38(3)°, Z=2 dimers; R was 0.041 for 1362 'observed' diffractometer reflections.


Author(s):  
V. I. Tischenko ◽  
N. V. Bozhko ◽  
V. M. Pasichnyi ◽  
V. V. Brazhenko

Creation of combined meat products combining traditional consumer properties, as well as the possibility of using non-traditional raw materials in their recipes, is aimed at the expansion and rational use of the raw material base of the meat processing complex and solves the problem of reducing nutrient deficiency in the diet of the population. Therefore, the issue of the use of mechanically deboned poultry meat in meat bread technology and its impact on qualitative indicators and functional and technological properties is relevant. The aim of the research was to study the feasibility of the use of mechanically deboned poultry meat in the technology of combined products. Three model recipes based on the formula-meat analogue “Chainyyi” were developed. The possibility of replacing beef and pork meat with duck meat and mechanically deboned poultry meat of turkey was studied in the bread recipes. The total amount of duck meat and mechanically deboned poultry meat was 63%. As a protein ingredient able to bind moisture and relatively inexpensive compared to meat raw material, 20% of the pig's heart was added to the formulation, as well as 2% XB Fiber. Other components of the analogue formulation have not changed. Combination of duck meat with mechanically deboned poultry meat of turkey and pork hearts in the abovementioned ratios as part of meatcontaining bread stuffing systems allowed to improve the nutritional value of the product and its qualitative indices. The research confirmed the possibility of combining regional and relatively cheap raw materials to increase the nutritional value of meatcontaining products, namely breads. The bulk of proteins in the experimental samples increased by 6.57–10.38% and was within the range of 17.96–17.34%. On average, 4.98% decreased the fat content, the product became less calorie relative to the analogue by 15.98–16.76%. The formulations of model minced meat were distinguished by a higher index of the water-holding capacity, the content of binding moisture and the best indicators of plasticity. This affected the quantity of finished products, which amounted to 120.64–117.3% to the mass of raw materials, while in the control sample this figure was lower by 3.49–7.47%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6 (111)) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Eko Sulistiyono ◽  
Murni Handayani ◽  
Agus Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Januar Irawan ◽  
Eni Febriana ◽  
...  

Indonesia has very abundant reserves of silica, but progressive studies on the deposition of this material are very few, resulting in limited applications of silica. This work refers to the purification of silica from quartz sand originated from Sukabumi, Indonesia to obtain high-purity silica, which can be applied as important raw materials for special purposes. The aim of our research is to improve low-grade silica from quartz sand by removing impurities, especially aluminum and iron removal, using sulfuric acid leaching. In order to achieve the aim, the effect of reaction time and sulfuric acid concentration on the leaching process was investigated. The effectiveness of sulfuric acid for the impurities removal was observed. The chemical composition of the samples before and after leaching was studied using X-ray fluorescence. The mineralogical analysis of the starting materials and the products was conducted using X-ray diffraction. Microstructure analysis was performed using a scanning electron microscope, and EDS test was used to show the element composition at different points. The experimental results show that the optimum condition of the leaching process occurs at a reaction time of 5 hours with a sulfuric acid concentration of 10 N. The silica levels increase from 93.702 % to 96.438 %. Aluminum and iron impurities reduced from 4.691 % to 2.712 % and from 0.641 % to 0.094 %, respectively. At this optimum point, sulfuric acid is very effective to remove aluminum and iron impurities up to 42 % and 85 %, respectively. The results of this research can be a very significant opportunity to increase the value added of quartz sand from Sukabumi, which can enhance the quality of low-grade silica to provide better raw materials for glass industries.


Within the West Siberian petroleum basin, more than 60 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the pre-Jurassic basement formations. Reserves of these fields are referred to hard-to-recover ones due to both the complexity of the geological structure and the need to apply non-standard approaches at all stages of their search, exploration and development. Development of the Pre-Jurassic complex is one of the main directions in replenishing the raw material base of hydrocarbons in West Siberia, where production from traditional fields is steadily declining. The article summarizes the data on geological features and petroleum potential of the Pre-Jurassic complex of the West Siberian basin. Based on the analysis of results of exploration and development of accumulations, proposals on various geological and technological parameters are formulated when performing the geological and economic appraisal of promising targets with similar predicted characteristics.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-254
Author(s):  
Jabosar Ronggur Hamonangan Panjaitan ◽  
Misri Gozan

Nitrocellulose is a cellulose derivative that has many potential applications. Nitrocellulose can bemade through nitration reactions by reacting cellulose and nitric acid at low temperatures. Cellulose can be obtained from lignocellulose biomass such as palm oil empty fruit bunches (POEFBs). In this study, techno-economic evaluation of nitrocellulose production from POEFBs was investigated with various types of alkaline and acid pretreatments. Pretreatment of POEFBs with alkaline and acid was used to purify cellulose fraction as raw material for nitrocellulose. The combination process of POEFBs pretreatment with alkaline and acid can be classified into 4 process routes such as ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-1), ammonium hydroxide and acetic acid pretreatment (Route-2), sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-3), and sodium hydroxide and acetic acid pretreatment (Route-4). The results showed that ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-1) was the most profitable route to produce nitrocellulose. Economic parameter values such as return of investment (ROI), payback period (PBP), net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) from ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid pretreatment (Route-1) were 11.49%, 5.85 years, US$ 442,427 and 13.35%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3(59)) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Vasil Lyashenko ◽  
Oleh Khomenko ◽  
Tatiana Chekushina ◽  
Tamara Dudar ◽  
Fedor Topolnij

The object of research is traditional mining technologies and technical means in combination with underground block leaching (UBL) of metals from rock ores with their preliminary crushing with explosives in installations mounted in mine workings. One of the most problematic areas is the difficulty of achieving a given crushing quality, as well as the required height of ore storage in the chamber for the subsequent leaching of metals and a loosening factor, taking into account the control of the energy of explosive destruction of rock ores. The study used: – data from literary sources and patent documentation in the field of technologies and technical means for UBL of metals from ores in energy disturbed massifs, substantiation of technological parameters of operational blocks; – laboratory and production experiments; – physical modeling of metal extraction from ores from the average linear size of a piece of blasted ore. Analytical studies, comparative analysis of theoretical and practical results using standard and new methods were carried out with the participation of the authors. It was found that the most intensive infiltration leaching occurs when the size class of ore lumps is –100+0 mm. Metals are extracted from fractions –200+100 mm less intensively and for a longer time. To neutralize and flush the spent ore mass, it is recommended to treat it with lime solution and mine water through wells for supplying leaching solutions (irrigation system). The protection of the hydrogeological environment is carried out by silting the bottom of the chamber for collecting productive solutions with clay solution and by constant monitoring of mine water pollution in the zone of UBL influence. On the basis of the positive results obtained from the study and implementation of technologies for UBL of metals from rock ores during the development of block 5–86, in accordance with the recommendations issued, the same approach was used for blocks 5–84–86 and 5–88–90, as well as industrial experimental block 1–75–79. Due to the involvement in the production of substandard ores, the raw material base for the extraction of metals, at the operating mines, can be increased by 1.4–1.6 times. The research results can be used in underground mining of ore deposits of complex structure in Ukraine, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Kazakhstan and other developed mining countries of the world.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 7899
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Bakhtin ◽  
Nikolay Lyubomirskiy ◽  
Stanisław Fic ◽  
Tamara Bakhtina

Alternative binders activated by forced carbonisation are regarded as one of the potential solutions to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, water, and energy consumption. Such binders, in particular those based on nepheline sludge (a by-product of alumina production), cured in carbon dioxide with subsequent hydration, are clinkerless building materials. The development of such binders contributes to the involvement of multi-tonnage solid industrial waste in the production cycle. This type of waste is capable of binding man-made CO2 and transforming it into stable insoluble compounds, having binder properties. The optimum technological parameters of the forced carbonisation of the nepheline slime binder was determined by the mathematical planning of the experiment. The novelty of the research is the expansion of the secondary raw material base that can bind the man-made CO2 with obtaining the construction products of appropriate quality. It was revealed that the process of active CO2 absorption by the minerals of nepheline slime is observed in the first 120 min of the forced carbonization. Immediately after carbonisation, the resulting material develops compressive strength up to 57.64 MPa, and at the subsequent hydration within 28 days this figure increases to 68.71 MPa. Calcium carbonate is the main binder that determines the high mechanical properties of the samples. During the subsequent hydration of the uncoated belite, gel-like products are formed, which additionally harden the carbonised matrix. Thus, after the forced carbonisation and the following 28 days of hardening, the material with compressive strength in the range 4.38–68.71 MPa and flexural strength of 3.1–8.9 MPa was obtained. This material was characterised by water absorption by mass in the range of 13.9–23.3% and the average density of 1640–1886 kg/m3. The softening coefficient of the material was 0.51–0.99. The results obtained enables one to consider further prospects for research in this area, in terms of the introduction of additional technological parameters to study the process of forced carbonisation of nepheline slime.


Author(s):  
Irina Trembus ◽  
Nina Semenenko

Urgency of the research. Expansion of the raw material base of the pulp and paper industry of Ukraine takes place through the use of alternative types of vegetable raw materials, namely wheat straw, and the improvement of environmentally friendly oxidative-organosolvent technology for the production of straw pulp. Target setting. Methods for the delignification of vegetable raw materials using the oxidant – hydrogen peroxide – are currently available. The disadvantage of these methods is the high consumption of the oxidant, which constitutes 90 % by weight of absolutely dry raw material that significantly increases the cost of technical cellulose. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the technological parameters of the delignification process of wheat straw with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Recent open-access publications have been reviewed, including literature on oxidative-organosolvent delignification methods of plant material using peroxoacids. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. Investigation of technological parameters of oxidative-organosolvent delignification for the reduction of oxidant consumption and determination of optimal values of temperature and duration of the delignification process of wheat straw with the mixture of hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid. The research objective. Investigation of straw pulp production method in order to reduce the consumption of cooking reagents while increasing the physical- mechanical properties and yield of the target product. The statement of basic materials. A method of obtaining straw pulp from wheat straw shreddings in acetic acid media with the hydrogen peroxide consumption 50 % by weight of absolutely dry raw material was investigated. The content of the main components in the raw vegetable material was determined. The effect of the delignification conditions, namely the temperature and cooking duration, on the yield of the fibrous semi-finished product, the content of residual lignin and the content of cellulose was studied. It was shown that the increase of temperature from 70 °C to 90 °C and duration of vegetable raw materials processing from 60 to 180 min lead to the decrease in yield by 28 %, the content of residual lignin by 6.5 %, while the cellulose content in the fibrous semi-finished product increased by 21 %. Calculated regression equations adequately described the experimental data and could be used as a mathematical model of the delignification process of wheat straw by hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid media. Optimal values of technological parameters of the wheat straw cooking process were determined using the method of multicriterion optimization of the delignification conditions. Conclusions. Calculated regression equations adequately described the production process of straw cellulose by hydrogen peroxide delignification in acetic acid. Established optimal technological parameters provided obtaining a final product with high quality indicators (yield 78.2%, residual lignin content 3.6%, cellulose content 65.4%, breaking length – 6200 m, punching resistance 210 kPa, tearing resistance – 425 mN, folding endurance 625 n.d.b.).


Author(s):  
Nailia R. Rakhimova ◽  
Ravil Rakhimov ◽  
Vladimir Morozov ◽  
Aleksey Eskin

The continuous development and expansion of a raw material base in response to increasing environmental and technical requirements for most consumable commodities are crucial for the sustainable development of resource- and energy-intensive materials and technologies. As the sources for alkali-activated cements and zeolites, recent studies have reported the suitability of applying calcined clays with various chemical compositions, percentages, and constituent clay minerals and secondary minerals. In this article, the results of a feasibility study on the alkali activation of low-grade clays with 7.26 % montmorillonite/chlorite and 23.14 % kaolinite/montmorillonite minerals are reported. The 6M NaOH activation of clays thermally treated at 700 °C results in the formation of a hardened paste with a compressive strength of up to 5 MPa, with an N-(A)-S-H binder gel and zeolite Na2Al2Si2.5O9∙6.2H2O being the main reaction products.


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