scholarly journals Treatment of widespread infected wounds of different etiology

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Olha Kovalenko ◽  
Oksana Osadcha ◽  
Anton Kovalenko ◽  
Vitalii Nazarenko
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Infusion Therapy ◽  
Infected Wounds ◽  
Complex Program ◽  
Empirical Antibacterial Therapy ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Microbial Associations ◽  
The Mean

Background. The infections problem of the surgical departments is increasing due to resistance of pathogens to antibiotics, so it becomes an important issue to develop new regimens for the treatment of common infected wounds. The aim of the study was expanding the possibility of treating infected wounds with the use of infusion therapy with reosorbylact, decasan antiseptic, and braxone and leflocin antibiotics. Materials and Methods. 55 patients with infected wounds of different etiology were included in the study. The mean patients age was 43.4 ± 4.7 years. Decasan antiseptic used in the treatment of infected wounds in patients of the main group, the antibiotics braxon (tobramycin) and leflocin 750 (levofloxacinum) is intended simultaneously for empirical antibiotic therapy, reosorbylact solution is included in the infusion therapy. Results. Intoxication syndrome was observed in patients with widespread infected wounds. The initial level of urea blood exceeded 1.6–1.7 times after the patient admission. Creatinine level decreased by 23 % from baseline for 5–7 days of treatment, in patients of the main group during infusion detoxication therapy with Reosorbylact, it remained raised to 9–11 days in patients of the comparison group. Leukocytosis, TGN, and LII decreased in case of empirical antibacterial therapy with braxone (tobramycin) and leflосin 750. The number of microbial associations decreased to 1.6 ± 0.3 using decasan for wound treatment up to 9 days. Bacterial contamination of wounds decreased to a level suitable for effective auto graft (<104 per 1 g of tissue). Conclusions. The complex program of treatment for patients with infected wounds contributed to the reduction of intoxication syndrome, faster reduction of the number of microorganisms in the wound, preparation of wounds for skin graft, shortening the treatment time by 4.3 days.

Dosimetric comparison of fractionated radiosurgery plans using frameless Gamma Knife ICON and CyberKnife systems with linear accelerator–based radiosurgery plans for multiple large brain metastases

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 1473-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Young Han ◽  
He Wang ◽  
Dershan Luo ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Gamma Knife ◽  
Linear Accelerator ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Treatment Planning System ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
The Mean

OBJECTIVEFor patients with multiple large brain metastases with at least 1 target volume larger than 10 cm3, multifractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (MF-SRS) has commonly been delivered with a linear accelerator (LINAC). Recent advances of Gamma Knife (GK) units with kilovolt cone-beam CT and CyberKnife (CK) units with multileaf collimators also make them attractive choices. The purpose of this study was to compare the dosimetry of MF-SRS plans deliverable on GK, CK, and LINAC and to discuss related clinical issues.METHODSTen patients with 2 or more large brain metastases who had been treated with MF-SRS on LINAC were identified. The median planning target volume was 18.31 cm3 (mean 21.31 cm3, range 3.42–49.97 cm3), and the median prescribed dose was 27.0 Gy (mean 26.7 Gy, range 21–30 Gy), administered in 3 to 5 fractions. Clinical LINAC treatment plans were generated using inverse planning with intensity modulation on a Pinnacle treatment planning system (version 9.10) for the Varian TrueBeam STx system. GK and CK planning were retrospectively performed using Leksell GammaPlan version 10.1 and Accuray Precision version 1.1.0.0 for the CK M6 system. Tumor coverage, Paddick conformity index (CI), gradient index (GI), and normal brain tissue receiving 4, 12, and 20 Gy were used to compare plan quality. Net beam-on time and approximate planning time were also collected for all cases.RESULTSPlans from all 3 modalities satisfied clinical requirements in target coverage and normal tissue sparing. The mean CI was comparable (0.79, 0.78, and 0.76) for the GK, CK, and LINAC plans. The mean GI was 3.1 for both the GK and the CK plans, whereas the mean GI of the LINAC plans was 4.1. The lower GI of the GK and CK plans would have resulted in significantly lower normal brain volumes receiving a medium or high dose. On average, GK and CK plans spared the normal brain volume receiving at least 12 Gy and 20 Gy by approximately 20% in comparison with the LINAC plans. However, the mean beam-on time of GK (∼ 64 minutes assuming a dose rate of 2.5 Gy/minute) plans was significantly longer than that of CK (∼ 31 minutes) or LINAC (∼ 4 minutes) plans.CONCLUSIONSAll 3 modalities are capable of treating multiple large brain lesions with MF-SRS. GK has the most flexible workflow and excellent dosimetry, but could be limited by the treatment time. CK has dosimetry comparable to that of GK with a consistent treatment time of approximately 30 minutes. LINAC has a much shorter treatment time, but residual rotational error could be a concern.

The Safety and Antimicrobial Properties of Stabilized Hypochlorous Acid in Acetic Acid Buffer for the Treatment of Acute Wounds—a Human Pilot Study and In Vitro Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 153473462110156
Author(s):  
Ewa A. Burian ◽  
Lubna Sabah ◽  
Klaus Kirketerp-Møller ◽  
Elin Ibstedt ◽  
Magnus M. Fazli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Wound Irrigation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance

Acute wounds may require cleansing to reduce the risk of infection. Stabilized hypochlorous acid in acetic buffer (HOCl + buffer) is a novel wound irrigation solution with antimicrobial properties. We performed a first-in-man, prospective, open-label pilot study to document preliminary safety and performance in the treatment of acute wounds. The study enrolled 12 subjects scheduled for a split-skin graft transplantation, where the donor site was used as a model of an acute wound. The treatment time was 75 s, given on 6 occasions. A total of 7 adverse events were regarded as related to the treatment; all registered as pain during the procedure for 2 subjects. One subject had a wound infection at the donor site. The mean colony-forming unit (CFU) decreased by 41% after the treatment, and the mean epithelialization was 96% on both days 14 (standard deviation [SD] 8%) and 21 (SD 10%). The study provides preliminary support for the safety, well-tolerance, and efficacy of HOCl + buffer for acute wounds. The pain was frequent although resolved quickly. Excellent wound healing and satisfying antimicrobial properties were observed. A subsequent in vitro biofilm study also indicated good antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a 96% mean reduction of CFU, when used for a treatment duration of 15 min ( P < .0001), and a 50% decrease for Staphylococcus aureus ( P = .1010). Future larger studies are needed to evaluate the safety and performance of HOCl + buffer in acute wounds, including the promising antimicrobial effect by prolonged treatment on bacterial biofilms.

scholarly journals Impact of systemic cryotherapy on the rheological properties of the blood in women with rheumatoid arthritis

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Ptaszek ◽  
Aneta Teległów ◽  
Jakub Marchewka
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Chamber Temperature ◽  
The Mean

Study aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of systemic cryotherapy on the rheological properties of the blood in women with rheumatoid arthritis. Study group: The study group consisted of 10 women with rheumatoid arthritis, aged 57.2 ± 9.4, who underwent systemic cryotherapy treatments (3 min treatment time, -120 °C chamber temperature, 10 treatment sessions - 5 times a week). Their average body height was 165.5 ± 4.6 cm, weight 68.5 ± 4.9 kg and BMI 24.8 ± 2.2 kg/m2. In order to analyze morphological and rheological parameters of the blood, venous blood samples were drawn from the participants of the study twice. The first study was held on the day of beginning treatments and the second test was conducted after a series of 10 treatments. Methodology: The morphological blood test - measurements were taken using the ABX MICROS 60 (USA) hematology analyser. Erythrocyte deformability and aggregation were tested using the LORCA analyser (Laser-assisted Optical Rotational Cell Analyser RR Mechatronics, The Netherlands). The results were obtained as the index of elongation and aggregation according to the Hardeman method (2001). Results: Analysing the average values of morphological and rheological parameters of the blood in women with rheumatoid arthritis in the study group, the mean values of RBC, Hct and AI following the series of 10 treatments were significantly higher after cryotherapy in comparison to the measurements taken before treatments. Analysing the mean concentrations of T½, there was statistically significant reduction after the series of 10 treatments. Conclusions: Regular usage of cryotherapy treatments may affect the levels of morphological and rheological parameters of the blood in women with rheumatoid arthritis - RBC, Hct and AI (increase) and T½ (reduction) in the blood. null

scholarly journals Бактеріальні показники продуктів забою курчат-бройлерів у разі збагачення раціону наномікроелементною кормовою добавкою «Мікростимулін» в аспекті ветеринарно-санітарної експертизи

2015 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
І. В. Яценко ◽  
В. М. Кириченко
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Experimental Group

Проаналізовано бактеріальну контамінацію умовно-патогенними та патогенними мікроорганізмамипродуктів забою курчат-бройлерів (білі і червонім’язи, серце, печінка, м’язова частина шлунку) в разізбагачення раціону наномікроелементною кормовоюдобавкою (НМКД) «Мікростимулін» протягом чоти-рьох діб зберігання за температури 0–4 оС. Встанов-лено, що найменший рівень МАФАнМ, БГКП, бакте-рій роду Proteus реєструвався в 3-й дослідній групі,курчатам-бройлерам якої задавали з водою 20 см3/дм3НМКД «Мікростимулін» у всіх досліджуваних продук-тах забою. Найбільший рівень МАФАнМ, БГКП, бак-терій роду Proteus реєструвався в контрольній групі,курчатам-бройлерам якої не задавали НМКД «Мікро-стимулін» з водою. Доведено залежність між дозоюНМКД «Мікростимулін» і кількістю мікроорганізміву продуктах забою птиці. The bacterial contamination of broiler chicken slaughter products (white and red muscles, heart, liver, muscular stomach) by conditionally pathogenic and pathogenic microorganisms when the ration of the chickens was enriched by nanomicroelement feed additive (NMFA) «Microstimulin» for four days of storage at 0–4 ºC has been analyzed. It has been found out that the lowest level of MAFAnM, BGIR, bacteria Proteus in all slaughter products under investigation was registered in the 3rd experimental group the broiler chickens of which were given 20 cm³/dm³ NMFA «Microstimulin» with water. The highest level of MAFAnM, BGIR, bacteria Proteus was registered in the control group the broiler chickens which were not given NMFA «Microstimulin» with water. The dependence between the dose of NMFA «Microstimulin» and the number of microorganisms in the products of slaughtering has been proved.

scholarly journals Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Sheep Carcasses, Effect Level of 2.5% Citric Acid Spray on Bacterial Contamination of Meat, and Hygiene Practices of Workers in a Selected Abattoir in Debrezeit Town, Central Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117863022110375
Author(s):  
Derebew Aynewa ◽  
Zemichael Gizaw ◽  
Aklilu Feleke Haile
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: Meat safety is important for public health. As part of the meat chain abattoirs are required to give attention to meat hygiene and safety in order to minimize hazards. Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the bacteriological quality of sheep carcasses, knowledge and hygienic practices of workers in a selected abattoir and to determine the effect level of 2.5% citric acid spray on total coliforms and aerobic bacteria load of raw sheep carcasses surfaces. Methods: A cross-sectional study design with structured questionnaire and observational checklists observation were used. A systematic random sampling technique was employed. A total of 50 sample swabs (25 swabs before citric acid spray and 25 after citric acid spray) were randomly taken from brisket, flank and rump of sheep’s carcasses. Swabs were moistened with buffered peptone water (BPW) and samples were taken by rubbing 100 cm2 (10 cm × 10 cm) area delineated by sterile aluminum template. In addition, we administered a structured questionnaire and an observational checklists to assess knowledge and hygienic practices of workers. Bacteriological quality of sheep carcasses were analyzed using the methods described by the US bacteriological analytical manual. Results: The mean count for aerobic bacteria of the sheep carcasses before and after citric acid spray were 7.2log10 CFU/ml and 6.4log10 CFU/ml, respectively. The test results also showed that 21 (84%) and 15 (60%) of the swab samples were positive before and after spraying citric acid, respectively. The mean counts for coliform bacterial of the sheep carcasses before and after citric acid spray were 3.5log10 CFU/ml and 2.9log10 CFU/ml, respectively. The mean total aerobic and coliform counts before and after citric acid spray were significantly different ( P < .05). Regarding the hygiene condition of workers, all the respondents reported that they always washed their hands with soap before and after entering the slaughtering room and 23 (53.5%) of the workers reported that they used hot water. Thirty-one (72.1%) of the workers reported that they do not used soap to wash hands after visiting toilet. Thirty-five (81.4%) of the production workers did not wear mouth mask while handling and distribute meat/carcass. On the other hand, all of the workers wore capes, gowns and boots at the time of the observation and only 18 (18.6%) of the production workers wore gloves at the time of the survey. Conclusion: The current study revealed that significant proportion of sheep carcasses were positive for total aerobic bacteria and total coliform. Moreover, the study also showed that spraying of sheep carcasses with 2.5% citric acid significantly reduced the total coliform and aerobic counts. However, we did not assessed how much spray results to this effect. Therefore, we recommended further studies to determine how much spray of 2.5% citric acid significantly reduce bacterial contamination of sheep carcasses. In addition, the abattoir has to follow the food hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system to minimize meat contamination during harvesting and processing. The abattoir has to also implement strict operation laws to improve hygiene conditions of the workers. In addition, the abattoir can minimize meat contamination using 2.5% citric acid as a decontaminant.

scholarly journals Ocular Risk Factors in the Primary Formation of Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
M. V. Pshenichnov ◽  
O. V. Kolenko ◽  
E. L. Sorokin ◽  
Ya. E. Pashentcev
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Main Group ◽  
The Mean

Purpose. Revealing of the ocular risk factors in the formation of diabetic macular edema (ME) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).Patients and methods. A 3.5-year research of 80 patients (160 eyes) with DM2 without signs of ME at the beginning of the research was performed. The main group consisted of 46 patients with ME symptoms on one or both eyes during the research period, the comparison group included 34 patients without ME symptoms to the end of the research. The initial ocular characteristics were retrospect compared in groups.Results. The mean value of the axial lengths (AL) in the eyes of the main group was 23.12 ± 0.75 mm compared to 23.82 ± 0.62 mm in the comparison group (significant difference, p < 0.01). AL was less than 23.5 mm in 66 % of the eyes in the main group and only in 22 % of the eyes in the comparison group (p < 0.01). The mean value of the initial macular retina volume in the main group was significantly higher than in the comparison group — 7.51 ± 0.22 mm3 and 7.21 ± 0.12 mm3, respectively (p < 0.01). Initial background diabetic retinopathy (DR) was noted in 73 % of the eyes in the main group, which significantly differed from the comparison group, where this index was noted only in 13 % of the eyes (p < 0.01).Conclusion. Significant ocular risk factors for the formation of ME in patients with DM2 are: the initial macular retina volume more than 7.3 mm3, the value of the AL less than 23.5 mm; the initial background DR. The use of the detected morphometric parameters of eye and retina in combination with an adequate assessment of the risk factors in human organism makes it possible to assume with high degree of probability a high risk of the primary formation of diabetic ME in patients with DM2. 

The influence of overall treatment time to the efficiency of chemo-radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Ekkasit Tharavichitkul ◽  
Panupat Rugpong ◽  
Nisa Chawapun ◽  
Razvan M. Galalae
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Intracavitary Brachytherapy ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Overall Treatment Time ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to clarify the influence of overall treatment time (OTT) on the efficiency of combined chemo-radiotherapy in cervical cancer.Material and methodsThis retrospective study enrolled 122 cervical cancer patients who had squamous cell carcinoma and had undergone definitive chemo-radiotherapy from 2009 to 2013. All patients received whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) with the dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions (with central shielding after 44 Gy) plus intracavitary brachytherapy with the dose of 28 Gy in four fractions. During WPRT, all patients received concurrent chemotherapy with weekly platinum-based regimen. The data of patient characteristics, OTT, treatment results and toxicities were collected and evaluated.ResultsThe mean follow-up time was 36 months. The mean age of patients was 52 years old; 68% of patients were stage IIB related to International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics staging. Pelvic control (PC), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates did not differ significantly in the data-derived cut points of 55·8 and 53 days. No statistically significant difference in treatment results between the two groups of OTT<49 and OTT≥62 days was observed.ConclusionsIn our data-derived cut point, OTT did not influence to PC, DMFS, DFS and OS. The influence of OTT on treatment results may be found in longer periods.

THE USE OF THE DRUG «JODЕS» TO REDUCE BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF EGGS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
P. V. Kulach ◽  
◽  
I. D. Kirpichev ◽  
M. I. Shopinskaya ◽  
I. M. Nityaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Shell Surface ◽  
Poultry Eggs ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Full Immersion ◽  
Small Scale Irrigation ◽  
Significant Concentration

In conditions of modern industrial poultry eggs are often contaminated with enteropathogens, on the surface of the shell there are such microbes as Salmonella, staphylococci and streptococci, intestinal and Pseudomonas aeruginosa sticks, Proteus, fungi, etc. Most industrial poultry farms are integrated enterprises operating on the principle of «vertical communication », which is characterized by significant concentration of poultry in limited areas, this in turn leads to sharp increasing of number of microorganisms on the egg surface, as well as an increase of their pathogenicity. The search for new effective and cost-safe drugs that meet all modern requirements is an actual and economically justified scientific direction. The aim of the present research was to develop effective modes and technologies of disinfection of eggs shell surface by preparation «Jodеs». As a result of the conducted research, high contamination of the shell by microflora, including CGB and mold fungi, was established. The regimes and technology of disinfection of eggs using the disinfectant «Jodеs» in 1% concentration were developed: with small – scale irrigation (wet disinfection method) – exposure for 3 hours; and full immersion for few seconds. It is established that the drug «Jodеs» in 1% concentration effectively sanitize the surface of the shell. Using this drug and compliance with its application can achieve protection of poultry from unwanted microflora.

scholarly journals Novel rotatable tabletop for total-body irradiation using a linac-based VMAT technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Losert ◽  
Roel Shpani ◽  
Robert Kießling ◽  
Philipp Freislederer ◽  
Minglun Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Supine Position ◽  
Total Body Irradiation ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy ◽  
Base Plate ◽  
Overall Treatment Time ◽  
Positioning Device ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Background Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) techniques have recently been implemented in clinical practice for total-body irradiation (TBI). To date, most techniques still use special couches, translational tables, or other self-made immobilization devices for dose delivery. Aim of the present study was to report the first results of a newly developed rotatable tabletop designed for VMAT-TBI. Methods The VMAT-TBI technique theoretically allows the use of any standard positioning device at the linear accelerator. Nevertheless, the main problem is that patients taller than 120 cm cannot be treated in one position due to the limited cranial-caudal couch shift capacities of the linac. Therefore, patients are usually turned from a head-first supine position (HFS) to a feet-first supine position (FFS) to overcome this limitation. The newly developed rotatable tabletop consists completely of carbon fiber, including the ball bearing within the base plate of the rotation unit. The patient can be turned 180° from a HFS to a FFS position within a few seconds, without the need of repositioning. Results The first 20 patients had a median age of 47 years, and received TBI before bone marrow transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. Most patients (13/20) received a TBI dose of 4 Gy in 2 fractions, twice daily. The mean number of applied monitor units (MU) was 6476 MU using a multi-arcs and multi-isocenter VMAT-TBI technique. The tabletop has been successfully used in daily clinical practice and helped to keep the treatment times at an acceptable level. During the first treatment fraction, the mean overall treatment time (OTT) was 57 min. Since no additional image guidance was used in fraction 2 of the same day, the OTT was reduced to mean 38 min. Conclusions The easy and reproducible rotation of the patient on the treatment couch using the rotatable tabletop, is time-efficient and overcomes the need of repositioning the patient after turning from a HFS to a FFS position during VMAT TBI. Furthermore, it prevents couch-gantry collisions, incorrect isocenter shifts and beam mix-up due to predicted absolute table coordinates, which are recorded to the R + V system with the corresponding beams.

Comparison of a closed system and an open system for blood collection in feline donors

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1121-1128
Author(s):  
Marie Binvel ◽  
Julie-Hélène Fairbrother ◽  
Valérie Lévesque ◽  
Marie-Claude Blais
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
Time Point

Objectives This research aimed to evaluate the performance of a closed blood collection system and to compare it with an open system in terms of feasibility, tolerability by the donor, quality of blood collected and bacterial contamination. Methods Eight feline blood donors were prospectively and randomly subjected to both collection methods. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated before sedation, after sedation and after blood collection. The duration of the donation, the formation of a hematoma, and the degree of hemolysis and packed cell volume (PCV) of each blood unit were evaluated. Aliquot samples were aseptically collected from each unit and tested for bacterial contamination by culture and PCR on days 0, 14 and 28 of storage. Results There was no significant difference between collection methods for HR and RR at any time point. Before sedation, the mean systolic BP was significantly higher with the closed system (closed 169 mmHg, open 137 mmHg; P = 0.003). The average duration of collection was significantly shorter with the closed system (closed 3 mins 10 s, open 8 mins; P = 0.035); however, the prevalence of a successful blood collection with a single venipuncture and hematoma formation were not significantly different between systems. The mean unit PCV was significantly higher with the open system (closed 31%, open 34%; P = 0.026). On bacterial culture, 15/16 units were negative at all time points (closed 7; open 8). Using PCR, 5/16 units were positive for Ralstonia species for at least one time point (closed 3; open 2). Conclusions and relevance Our designed closed system appears to be well adapted to feline blood collection and was well tolerated by the donors, performing similarly to an open system, and could represent a valuable clinical device for the development of a feline blood bank, namely feline blood storage.

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