Application of Purple Leaf Extract (Graptophyllum Pictum) In Wound Healing Process of Collagen Density

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Collagen Density ◽  
Purple Leaf

scholarly journals Antibacterial Test of Binahong Leaf Extract Ointment (Anredera cordifolia) Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria from Diabetic Wounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Risa Umami ◽  
Riwayati Malika
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Antibacterial Test ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Diabetic Wounds

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in glucose levels in the blood due to disorders of glucose metabolism in the body. The pancreas organ of people with DM has a weakness in producing the hormone insulin. As a result, the distribution of blood glucose to other organs of the body is inhibited so that glucose levels in the blood increase which causes DM sufferers to experience longer wound healing than normal humans. Binahong leaves contain alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids which have antibacterial activity which can accelerate the wound healing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of binahong leaf extract ointment (Anredera cordifolia) against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria from diabetic wounds. This research includes antibacterial test for binahong leaf extract ointment (Anredera cordifolia) with variations in the concentration of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the concentration of binahong leaf extract of 25% which resulted in a wound coverage percentage of up to 100%, namely at 30% ointment concentration. The conclusion of this study is that there was no wound closure for negative control and positive control in the form of oxytetracycline, the percentage of wound closure was 85%.

scholarly journals An assessment of the wound healing potential of a herbal gel containing an Azadirachta indica leaf extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
M Munir ◽  
SNH Shah ◽  
U Almas ◽  
FA Khan ◽  
A Zaidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbopol 940 ◽  
Gel Formulations

The objective of this study was to produce a Carbopol 940 based gel formula containing an Azadirachta indica leaf extract and evaluate its wound healing potential. The ethanolic extract was derived from the dried leaves of Azadirachta indica and was subjected to a phytochemical evaluation. Three gel formulations of Carbopol 940 containing an Azadirachta indica extract in three different concentrations, i.e., 1, 2, and 3% w/w were prepared. These gels were evaluated for their physical appearance, stability, antimicrobial activity, extrudability, skin irritability, pH, spreadability, and viscosity. The prepared formulas were stable, greenish and homogeneous. None of them showed irritation to the skin. The spreadability (g.cm/sec), viscosity (cps), and pH of all three formulations was 34.68, 53 270–65 400, and 6–7, respectively. Gel-III exhibited the highest antimicrobial potential against E. coli and P. aeruginosa with a zone of inhibition of 16.2 ± 0.6 mm and 15.6 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. It was revealed from the wound healing studies that the epithelialisation time for the Albino rabbits treated with Gel-III was 23 days. The Albino rabbits treated with Gel-I, Gel-II, a standard gel, and those with the untreated one (control), epithelialised in 27, 25, 26, and 34 days, respectively. A formulation containing 3% w/w extract showed better antimicrobial activity, physicochemical characteristics, and pharmacological parameters than the other formulations. It can be concluded that the wound healing process was faster with the gel formulation containing 3% w/w of the Azadirachta indica extract, proposing that this formulation is a promising candidate for wound healing.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GIVING BINAHONG LEAF (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) AND PAPAYA LEAF (Carica papaya) ON SKIN WOUND HEALING IN WHITE RAT (Rattus novergicus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Givenchy Winarjo ◽  
◽  
Fransiscus Arifin ◽  
Dave Oenarta ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
P Value ◽  
World Population ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World

Introduction: The incidence of acute and chronic injuries increases every year. Most injuries in the world population, as many as 48%, are caused by trauma or surgery. the highest incidence of wounds in the world based on the etiology was from surgery, which was 110.30 million cases. One of the handlings of wounds on the skin can be done by giving herbal medicines, which can be easily accessed by the public, such as binahong leaves and papaya leaves. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of giving 40% binahong leaf extract cream and 40% papaya leaf extract cream on the wound distance in the white rat wound healing process. Method: this study is an experimental study with post-test only control group design approach. The sampling technique used in this study was a random sampling method where the number of samples was calculated using the Federer formula, with a total sample of 28 white rats. The distance of the wound was measured using a micrometer. Results: Twenty-eight wound distance on rats were measured as subjects of the study and then treated with binahong leaf extract cream and papaya leaf extract cream, then the wound distance of each treatment was measured using a micrometer. According to the results, 40% binahong leaf extract cream and 40% papaya leaf extract cream showed better effectiveness in reducing the wound distance of white rat incision than the negative control group (cream base) and positive control group (gentamicin ointment). According to the Mann Whitney test comparing the P1 group (40% binahong leaf extract cream) and P2 (40% papaya leaf extract cream), p-value >0.05, which is 0.543, which means that P1 has no significant mean difference with P2. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in effectiveness between the treatment of 40% binahong leaf extract cream and 40% papaya leaf extract cream.

scholarly journals Syzygium Samarangense Leaves Ointment Enhances Wound Healing Process Of Skin Burn Based On Collagen

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Ain Yuanita Insani ◽  
Mega Citra Prameswari ◽  
Novail Alif Muharrom ◽  
Toyibatul Hidayati ◽  
Arista Prima Nugrahani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Collagen Formation ◽  
Organ Failures

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of death in 2014 caused by burns is 265,000. Burns can caused skin damage as well as other complication problems such as dehydration, infection, and other multiple organ failures. Syzygium samarangense leaves contain flavonoids and saponins that can increase the activation of macrophages and TGF-B which is important to accelerate the process of collagen formation and wound healing process. Objective: Knowing the effect of Syzygium samarangense leaf extract on the healing process of burn based on collagen. Method: This in vivo study use true experimental design. We made burns by placing a coin that already heated in oven at 70ºC for 10 seconds. Rattus Wistar as experimental animals dividedinto 6 groups (n = 4) with details of Group A (normal), B (positive), C (negative). Groups D, E, and F were the groups that given ointment extract topically in doses of 15%, 30%, and 45% each day’s. Termination is done on day 7. Test statistics by using Anova and Kruskal Wallis. Results and discussion: From this research, Syzygium samarangense leaf extract can reduce the wound area (p <0,05) and increase the amount of collagen (p <0,05). Conclusion: Syzygium samarangense leaf extract ointment can accelerate the healing process of burns. Keywords : Burns, Syzygium samarangense Leaves ointment, Saponin, Flavonoid, Collagen

scholarly journals The effect of 3% binahong leaf extract gel on the wound healing process of post tooth extraction

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Olivia Avriyanti Hanafiah ◽  
Diana Sofia Hanafiah ◽  
Rahmi Syaflida
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
And Control

Background: One of the common frequently performed procedures in dentistry is tooth extraction. After tooth extraction, a series of biological events occurs in the alveolar socket that ultimately results in healing of the socket. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) is an herbaceous plant that contains active compounds that may accelerate the wound healing process. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 3% binahong leaf extract gel on the healing process of the postextraction wound. Methods: 3% binahong leaf extract gel was prepared with the composition of 1 g carbopol, 1 g hydroxypropilmethylcellulose (HPMC), 4 g glycerin, 3 g triethanolamine (TEA), 0.04 g Nipagin, 0.04 g Nipasol, 1.2 g binahong leaf extract and Aq ad 40 g. A total of 18 people were subjected to tooth extraction and were then divided into two groups, with nine people in the binahong group and nine in the control group. Following that, residual socket volume (RSV) was examined on days 3, 7 and 14 after the extraction in both the binahong and control groups. The RSV value was obtained by calculating the mesiodistal x bucolingual width x the depth probing and measured using a calliper and probe. Repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon and dependent t-test (p<0.05) were used to analyse data. Results: Significant difference in the mean RSV between the control and binahong groups was observed on days 3, 7 and 14 post tooth extraction. The RSV value in the binahong group was lower when compared to the control group (p <0.05). Conclusion: 3% binahong leaf extract gel can accelerate the process of healing socket wounds.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Gel Ekstrak Daun Kerehau (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) Terhadap Penyembuhan Luka Pada Model Tikus Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Sansan Candra ◽  
Elis Susilawati ◽  
I Ketut Adnyana
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Diabetic Animal ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Diabetic Ulcer ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Accelerate Wound Healing

<p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p> </p><p>Luka diabetes adalah infeksi, luka dan destruksi pada penderita diabetes melitus. Daun kerehau secara empiris digunakan oleh suku Dayak Tunjung sebagai obat luka dan bengkak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gel ekstrak daun kerehau terhadap penyembuhan luka pada model tikus diabetes. Induksi diabetes dilakukan menggunakan aloksan dosis 75 mg/kg BB intravena. Model hewan diabetes dibuat luka dengan kedalaman 0,3 cm menggunakan scalpel steril pada bagian punggung. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi lima kelompok dan mendapatkan sediaan basis gel, Prontosan<sup>®</sup> gel, sediaan gel ekstrak daun kerehau konsentrasi 2,5%, 5%, dan 10%. Pengolesan gel dilakukan dua kali sehari selama 13 hari. Parameter penyembuhan luka dilakukan dengan mengukur panjang luka dan dinyatakan dengan persentase penyembuhan luka. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa dengan pemberian gel ekstrak daun kerehau dapat mempercepat penyembuhan luka pada model tikus diabetes dimana sediaan gel ekstrak daun kerehau konsentrasi 2,5% memberikan kesembuhan pada hari ke-13, sediaan gel konsentrasi 5% pada hari ke-12, dan sediaan gel konsentrasi 10% pada hari ke-9. Hasil juga menunjukkan rata-rata persentase penyembuhan luka pada kelompok konsentrasi 10% lebih tinggi dibandingkan konsentrasi 2,5% dan 5%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian gel ekstrak daun kerehau dapat menyembuhkan luka pada model tikus diabetes.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci:</strong>    Luka diabetes, daun kerehau, penyembuhan luka</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Effect of Kerehau Leave</em></strong><strong><em>s Extract Gel</em></strong><strong><em> to Wound Healing Process <br />  in Diabet Rats Model</em></strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>Diabetic wounds are infection, injury and destruction in people with diabetes mellitus. Kauhau leaves are empirically used by the Tunjung Dayak tribe as a medicine for wounds and swelling. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Kerehau leaf extract gel on wound healing in diabetic mouse models. Induction of diabetes is done using alloxan dose of 75 mg / kg BW intravenously. The diabetic animal model was made with a 0.3 cm depth wound using a sterile scalpel on the back. The test animals were divided into five groups and obtained base gel preparations, Prontosan® gel, preparations of Kerehau leaf extract gel concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. Gel application is done twice a day for 13 days. Wound healing parameters were performed by measuring the length of the wound and expressed by the percentage of wound healing. The test results showed that administration of Kerehau leaf extract gel could accelerate wound healing in diabetic mouse models where the preparations of Kerehau leaf extract gel with a concentration of 2.5% gave healing on the 13th day, preparations for 5% gel on 12th day, and preparations gel concentration of 10% on day 9. The results also showed that the average percentage of wound healing in the concentration group was 10% higher than the concentration of 2.5% and 5%. It can be concluded that administration of Kerehau leaf extract gel can heal wounds in diabetic mouse models.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>:  Diabetic ulcer, kerehau leaf, wound healing</em></p>

scholarly journals The effect of Avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) on the fibroblast cells of post-extraction dental sockets in Wistar rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Christian Khoswanto ◽  
Wisnu Setyari Juliastuti ◽  
Karina Awanis Adla
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
T Test ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Treatment Groups

Background: Tooth extraction, a common practice among the dental profession, causes trauma to the blood vessels during the wound healing process. The acceleration of wound healing, within which fibroblasts play an important role, is influenced by nutrition. Avocado leaves contain a variety of chemicals, including flavonoid compounds, tannins, katekat, kuinon, saponin and steroids/triterpenoid. Avocado leaves also contain glycosides, cyanogenic, alkaloids and phenols which function as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant agents. This avocado leaf content could be used as an alternative medicine to accelerate the wound healing process in post-tooth extraction sockets. Purpose: To determine the role of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) in accelerating fibroblast cells proliferation in tooth socket post-extraction. Methods: The sample was divided into four groups, a control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups used avocado leaf extract and 3% CMC Na solution which was inserted into the tooth sockets of Wistar rats. Both the control and treatment groups had their mandibula decapitated with all the required specimens being prepared on the 3rd and 7th days of the experiment. Mandibular decapitation and tooth extraction socket were prepared by HPA (Histology Pathology Anatomy) with Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining. The  fibroblast proliferation was analyzed by means of a light microscope at 400x magnification. The obtained data was analyzed using a t-Test. Result: The t-Test obtained a significance value 0.001 (p <0.05) between the control and treatment groups. The number of fibroblast cells increased in the group treated on the third day and decreased in the group treated on the seventh day. Conclusion: Avocado leaf extract (Persea americana Mill.) accelerates proliferation of fibroblast cells in Wistar rats post-tooth extraction.

scholarly journals Pengaruh gel ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia) 5% terhadap peningkatan osteoblas pada proses penyembuhan luka pasca pencabutan gigi tikus strain WistarEffect of 5% binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract in increasing the osteoblast amount at the tooth extraction wound healing process of Wistar rat

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Jannatus Salis Sa'diyah ◽  
Dewi Ayu Septiana ◽  
Nanda Nailul Farih ◽  
Juwita Raditya Ningsih
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
Control Group Design

Pendahuluan: Pencabutan gigi di dunia kedokteran gigi adalah tindakan yang sering dilakukan. Pasca terjadinya pencabutan gigi, maka tulang pada soket akan rusak. Penyembuhan tulang ditandai dengan terbentuknya sel-sel osteoblas baru. Daun binahong merupakan daun yang mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, asam askorbat, saponin, tanin dan asam oleanolik. Kandungan dari daun binahong dapat meningkatkan jumlah osteoblas pasca pencabutan gigi. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh pemberian gel ekstrak daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia) konsentrasi 5% terhadap peningkatan osteoblas pada proses penyembuhan luka pasca pencabutan gigi. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorium murni dengan rancangan post test only control group design. Subyek penelitian berupa 45 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok gel ekstrak daun binahong, kontrol negatif dan kontrol positif. Gigi insisivus sentral kiri rahang bawah dilakukan pencabutan gigi kemudian diaplikasikan gel ekstrak daun binahong 5%, CMC-Na 1% dan iod gliserin. Tikus diterminasi pada hari ke 3,5,7,14 dan 21 pasca dilakukan pencabutan gigi untuk selanjutnya dibuat preparat histologis dengan pengecatan hematoksilin eosin. Jumlah sel osteoblas dihitung dengan optilab dan software image raster. Hasil: Hasil uji parametrik one way anova menunjukan terdapat perbedaan jumlah osteoblas yang bermakna antar kelompok (p<0,05) pada masing-masing hari. Hasil LSD (Least Significance Different) menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (p<0,05) pada hari ke 5,7, 14 dan 21 antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kontrol negatif dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada hari ke 7 dan 14 antara kelompok perlakuan dan kontrol positif. Simpulan: Gel ekstrak daun binahong konsentrasi 5% berpengaruh dalam meningkatkan jumlah sel osteoblas pasca dilakukan pencabutan gigi.Kata kunci: Pencabutan gigi, gel ekstrak daun binahong, osteoblas. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tooth extraction is the most common treatment in dentistry. After tooth extraction, the bone in the socket will be damaged. The formation of new osteoblast characterises bone healing. Binahong leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, ascorbic acid, saponins, tannins and oleanolic acids. This research was aimed to investigate the effectivity of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaf extract gel with a concentration of 5% in increasing the number of osteoblasts at the tooth extraction wound healing process. Methods: This research was an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design. Forty-five rats were divided into 3 groups; binahong leaf gel group, negative control group, and positive control group. Mandibular left central incisive was extracted, then binahong leaf gel, 1% CMC-Na, and glycerin were applied on the wound socket in different groups. All rats then terminated at day 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 post-extraction and processed for the histological examination then coloured by haematoxylin-eosin. The number of osteoblasts was calculated by Optilab and raster image software. Results: The ANOVA test result showed significant differences in the number of osteoblasts among groups (p<0.05) on each day. The LSD (Least Significance Different) test result showed significant differences (p<0.05) at day 5, 7, 14, and 21 post-extraction, between binahong leaf gel group compared to the negative control group, and also at day 7 and 14 post-extraction between binahong leaf gel group compared to the positive control group. Conclusion: Binahong leaf extract gel with a concentration of 5% is effective in increasing the number of osteoblast in the wound healing process after tooth extraction.Keywords: Tooth extraction, Binahong leaf extract gel, osteoblast.

HUBUNGAN MOBILISASI DINI TERHADAP PENYEMBUHAN LUKA POST OPERASI SECTIO CESARIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Nurul Aini Siagian ◽  
Syafira Nusaibah ◽  
Andayani Boang Manalu
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Early Mobilization ◽  
Sectio Caesarea ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Healing Wound ◽  
Rapid Healing

Early mobilization includes factors that can affect the process of wound healing after surgery. Immediate mobilization in stages is very useful for the process of healing wounds and preventing infection and venous thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between early mobilization and the process of healing wound post operative sectio caesarea at Sinar Husni General Hospital Medan Helvetia. The research design used was analytic survey with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study used the Consecutive Sampling method of data collection using a checklist sheet conducted on a sample of 19 respondents. The results of the study in this study are the majority of respondents who did early mobilization and who experienced rapid wound healing process as many as 4 people (21%) while the minority of respondents who did early mobilization and who experienced slow wound healing process were 1 person (5.3%). The majority of respondents who did not mobilize early and who experienced a slow wound healing process were 11 people (57.9%) and a minority who did not mobilize early and who experienced rapid healing as many as 4 people (21.1%). Statistical test results obtained p value = 0.046 <0.005. The conclusions of the results of this study indicate there is a relationship between early mobilization and the process of healing post operative sectio of caesarea. Suggestions The results of this study can be applied as a reference to improve nursing care services, especially in providing counseling and assistance to patients.

Hubungan Status Gizi Dengan Proses Penyembuhan Luka Di Rsud H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Kabupaten Bulukumba

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Fitriani ◽  
Tenriwati
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test

At present, the incidence of injuries in Indonesia is quite high, as seen from data on traffic accidents in the general public. There are several factors that affect wound healing, one of which is nutritional status. Based on the preliminary data retrieval conducted by researchers in the seruni surgery room in the last 1 month namely in March, it was found that the number of wounded patients was 109 patients, where the number of men was 78 (71.56%) while the number of women was 31 ( 28.44%) The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between nutritional status and the wound healing process in RSUD. H. Andi. Sulthan Daeng Radja Kab. Bulukumba. This research uses the type of design of this research is quantitative research. This type of research uses analytic observational research with cross sectional approach. The sample of this study were 41 respondents taken by purposive sampling method. Data analysis in this study used the chi-square test (chi square test). The results of the analysis used the chi-square statistical test with a confidence level (α = 0.05). Based on the results of this test, the p value is 0.001, thus p <α (0.001 <0.05), then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the process of wound healing in RSUD. H. Andi. Sulthan Daeng Radja Kab. Bulukumba. Researchers suggest that this study be used as a material consideration in the fulfillment of nutrition in wound care patients in RSUD.H.A. Sulthan Daeng Radja Kab. Bulukumba and this research can be continued by conducting research related to the wound healing process and linking it with other variables.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document