scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SHELF LIFE OF SACHET WATER PRODUCED IN JOS NORTH, PLATEAU STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
OIGANJI Ezekiel ◽  
Zakka Junior Emmanuel ◽  
Ezra Bello
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Water Board ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Sachet Water

Sachet water has gradually become the most widely consumed portable water for everyone in Nigeria. This study aimed to assess physiochemical and bacteriological properties of selected sachet water brands. Random sampling method was used to collect data from 20 selected brands within Jos North Metropolis, the 20 selected brands served as sampling frame where by 3 brands were selected for the pilot study. The three brands selected as pilot study were; FEDCOF, LOANE and MCEDEN. The samples of sachet water were collected from the 3 different brands within 24 hours of production which were transported to Bauchi State Water Board for analysis. The parameters were analyzed following standard procedures to determine the physical chemical and bacteriological content of the samples. The physiochemical properties of the samples were analyzed, it was observed that  the following parameters: pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Total Dissolve Solid, Total Hardness, Conductivity, Alkalinity, Nitrate, Sulphate, Chloride and Iron were within the permissible limit, as compared to National Agency for Food and Drug, Administration Control  and Standard Organization of Nigeria standards. Furthermore, bacteriological analysis was carried out on the three brands of sachet, remarkable presence of Faecal coli form count and total coliform count were detected and were though above the permissible limit set by NAFDAC and SON. It can be concluded that FEDCOF, LOANE and MCEDEN brands of Sachet in Jos North should not be consumed, when it has been kept beyond six (6) weeks, if consumed it may cause illnesses like typhoid fever, hepatitis, gastroenteritis and dysentery.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Microbiological Assessment of Some Sachet Water Produced in Irele, Ondo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2877-2886
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Sachet Water

This study presents the result obtained from the quality assessment of some sachet water produced in Irele, Ondo State, Nigeria. Eight different brands of sachet water certified by the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) representing the western, northern, eastern, central and southern part of Irele were obtained, their physicochemical characteristics and microbiological parameters were investigated using standard analytical procedures to determine the level of agreement with World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) requirements for drinking water. The results from the Physico-chemical characteristics temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrate and chloride were in the range of 6.2 - 27.0 oC , 77.2-142.3 μS/cm, 7.40 -7.60, 47.7 - 99.5 mg/L, 11.3 - 51.3 mg/L, 13.20 - 70.0 mg/L, 0.8 to 2.5 mg/L and 0.01 - 0.02 mg/L respectively. The concentrations of iron, copper and manganese were in the range of 0.01 - 0.02 mg/L, 0.13 - 0.18 mg/L and 0.01- 0.6 mg/L. The concentrations of cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic were not detected in the sachet water studied except in sample H were their concentrations were 0.003, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.01mg/L, respectively. The microbial quality of the studied sachet water was within the WHO recommended standard. All the studied parameters have their values within the recommended limit set by WHO except for sample H with a manganese concentration above the set standard. There is a need for NAFDAC and other water monitoring agencies to focus on promoting the safety of drinking water, particularly sachet water. The Sources of water, production processes, and environment should be inspected regularly by monitory agencies to certify that there is no deviation from recommended standards.

PEMETAAN STATUS KUALITAS SUMBERDAYA AIR PERMUKAAN DI KOTA BOGOR DAN UPAYA PENGELOLAANNYA MENUJU KOTA SENSITIF AIR

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ramdhan ◽  
Suria Darma Tarigan ◽  
Yuli Suharnoto ◽  
Hadi Susilo Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Total Coliform

erkembangan Kota Bogor tidak bisa dilepaskan dari keberadaan dua sungai utama yang melewatinya, yaitu Sungai Ciliwung dan Sungai Cisadane. Aktivitas penduduk di sekitar Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Sungai Ciliwung dan Sungai Cisadane sangat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas air sungai, karena sebagian dari limbah buangan hasil aktivitas tersebut langsung dibuang disungai. Analisa ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas air Sungai Ciliwung dan Sungai Cisadane Kota Bogor pada tahun 2017. Data yang digunakan dari pengambilan sampel air di lapangan pada bulan Agustus di 10 titik pengamatan. Selanjutnya hasil dianalisa menggunakan Metode Water Quality Index (WQI). Parameter yang digunakan meliputi Temperatur, Total Dissolve Solid, Turbiditas, pH, DO, Nitrit, Amonia, Fosfat, Minyak dan Lemak serta Total Coliform. Parameter tersebut dianalisa secara insitu menggunakan alat portable Water Quality Checker juga melalui analisis laboratorium. dan hasilnya bahwa kualitas air yang masuk ke Kota Bogor mengalami penurunan setelah melewati area Kota Bogor.

scholarly journals An efficient low cost-low technology whole household water collection and treatment system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. I. Okogwu ◽  
F. A. Elebe ◽  
G. N. Nwonumara
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Most residents in developing countries suffer severe water shortage and often resort to self-supply. Unfortunately, some self-supply water sources contain disease-causing biological and chemical contaminants and require point-of-use (POU) treatment. However, recontamination and persistence of chemical contaminants occur, which defeats the aim of POU. This study aims to develop an affordable low technology system that effectively treats whole-house water sourced from borehole and rain without recontamination. Raw borehole water (RBW) was treated with KAl(SO4)2.12H2O (8.10 mg/L), Ca(OH)2 (68.21 mg/L) and NaOCl (1.875 mg/L) in two separate tanks and thereafter filtered through 5-micron and 0.5-micron carbon filters, and reverse osmosis system. The results showed that heterotrophic plate count (2,700 CFU/mL) and total coliform (378.00±21.25 MPN/100 mL) in RBW were reduce to zero, and total hardness was reduced by >83% after treatment and there was no recontamination. Chromium (0.05±0.002 mg/L), Cu (0.04±0.001 mg/L), Pb (0.09±0.001 mg/L), Fe (0.26±0.005 mg/L) and Mn (0.2±0.001 mg/L) in the RBW were reduced below detectable limits after treatment. The annual per capita cost of water treatment was estimated at N4,744.44 ($9.32) at per capita consumption of 100 L/day. Our technology shows exceptional promises in providing affordable and safe water to the entire household throughout the year.

scholarly journals An investigation of tap water quality in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
HO Salah ◽  
IM Sujaul ◽  
Md Abdul Karim ◽  
MH Mohd Nasir ◽  
A Abdalmnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Aspergillus Aculeatus ◽  
Purpureocillium Lilacinum ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Assessment of the quality of tap water at Kuantan area of Pahang, Malaysia was investigated. The parameters analyzed were total coliform, Escherichia coli, pH, total hardness, sulfate, and selected heavy metal based on drinking water quality standard Malaysia and WHO. The results showed that the fungi in the tap water in Kuantan area in different concentrations were Aspergillus sp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Penicillium citrinum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cerrena sp., Aspergillus aculeatus, A. flavus, Cryptococcus sp., Cladosporium perangustum, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Candida catenulata. The residual free chlorine varied from 0.05 to 1.97 mg/l.

scholarly journals Protocol for the Sri Lankan Cerebral Palsy Register pilot study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. e039353
Author(s):  
Thilini Madushika Heiyanthuduwage ◽  
Samanmali P Sumanasena ◽  
Gopi Kitnasamy ◽  
Hayley Smithers Sheedy ◽  
Gulam Khandaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Sampling Frame ◽  
Online Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The North

IntroductionCerebral palsy (CP) describes a heterogeneous group of motor disorders resulting from disturbance in the developing brain. CP occurs in approximately 2.1 per 1000 live births in high-income countries, but in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) the prevalence and severity of CP may be greater and aetiological risk factors different. In Sri Lanka, a LMIC, there have been no epidemiological studies of CP to date. Systematically collected data are required to identify opportunities for primary and secondary prevention, to plan and establish services to support children and adults with CP and their families and to act as a sampling frame for new research. Here we describe a pilot study protocol for a CP register in Sri Lanka.Methods and analysisThe aim of this study is to establish a CP register in Sri Lanka. We will use different surveillance methodologies in two provinces of Sri Lanka: hospital and community surveillance in the Western Province and community surveillance in the Eastern Province. A common record form will collect demographic, clinical and service data for children with CP <18 years living in these two provinces. Data will be transferred to a secure online data repository and used to describe the epidemiology of CP in these regions. We will describe the strengths and challenges of the surveillance mechanisms and estimate the resources required for ongoing hospital and community based surveillance in the Western and Eastern provinces and to include additional provinces across the country.Ethics and disseminationThis study has ethical clearance from The University of Kelaniya, National Health Research Council, the Institutional Ethics Review Committee of the Lady Ridgeway Hospital, Colombo South Teaching Hospital and the Director of the North Colombo Teaching Hospital. Results from this research will be disseminated through local and international conferences and through publications in peer-reviewed journals.

scholarly journals Study on Some Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Ground Water of District Rampur - A Statistical Approach

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susheel Kumar Sindhu ◽  
Amit Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Total Dissolve Solid ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Domestic Purpose

A systematic study has been carried out to explore the water quality index of ground water of various tehsils of Rampur district. Twenty five water samples from tube wells, open wells and hand pumps at various locations were collected and analyzed for pH, nitrate, turbidity, total dissolve solid, chlorides, total hardness, alkalinity and fluoride. In this study overall water quality of Rampur district is very poor and unsuitable for drinking purpose. Water quality of Bilaspur, Shahabad and Rampur city shows that water may not be used for drinking as well as domestic purpose. Present study recommends that the top priority should be given to water quality monitoring and indigenous technologies should be adopted to make water fit for drinking after treatment such as defluoridation, desalination.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physicochemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Water Samples of Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
A. O. Omonona ◽  
A. T. Adetuga ◽  
T. V. Solotan
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
National Park ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Permissible Limit ◽  
Grab Sampling ◽  
Microbiological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Edo State

Water is very crucial for the survival and maintenance of most living organisms. The quality of water available for plant, animal or human use cannot therefore be compromised. This study therefore examined the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of water samples in Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four waterholes (three rivers and one stream) for two seasons (dry and wet) using grab sampling technique. These water samples were analysed for physicochemical [temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, chloride, phosphate, sulphate, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)] and microbiological (total coliform and fungal counts) analyses using standard methods. Data collected were subjected to descriptive statistics and T-test at α0.05 and compared with WHO permissible limits. The result showed that the mean COD (both seasons) and BOD (dry season) were above the comparable WHO permissible limit while there was no significant difference in the values of all the physicochemical parameters across the seasons of sampling. Salmonella / Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus were observed to be absent while the total coliform and fungi counts were observed to be higher than the WHO permissible limit for drinking water. The detection of Escherichia coli in the water samples (except Arakhuan stream) is an indication of faecal contamination either of animal or human origin. There was significant difference in total heterotrophic bacteria (t=-4.936) and total coliform counts (t=-2.417) in the waters sampled. Constant monitoring of the waterholes and intensified sensitization of the surrounding communities on ecosystem conservation is needed to protect the park’s ecosystems.

scholarly journals Investigation of the effects of domestic waste on aquatic bacterial distribution in the Meric River (Edirne, Turkey)

Biologija ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonul Bulbul ◽  
Belgin Camur-Elipek
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Physicochemical Features ◽  
The City

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of domestic waste on aquatic bacterial distribution in the Meric River located in the city centre of Edirne (Turkey). For this purpose, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total coliform, faecal coliform, and Eschericia coli bacteria were examined in the river. Also, some physicochemical features (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, total hardness, magnesium, calcium, orthophosphate, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen) were measured at the same time with bacterial sampling. The Spearman correlation index was used to evaluate the correlation between the bacterial distribution and environmental features. According to the results of the index, it was found that bacterial distribution related with some environmental variables, but overloading of wastewaters from settlements lead to bacterial contamination. Furthermore, bacterial and physicochemical datasets were grouped using some multivariate analysis techniques (cluster analysis, principle components, and correspondence analysis). The results grouped the sampling localities by their bacterial, including physicochemical, features.

scholarly journals Linear Attenuation as an Indicator for Safe Water

2019 ◽  
pp. 235-247
Author(s):  
M. U. Mgbukwu ◽  
L. D. Christopher ◽  
A. J. Iseh
Keyword(s):  
Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Linear Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
A Value ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Plateau State

This study analyses the linear attenuation coefficient as an indicator for safe water, the study was carried out using various water samples from borehole, well and pond in two Local Government Areas namely, Jos North and Jos East areas of Plateau State, Nigeria. The samples were collected in a Perspex of volume 7cmX7cmX7cm and filled to a height of 3cm. Energy of 70kVp of X-ray was passed through the samples with an X-ray detector under the Perspex of water to get the different final X-ray doses. From the study the linear attenuation coefficient ranges from 0.2878cm-1-0.4270cm-1, 0.3074cm-1-0.4743cm-1, 0.3074cm-1-0.4743cm-1 for borehole, well and pond in that order. The study showed a strong correlation between the linear attenuation coefficient and turbidity, total hardness and density which follows a trend for different samples. The highest value of linear attenuation ranges from borehole, well, pond in that order. This study was able to get a value of linear attenuation coefficient for safe water which ranges from 0.40203cm-1-0.02414cm-1 which can be used to ascertain the quality of water.

scholarly journals Assessment of Anwai river water quality using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) in Delta State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 913-922
Author(s):  
Kate Isioma Iloba ◽  
Nelson Owese Akawo ◽  
Perry Irouoghene Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Weighted Arithmetic

The weighted arithmetic water quality index method was used to assess the water quality of anthropogenically-laden Anwai-river within the Asaba-capital territory of Delta State, Nigeria, in Stations 1(Otulu), 2(Isele- asagba) and 3(Anwai-Asaba) using pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, phosphates, nitrates, total hardness (TH) and coliforms, to determine its water quality status and its suitability for humans and aquatic biota. Aside from TDS, turbidity, and TH, other parameters such as pH (5.3-8.2), DO (2.0-2.8 mg/L), BOD (1.02-2.4 mg/L), EC (110-113 µS/cm), turbidity(2.3-5.2 NTU), TDS (8.0-16.0 mg/L), TH (30-62 mg/L), phosphates (0.13-0.28 mg/L), nitrates (0.05-0.27 mg/L) and Coliform (25.75-45.5 cfu/ml) indicated non-significant variableness (p>0.05) between Stations. Water depth, TDS, turbidity, TH, phosphate, nitrate and total coliform were significant contributors to the Anwai-river's water quality by Principal component analysis (PCA). The first principal component (PC1) exhibited 94.1% variance and a 0.1860 loading factor, while the second showed 5.9% variance and 0.0117 loading factor implying depth, flooding, excessive human activities and sewage disposal as important contaminants. Although the individual physiochemical-based water qualities were below the WHO recommended drinking water values translated into poor water quality by the weighted arithmetic water quality index at the three Stations; 86.83, 75.02 and 81.27 in Station's 1, 2 and 3 respectively, correspondingly poor to very poor based on Water quality index. The water of Anwai-river is a serious health threat to humans and aquatic organisms and thus, it should not be utilized untreated.

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