scholarly journals Isolation of Bacteriophage from Eggs and Use of Excreta as Biocontrol Agent in Controlling Eggs Related Salmonellosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Md Abu Sayem Khan ◽  
Md Muktadir Rahman Ashik ◽  
Sabita Rezwana Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Agar Layer

Poultry and poultry products are the leading causes of foodborne salmonellosis worldwide. Antibiotics are used to control Salmonella spp. in poultry but its uncontrolled use results in the emergence of resistant pathogens.The use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents to control antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria could be a possible alternative. The aim of this study was to isolate, characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of bacteriophages for reducingload of Salmonella spp. on eggshells. One bacteriophage named as Sal-PE, specific to Salmonella enteritidiswas isolated from poultry excreta. For isolation, samples were subject to an enrichment protocol and then double agar layer method was performed to detect plaque. It had the capability to survive in wide range of pH between 4 to 10and found to be resistant at 60°C for 1 hour. Sal” PE showed its lytic effect on 13 of the 15 (87%) isolates including Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium which were recovered from 50 poultry excreta samples. After enrichment and growth on selective media, isolates were identified based on cultural characteristics, microscopic observation and biochemical tests. Amplification of three different genes (invA, sdfI, fliC) were carried out tocharacterize those isolates in molecular level. All isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin, oxacillin and clindamycin but sensitive to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, cefixime and chloramphenicol. Lytic efficiency of Sal-PE was determined by observing the reduction in optical density due to destruction of pathogens. Though more studies are needed in order to evaluate phage effectiveness, our findingsare expected to help us in initiating the development of a better preventive approach to control the occurrence of Salmonella spp. on eggshells. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 37-44

scholarly journals Microbiological analysis of different categories of food items in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1351-1356
Author(s):  
M.A. Uddin ◽  
T. Jabin ◽  
E.A. Siam ◽  
M.T. Afreen ◽  
S.S. Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shigella Spp

Pathogenic microorganisms have been so far reported to contaminate a wide range of foods triggering food borne infections or intoxications including the enteric complications, abdominal pain, fever, bloodstream infection etc. The current study was attempted to observe the microbiological quality of some popular foods collected from different places of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Conventional cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests were followed for the detection and enumeration of bacterial isolates associated with these food samples. The investigation encompassed detection of total viable bacterial count (TVBC) and presumptive identification of other pathogenic bacteria from these samples. Higher counts of TVBC, coliform, Staphylococcus spp. and fungal load were recorded as 1.46×107 CFU/g (yogurt 1), 4.5×106 CFU/g (yogurt 1), 5.6×105 CFU/g (raw meat) and 2.9×103 CFU/g (sea fish), respectively. Fecal coliform was detected only in one out of ten samples. On the contrary Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Shigella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were completely absent. The antibiogram study showed that all the isolates were sensitive against Kanamycin and Azithromycin. Better sensitivity was also observed against Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacin. Varying degree of antibiotic resistance was also detected against Cefixime, Amikacin and Neomycin. Our study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the various categories of food samples for the safety of public health.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophage ZCSE6 against Salmonella spp.: Phage Application in Milk

Biologics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-176
Author(s):  
Abdallah S. Abdelsattar ◽  
Anan Safwat ◽  
Rana Nofal ◽  
Amera Elsayed ◽  
Salsabil Makky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

Food safety is very important in the food industry as most pathogenic bacteria can cause food-borne diseases and negatively affect public health. In the milk industry, contamination with Salmonella has always been a challenge, but the risks have dramatically increased as almost all bacteria now show resistance to a wide range of commercial antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate a bacteriophage to be used as a bactericidal agent against Salmonella in milk and dairy products. Here, phage ZCSE6 has been isolated from raw milk sample sand molecularly and chemically characterized. At different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001, the phage–Salmonella interaction was studied for 6 h at 37 °C and 24 h at 8 °C. In addition, ZCSE6 was tested against Salmonella contamination in milk to examine its lytic activity for 3 h at 37 °C. The results showed that ZCSE6 has a small genome size (<48.5 kbp) and belongs to the Siphovirus family. Phage ZCSE6 revealed a high thermal and pH stability at various conditions that mimic milk manufacturing and supply chain conditions. It also demonstrated a significant reduction in Salmonella concentration in media at various MOIs, with higher bacterial eradication at higher MOI. Moreover, it significantly reduced Salmonella growth (MOI 1) in milk, manifesting a 1000-fold decrease in bacteria concentration following 3 h incubation at 37 °C. The results highlighted the strong ability of ZCSE6 to kill Salmonella and control its growth in milk. Thus, ZCSE6 is recommended as a biocontrol agent in milk to limit bacterial growth and increase the milk shelf-life.

Incidence of Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, and Listeria monocytogenes in Poultry Carcasses and Different Types of Poultry Products for Sale on the Belgian Retail Market

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. UYTTENDAELE ◽  
P. DE TROY ◽  
J. DEBEVERE
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Contamination Level ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Poultry Products

From January 1997 to May 1998, 772 samples of poultry carcasses and poultry products for sale on the retail market in Belgium were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes per 100 cm2 or 25 g. Poultry samples were contaminated with Salmonella (36.5%), C. jejuni and C. coli (28.5%), and L. monocytogenes (38.2%). In about 12.3% of the poultry samples, the L. monocytogenes contamination level exceeded 1 CFU per g or cm2. Significant differences in pathogen contamination rates of poultry products were noticed between the poultry products originating from Belgian, French, and U.K. abattoirs. Poultry products derived from broiler chickens running free in pine woods until slaughtering age (12 to 13 weeks) had a significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower contamination rate of Salmonella than poultry products from enclosed broilers slaughtered at the age of 6 to 8 weeks. A significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower pathogen contamination rate was noted for Salmonella, C. jejuni, and C. coli for poultry cuts without skin compared to poultry cuts with skin on. An increase in pathogen contamination rate was noticed during cutting and further processing. To diminish C. jejuni, C. coli, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes contamination rates, hygienic rules of slaughter and meat processing must be rigorously observed. At the moment, zero tolerance for these pathogens is not feasible, and there is a need to establish criteria allowing these pathogens to be present at reasonable levels in the examined poultry samples.

scholarly journals The Survey of Microbial Quality of the Dry Sample, Extract and Brewing of some Medicinal Plants

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-482
Author(s):  
Razieh VALIASILL ◽  
Majid AZIZI ◽  
Maasome BAHREINI ◽  
Hossein AROUIE
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range

Medicinal plants may be exposed to a wide range of microbial contamination during pre- and post- harvest stages and they can present high microbial counts. In this study, the microbial quality of 44 samples of dry herbs namely: mint (Menthaspp.), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), summer savory (Satureja hortensis), zataria (Zataria multiflora), Indian valerian (Valeriana wallichii), their brewing and extracts were analyzed. Total count using plate count agar medium (PCA), coliform count by Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBL), Enterobacteriacea by Violet Red Bile Glucose (VRBG) were evaluated. Medium Baird-Parker agar (BP) medium and Tryptone Bile X-Gluc (TBX) medium were used for the isolation and enumeration of Staphylococcus aurous and E. coli spp. respectively. Furthermore, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar medium (XLD) and Bismuth Sulfite Agar medium(BSA) were used for detection of Salmonella spp. Fungal and mold contamination was assessed using yeast extract glucose chloramphenicol agar. The results showed that the contamination of the samples with total count (100%) and Enterobacteriaceae (85%), total coliform (83%), mold and yeast (98%) and E. coli ssp. (2.27) were detected, including in the study samples the absence of pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aurous, Salmonella spp. Moreover, the extract had a lower microbial load in comparison to dry herb samples. Also, the lowest and the highest of contamination rates were observed for Indian valerian and zataria, respectively. According to the results, there is a need to control the environmental conditions and improve hygiene in the production process; even more, it is recommended to choose a suitable decontamination method for disinfection during packing medicinal plants and during post-packing manipulation and transport.

scholarly journals Detection of pathogenic bacteria associated with earphones used by students of Stamford University Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Omor Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Md Raihan Ahmed ◽  
Md Raihan Dipu ◽  
Md Aftab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The use of earphones has increased in recent times throughout the world especially among the different level of students such as school, college or university who have a higher tendency of sharing these among them. Unlike airline headsets, headphones and stethoscope ear-pieces, ear phones are often shared by multiple users and can be a potential medium for transmission of pathogens, which can give rise to various ear related infections. The objective of this study was to detect the pathogenic bacteria from the ear-phones used by the students of Stamford University Bangladesh. A total of 16 ear-phone swabs were collected by sterile cotton swabs. The swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and incubated aerobically overnight at 37oC. Microscopic observation and standard biochemical tests were performed to confirm the identification of all the bacterial isolates. Six presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. (38%) were tested against six different types of antibiotics following Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were found to be 84% resistant against Cotrimoxazole and demonstrated 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin and Ciprorofloxacin. The findings of this study suggest the users to disinfect their respective ear phones and not to exchange them as they may act as a potential source to transfer pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria among the ear phone users. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 1-4

scholarly journals Phytochemicals: A Promising Weapon in the Arsenal against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1044
Author(s):  
Bahman Khameneh ◽  
N. A. Michael Eskin ◽  
Milad Iranshahy ◽  
Bibi Sedigheh Fazly Bazzaz
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Wide Range

The extensive usage of antibiotics and the rapid emergence of antimicrobial-resistant microbes (AMR) are becoming important global public health issues. Many solutions to these problems have been proposed, including developing alternative compounds with antimicrobial activities, managing existing antimicrobials, and rapidly detecting AMR pathogens. Among all of them, employing alternative compounds such as phytochemicals alone or in combination with other antibacterial agents appears to be both an effective and safe strategy for battling against these pathogens. The present review summarizes the scientific evidence on the biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of phytochemicals used to treat microbial pathogenesis. A wide range of commercial products are currently available on the market. Their well-documented clinical efficacy suggests that phytomedicines are valuable sources of new types of antimicrobial agents for future use. Innovative approaches and methodologies for identifying plant-derived products effective against AMR are also proposed in this review.

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from chickens that demonstrate probiotic properties of autoaggregation and coaggregation with Salmonella enteritidis

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
S Savvidou ◽  
J. Beal ◽  
P. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Probiotic Properties ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Live Bird

The association of salmonella infections with the consumption of poultry products and the fact that in the live bird the Salmonella carriage is mainly asyptomatic have led to a demand for finding ways of preventing infection of commercially reared poultry and product contamination (Revolledo et al., 2006). One approach is the use of probiotics. The probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria have been widely studied. Their capacity for adhesion to mucus, ability to autoaggregate and potential for coaggregation with pathogenic bacteria are potential mechanisms for providing a competitive advantage in the intestinal microbiota (Ghadban et al, 2002) and forming a barrier that prevents colonization of pathogenic microorganisms (Kos et al, 2003). In this study, a total of 53 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the contents of the crop, caecum and small intestine, and from the mucosa of the crop, jejunum and ileum of three organically farmed chickens, were examined for autoaggregation and coaggregation with Salmonella enteritidis.

Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Pesticide Solutions and on Treated Tomato Plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIFFANY T. Y. GUAN ◽  
GREGORY BLANK ◽  
RICHARD A. HOLLEY
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pesticide Formulations

The ability of Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella to survive or grow in pesticide solutions (Ambush 240EC, Benlate T-N-G, Bravo 500, Botran 75WP, Captan 80WDG, Parasol, and Vendex 50W) used by the horticultural industry was examined. In the laboratory, individual cultures were inoculated at 4 log CFU/ml in pesticides diluted with sterile saline to the lowest recommended spray concentrations. During 21°C incubation for ≤96 h, bacterial survivors in the samples and a control consisting of saline were enumerated either by agar surface plating or hydrophobic grid membrane filtration. Most formulations tested were somewhat inhibitory to the pathogenic bacteria. All inoculated bacteria survived or grew in Bravo 500. Among bacteria tested, Salmonella spp. were best able to survive and Listeria spp. were least able to survive in pesticide solutions. When the incubation temperature or pesticide concentration was increased, survival of Salmonella varied depending on the type of formulation. In the field, when a bacterial cocktail containing E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis was added to Bravo 500 at 6 log CFU/ml, both organisms were recovered from leaves and fruit skins of sprayed tomato plants after the recommended 1 day-to-harvest interval. E. coli and Salmonella survived longer on tomato leaves when sprayed in saline (at least 26 and 56 days, respectively) than when sprayed in Bravo 500 (&gt;45 h and &lt;15 days, respectively). While Salmonella serovars Typhimurium and Heidelberg grew in the fungicide Bravo, and Enteritidis grew in the insecticide Vendex within 96 h at 21°C in the laboratory, pathogen growth in other pesticide formulations did not occur. Higher temperature (≤30°C) or doubling pesticide concentrations had either no or a negative effect on Salmonella Heidelberg survival. Use of unexpired pesticide formulations may have contributed to the reduced bacterial survival and growth found in the laboratory and during the field trials with Bravo.

A Survey of Enterobacteriaceae and Resistance of Greater Rhea (Rhea Americana) Eggs to Experimental Contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Renato Clini Cervi ◽  
Maria Auxiliadora Andrade ◽  
Cíntia Silva Minafra-Rezende ◽  
Marcos Barcellos Café
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Rhea Americana ◽  
Greater Rhea ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Protective Structures

Eggs have protective structures against possible contamination by bacteria and fungi. Pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. are therefore rarely found in adequate sanitary conditions. Few studies about the contamination of ratite eggs have been reported, and although some studies have focused on ostrich eggs, there is no information about Greater Rhea ( Rhea americana) eggs. The microorganisms that contaminate ratite eggs do not differ from those that affect other bird species. The purpose of this study was to characterise contamination in 16 eggs, supplied by a commercial breeding facility, by Enterobacteriaceae contamination and to assess the in vitro resistance to experimental contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis using analytical tests following the guidelines of the Georgia Poultry Laboratory. These elements are critical to the storage period, quality and physicochemical parameters. The results revealed the presence of the genera Proteus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter and Enterobacter related to the location of nests. Greater Rhea eggs were also found to be highly resistant to experimental infection by Salmonella Enteritidis.

Use of Sorbates in Meat Products, Fresh Poultry and Poultry Products: A Review1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL C. ROBACH ◽  
JOHN N. SOFOS
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Sorbic Acid ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Potassium Sorbate ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Wide Range

Extensive research conducted in recent years has examined the efficiency of both potassium sorbate and sorbic acid (sorbates) as antimicrobial agents in a wide range of processed meat, and fresh and processed poultry products. In addition to their action against pathogens, effects of sorbates on product shelf-life, sensory qualities, and nitrosamine formation have also been examined in laboratory, pilot plant and commercial scale studies. The use of sorbates in these products appears to extend several benefits to both producers and consumers. Extensive studies involving bacon have shown a major reduction in nitrosamine levels associated with inclusion of potassium sorbate and reduction of sodium nitrite in the curing brine. Simultaneously, the low sodium nitrite/potassium sorbate combinations have maintained or even improved antibotulinal activity in temperature-abused products. In addition, potassium sorbate or sorbic acid have delayed growth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum in other products including cooked and cured red meat and poultry sausages. The compounds have also been shown to extend the shelf-life and delay growth of other pathogenic microorganisms in several products including bacon; cooked, cured meat sausages; cooked, cured or uncured poultry products; fresh poultry; and other meats, including dry cured and fermented products. Sensory evaluation studies have shown that sorbate levels recommended for use in these products (0.26%) do not have adverse effects on product quality characteristics. Allergic type symptoms attributed to experimental bacon from one study were not linked directly with either potassium sorbate or other formulation ingredients, and all available information does not indicate development of any adverse effects from use of sorbates at recommended levels. In summary, the results of studies conducted in meat products indicate that sorbates deserve consideration as potential alternatives to current formulations or processes involved in the manufacture of processed meat and fresh and processed poultry products.

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