scholarly journals Isopropanol to Hydrocarbons Transformation Particularities on Hybrid Zeolite H-ZSM-5 and H-Beta Systems

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
R. Brovko ◽  
L. Mushinskii ◽  
V. Doluda
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Colloidal Solution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Beta Zeolite ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Zeolite Sample

The continuous depletion of hydrocarbon sources contributes to a wide study of the use of biorenewable raw materials to obtain synthetic hydrocarbons from them. Isopropyl alcohol is traditionally produced by chemical hydration of propylene, however, with the development of biotechnology, broad prospects have opened for its production by fermentation of glucose-containing substrates obtained from agricultural and forestry waste. This way, isopropyl alcohol can also be considered as a bio-renewable raw material and it can be widely used for the production of chemical synthesis products, including hydrocarbons. One of the possible ways of processing isopropyl alcohol is the catalytic transformation of alcohols on zeolites and zeotypes of various natures with the formation of hydrocarbons. Currently, zeolite H-ZSM-5 and zeotype SAPO-34 are the most frequently used catalysts for the transformation of alcohols into hydrocarbons, however, their rapid deactivation due to the formation of a carbon residue remains an unresolved problem. The formation of core-shell structures with H-ZSM-5 zeolite in center and an outer shell consist of H-Beta zeolite with large pores can reduce the deactivation of zeolite because of increase in reagents diffusion rate. In this article is devoted to synthesis of ZSM-5/Beta sample with a core-shell structure, as well as a study of its catalytic and physicochemical properties. To form the H-ZSM-5 zeolite, a colloidal solution of tetrapropylammonium hydroxide, a colloidal solution of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, sodium hydroxide of distilled water was used. The colloidal solution was placed in an autoclave, heated to 140 °C and kept at this temperature for 48 hours, after which the crystals formed were centrifuged, washed with distilled water and kept in a 1M solution of ammonium nitrate for a day. Then, to form the H-Beta layer, H-ZSM-5 was suspended in a colloidal solution consisting of tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium chloride, a colloidal solution of silicon oxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and distilled water. The suspension was placed in an autoclave and kept at a temperature of 140 °C for 48 hours, followed by centrifugation, washing in distilled water, suspended in a 1M solution of ammonium nitrate, with repeated washing with distilled water, drying and calcining at 600 °C. Testing of the synthesized of H-ZSM-5/Beta zeolite sample showed a significant decrease in the rate of deactivation compared to the synthesized sample of H-ZSM-5; it is also necessary to note a slight increase in the fraction of liquid hydrocarbons for the sample H-ZSM-5/Beta.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan kulit singkong sebagai bahan baku pembuatan Natrium Karbosimetil Selulosa

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Shella Permatasari Santoso ◽  
Niko Sanjaya ◽  
Aning Ayucitra
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Degree Of Substitution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium ◽  
Alcohol Solvent ◽  
Cassava Peels ◽  
Cassava Peel

The use of cassava peels as raw material for Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose productionCassava peels are abundantly available and may be used as an lowcost cellulose source (80-85% cellulose per weight cassava peel). the study was to evaluate the effect of the concentration of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloroacetate, and temperature reaction on the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium-CMC) characteristics i.e. yield, purity, and degree of substitution in sodium-CMC preparation.  Sodium-CMC functional group was determined using FTIR spectrophotometer. Cassava peels was dried and grounded to 50 mesh. Lignin was eliminated from cassava peel by extraction of grounded cassava peel with 10% NaOH at 35 °C for 5 h. Cassava peel free lignin was then re-extracted using 10% of acetic acid and sodium chloride at 75 °C for 1 h, thus cellulose free hemicellulose was obtained. Alkalization at 30 °C for 90 min was performed by adding sodium hydroxyde at 10-40% to cellulose using isopropyl alcohol solvent. Following this, etherification was conducted by adding sodium chloroacetate of 1-5 g at 50-80 °C for 6 h. As result, the highest purity of sodium-CMC (96.20%) was obtained from alkalization using 20% of sodium hydroxide and etherification using 3 g sodium chloroacetate at 70 °C. Sodium-CMC yield was 22% and degree of substitution 0.705.Keywords: cassava peel, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium-CMC, etherification AbstrakKulit singkong merupakan sumber selulosa yang berlimpah dan murah, dengan kadar selulosa 80-85% dari berat kulit singkong. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memanfaatkan selulosa dalam kulit singkong sebagai bahan baku pembuatan natrium karboksimetil selulosa (Na-CMC), mempelajari pengaruh natrium hidroksida, natrium kloroasetat serta suhu pada karakteristik Na-CMC seperti perolehan, kemurnian, dan derajat substitusi, serta menentukan kondisi operasi optimum untuk pembuatan Na-CMC berdasarkan kemurnian Na-CMC terbesar. Gugus fungsi Na-CMC ditentukan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra. Mula-mula, kulit singkong dikeringkan dan dihancurkan sehingga berukuran 50 mesh. Kulit singkong diekstraksi dengan NaOH 10% di suhu 35 °C selama 5 jam, untuk melarutkan lignin. Kulit singkong bebas lignin diekstrak dengan asam asetat 10% dan natrium klorida dengan pemanasan 750 °C selama 1 jam untuk melarutkan hemiselulosa sehingga didapatkan selulosa. Alkalisasi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan selulosa dengan NaOH 10-40% dengan pelarut isopropil alkohol pada suhu 30 °C selama 90 menit, dilanjutkan eterifikasi dengan natrium kloroasetat 1-5 g pada suhu 50-80 °C selama 6 jam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, karakteristik Na-CMC terbaik didapatkan dari alkalisasi selulosa menggunakan NaOH 20% serta eterifikasi menggunakan 3 g natrium kloroasetat pada suhu 70 °C. Perolehan Na-CMC yang didapat adalah sebesar 22%, kemurnian 96,20%, derajat substitusi 0,705; termasuk dalam grade kedua menurut SNI 06-3736-1995.Kata kunci: kulit singkong, karboksimetil selulosa, Na-CMC, eterifikasi

Comparison of Acrylamide and Agar Gels by Freeze-Etching

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
Russell L. Steere ◽  
Eric F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Thin Sheets ◽  
Acid Cleaning ◽  
Agar Gels ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Water Cut

Thin sheets of acrylamide and agar gels of different concentrations were prepared and washed in distilled water, cut into pieces of appropriate size to fit into complementary freeze-etch specimen holders (1) and rapidly frozen. Freeze-etching was accomplished in a modified Denton DFE-2 freeze-etch unit on a DV-503 vacuum evaporator.* All samples were etched for 10 min. at -98°C then re-cooled to -150°C for deposition of Pt-C shadow- and C replica-films. Acrylamide gels were dissolved in Chlorox (5.251 sodium hypochlorite) containing 101 sodium hydroxide, whereas agar gels dissolved rapidly in the commonly used chromic acid cleaning solutions. Replicas were picked up on grids with thin Foimvar support films and stereo electron micrographs were obtained with a JEM-100 B electron microscope equipped with a 60° goniometer stage.Characteristic differences between gels of different concentrations (Figs. 1 and 2) were sufficiently pronounced to convince us that the structures observed are real and not the result of freezing artifacts.

Environmental benefits of magnesium hydroxide-based peroxide bleaching of mechanical pulp – mill results

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMI HIETANEN ◽  
JUHA TAMPER ◽  
KAJ BACKFOLK
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Transition Metal Ions ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Paper Machine ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Peroxide Bleaching

The use of a new, technical, high-purity magnesium hydroxide-based peroxide bleaching additive was evaluated in full mill-scale trial runs on two target brightness levels. Trial runs were conducted at a Finnish paper mill using Norwegian spruce (Picea abies) as the raw material in a conventional pressurized groundwood process, which includes a high-consistency peroxide bleaching stage. On high brightness grades, the use of sodium-based additives cause high environmental load from the peroxide bleaching stage. One proposed solution to this is to replace all or part of the sodium hydroxide with a weaker alkali, such as magnesium hydroxide. The replacement of traditional bleaching additives was carried out stepwise, ranging from 0% to 100%. Sodium silicate was dosed in proportion to sodium hydroxide, but with a minimum dose of 0.5% by weight on dry pulp. The environmental effluent load from bleaching of both low and high brightness pulps was significantly reduced. We observed a 35% to 48% reduction in total organic carbon (TOC), 37% to 40% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 34% to 60% reduction in biological oxygen demand (BOD7) in the bleaching effluent. At the same time, the target brightness was attained with all replacement ratios. No interference from transition metal ions in the process was observed. The paper quality and paper machine runnability remained good during the trial. These benefits, in addition to the possibility of increasing production capacity, encourage the implementation of the magnesium hydroxide-based bleaching concept.

scholarly journals Innovative processes in the production of inorganic bases and derived salts of current interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Alguacil ◽  
J. I. Robla
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Multiple Uses ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

AbstractAmmonia and sodium hydroxide are two important inorganic bases which served as the basis or precursors of other compounds with multiple uses. Some of their derived salts, i. e. ammonium nitrate, are of the paramount importance for daily life. Others salts, such as lithium carbonate, are gaining a primary role in the development of smart technologies, i. e. E-cars. This chapter described developments in the production of these useful compounds: ammonia, sodium and potassium hydroxides, related salts, i. e. ammonium nitrate, sodium and potassium carbonates, and finally, lithium carbonate.

scholarly journals Development and implementation of incident response near-infrared models for analyzing contaminated medicines containing diethylene glycol solvent

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (06) ◽  
pp. 1450035
Author(s):  
Lihui Yin ◽  
Xuebo Zhang ◽  
Xiaodong Li ◽  
Shaohong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Diethylene Glycol ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Prediction Performance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Incident Response ◽  
Quantification Model ◽  
Material Screening

Samples of preparations contaminated by diethylene glycol (DEG), diethylene glycol raw materials and laboratory prepared solutions were measured to get NIR spectra. Then the identification models were developed using the collected spectra and the spectra of distilled water, propylene glycol and the preparations without diethylene glycol. Besides, the quantification model was also established for determining the concentration of diethylene glycol in the preparations. Validation results show the identification and quantification models have ideal prediction performance. The emergency NIR models are rapid, easy to use and accurate, and can be implemented for identifying diethylene glycol raw material, screening the preparations contaminated by diethylene glycol in the markets and analyzing the concentrations of DEG.

Sedimentary Clays as Geopolymer Precursor

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 97-111
Author(s):  
F. Mostefa ◽  
Nasr Eddine Bouhamou ◽  
H.A. Mesbah ◽  
Salima Aggoun ◽  
D. Mekhatria
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Calcination Time ◽  
Calorimetric Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mechanical Performances

This work aims to study the feasibility of making a geopolymer cement based on dredged sediments, from the Fergoug dam (Algeria) and to evaluate their construction potential particularly interesting in the field of special cementitious materials. These sediments due to their mineralogical composition as aluminosilicates; are materials that can be used after heat treatment. Sedimentary clays were characterized before and after calcination by X-ray diffraction, ATG / ATD, spectroscopy (FTIR) and XRF analysis. The calcination was carried out on the raw material sieved at 80 μm for a temperature of 750 ° C, for 3.4 and 5 hours. The reactivity of the calcined products was measured using isothermal calorimetric analysis (DSC) on pastes prepared by mixing an alkaline solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 8 M in an amount allowing to have a Na / Al ratio close to 1 (1: 1). Also, cubic mortar samples were prepared with a ratio L / S: 0.8, sealed and cured for 24 hours at 60 ° C and then at room temperature until the day they were submited to mechanical testing. to check the extent of geopolymerization. The results obtained allowed to optimize the calcination time of 5 hours for a better reactivity of these sediments, and a concentration of 8M of sodium hydroxide and more suitable to have the best mechanical performances.

On-site sodium metal production with electrolysis by offshore wind or solar cell power generation for hydrogen generation

2009 ◽  
Vol 1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masataka Murahara ◽  
Kazuichi Seki ◽  
Yuji Sato ◽  
Etsuo Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Hydrogen Storage Material ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Sodium Metal ◽  
By Products

AbstractSodium metal reacts with water explosively to generate hydrogen. Therefore, sodium metal can have an important role as a hydrogen storage material. Seawater contains water most and sodium second. Seawater is electrolyzed by offshore wind or solar cell power generation to produce sodium; which is transported to a thermoelectric power plant on land and then is reacted with water to produce hydrogen for electric power generation. Sodium hydroxide, a by-product, is used as a raw material for soda industries. In the sodium production process, many by-products such as fresh water, magnesium, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid are produced. Thus, sodium metal is an economical, renewable, and sustainable fuel that discharges neither CO2 nor radioactivity.

scholarly journals Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment of corn stover with pH adjustment on properties of pulp and hydrolysate

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6826-6839
Author(s):  
Junjun Kong ◽  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Ziyi Niu ◽  
Rina Wu ◽  
Gaosheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Hydrothermal Pretreatment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
The Relationship

In view of environmental and economic issues, co-production technology with pulp as the major product is an important developmental direction in biorefinery. In this paper, high-yield pulp was prepared by hydrothermal pretreatment with controlled pH and subsequent mechanical refining using corn stover as raw material. By adding acetic acid or sodium hydroxide, the properties of the hydrolysate and the pulp were altered. Reducing the pH during hydrothermal pretreatment resulted in more cellulose and hemicellulose being released, while less lignin was released. Increased pH led to more lignin being released, while dissolution of carbohydrates did not change significantly. A maximum pulp yield at pH 5.84 of hydrolysate was obtained when 3.0% sodium hydroxide was used. The strength of pulp is highly related to the removal of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment. The relationship between pH value in hydrothermal pretreatment and the physical properties of the pulp was established and could be further used for prediction and as guidance for process control. Moreover, the results could be used to develop technologies for industrial utilization of agricultural straw to co-generate fiber and other bio-based products.

Study of Manufacture Process and Properties of Tailings and Slag Based Geopolymers

2010 ◽  
Vol 156-157 ◽  
pp. 803-807
Author(s):  
Fu Sheng Niu ◽  
Shan Shan Zhou ◽  
Shu Xian Liu ◽  
Jin Xia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Silicate Concentration ◽  
High Compressive Strength ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Manufacture Process ◽  
Alkali Activated

The tailings and slag based geopolymers was prepared by sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide alkali-activated tailings and slag. The compressive strength in 7 d under different raw material proportion were tested. The result indicated that tailings and slag based geopolymers has high compressive strength . As the tailings in slag is 80%, the compressive strength in 7d can reach 45.10 MPa . As the Na2SiO3 to NaOH ratio is 0.5, the compressive strength in 7d can reach 63.79 MPa. As the NaOH and sodium silicate concentration in the solution is 35%, the compressive strength in 7d can reach 38.35 MPa respectively; As the curing period is 14 d , the compressive strength can reach 71.25 MPa. As the steel scoria in solid is 20%, the compressive strength in 7d can reach 61.86 MPa respectively.

Leaching from the stratum corneum does not explain the previously reported elevated potassium ion concentration in sweat

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Buono ◽  
Michael Stone ◽  
Daniel T. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Cleansing

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if KTwelve (six female, six male) healthy volunteers participated in this study. After thorough skin cleansing and preparation with isopropyl alcohol and high-performance liquid chromatography-grade distilled water, three sites were chosen and a 50 μL drop of artificial sweat was pipetted directly onto the skin. The artificial sweat had a [KThe mean (±SD) [KThese results do not support the hypothesis that significant K

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