scholarly journals Intestinal Bacteria Encapsulated by Biomaterials Enhance Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilun Liu ◽  
Zhongmin Li ◽  
Yuanyu Wu ◽  
Xiabin Jing ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Pathogenic Effects ◽  
Application Prospects

The human intestine contains thousands of bacterial species essential for optimal health. Aside from their pathogenic effects, these bacteria have been associated with the efficacy of various treatments of diseases. Due to their impact on many human diseases, intestinal bacteria are receiving increasing research attention, and recent studies on intestinal bacteria and their effects on treatments has yielded valuable results. Particularly, intestinal bacteria can affect responses to numerous forms of immunotherapy, especially cancer therapy. With the development of precision medicine, understanding the factors that influence intestinal bacteria and how they can be regulated to enhance immunotherapy effects will improve the application prospects of intestinal bacteria therapy. Further, biomaterials employed for the convenient and efficient delivery of intestinal bacteria to the body have also become a research hotspot. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on the regulatory role of intestinal bacteria in immunotherapy, focusing on immune cells they regulate. We also summarize biomaterials used for their delivery.

scholarly journals Modulation of Macrophages M1/M2 Polarization Using Carbohydrate-Functionalized Polymeric Nanoparticles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Raquel G. D. Andrade ◽  
Bruno Reis ◽  
Benjamin Costas ◽  
Sofia A. Costa Lima ◽  
Salette Reis
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Interaction Mechanism ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
The Body ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Efficient Delivery

Exploiting surface endocytosis receptors using carbohydrate-conjugated nanocarriers brings outstanding approaches to an efficient delivery towards a specific target. Macrophages are cells of innate immunity found throughout the body. Plasticity of macrophages is evidenced by alterations in phenotypic polarization in response to stimuli, and is associated with changes in effector molecules, receptor expression, and cytokine profile. M1-polarized macrophages are involved in pro-inflammatory responses while M2 macrophages are capable of anti-inflammatory response and tissue repair. Modulation of macrophages’ activation state is an effective approach for several disease therapies, mediated by carbohydrate-coated nanocarriers. In this review, polymeric nanocarriers targeting macrophages are described in terms of production methods and conjugation strategies, highlighting the role of mannose receptor in the polarization of macrophages, and targeting approaches for infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and prevention. Translation of this nanomedicine approach still requires further elucidation of the interaction mechanism between nanocarriers and macrophages towards clinical applications.

scholarly journals Role of Stress on Women’s Health: Causes and Prevention

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Razia Saleem ◽  
Shamsul Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
General Condition ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poor Health ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
After Hours ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intense Research

In recent years, stress has been the focus of intense research attention. Stress is a misfit between the demands of the environment and the individual’s abilities; the imbalance may be corrected, according to the situation, either by adjusting external demands to fit the individual or by strengthening the individual’s ability to cope or both. Everyone is exposed to stress, and a great number of people have experienced the traces of stress. Women are socialized to be the caretakers of others. More women than men have both a career outside the home and continue to try to juggle traditional responsibilities after hours. It has often been shown that women are the worriers and often do not make time to manage their health and take care of themselves. Stress is on the rise for women as they struggle to find a balance between their homes and careers. The recession has caused a greater need for women to work outside of the home to support their families. Health is a general condition of the body or mind with reference to soundness and vigor; it will be reflected by good or poor health. A poor health affects our mind, as a stressed life affects our health. The struggle that women confront each days trying to achieve the standards of being a daughter, women, wife, mother, house, and/ or career keeper puts us in a vulnerable position of presenting stress effects that may affect our health. And there are some preventive measures to cope with stress such as meditation, yoga, quality time etc.

scholarly journals Selenium and vascular health

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan A. Sneddon
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vascular Health ◽  
Vascular Cells ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
Oxidative Challenge ◽  
Se Status

Selenium (Se) is an important dietary micronutrient required for sustaining optimal health. Se is incorporated into proteins, many of which are antioxidants that protect the body against oxidative damage. As oxidative damage may contribute to the development of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), Se has been proposed to provide a protective role against this disease. Studies in vitro and in animals continue to provide increasing insight into the role of Se in promoting vascular health and ameliorating CVD. Se within vascular cells limits the adhesion together of such cells, an important early step in the development of vascular disease. Organic forms of Se may also afford vascular cells greater protection against oxidative challenge compared to inorganic forms. Nevertheless, current studies in humans investigating the relationship between Se and CVD have so far proved equivocal; larger randomized trials with different Se exposures in populations spanning the broad physiological Se status are needed to determine the criteria whereby Se may influence CVD outcome within different populations. Further studies are also needed to explore the effects of different Se species and the role of different selenoprotein genotypes in modifying Se status and their resultant impact on cardiovascular function.

scholarly journals Bacteroides ovatus as the Predominant Commensal Intestinal Microbe Causing a Systemic Antibody Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Saitoh ◽  
Satoshi Noda ◽  
Yuji Aiba ◽  
Atsushi Takagi ◽  
Mitsuo Sakamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Bacteroides Ovatus

ABSTRACT To clarify what bacterial species of commensal intestinal microbes are recognized as the antigens that induce a serum antibody response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 72 subjects consisting of 12 Crohn’s disease patients, 30 ulcerative colitis patients, and 30 healthy volunteers were examined for their titers of serum antibody to these intestinal bacteria. In IBD patients, as a result, significant elevations of both the immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA titers to Bacteroides ovatus were found. Immunoblotting showed that a definite 19.5-kDa band of B. ovatus was bound to the serum antibody raised in IBD patients. It was thus concluded that B. ovatus causes serum antibody responses in IBD patients, and a 19.5-kDa molecule of this bacterium appears to be the responsible antigen, although the role of this event in pathogenesis remains unclear.

scholarly journals Inulin-type fructans and bone health: state of the art and perspectives in the management of osteoporosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (S1) ◽  
pp. S111-S123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Coxam
Keyword(s):  
Bone Health ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health State ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Osteoporosis Prevention ◽  
Optimal Health

If the primary role of diet is to provide sufficient nutrients to meet the metabolic requirements of an individual, there is an emerging rationale to support the hypothesis that, by modulating specific target functions in the body, it can help achieve optimal health. Regarding osteoporosis prevention, since Ca is most likely to be inadequate in terms of dietary intake, every strategy targeting an improvement in Ca absorption is very interesting. Actually, this process may be susceptible to manipulation by fermentable substrates. In this light, inulin-type fructans are very interesting, even if we need to gather more data targeting bone metabolism before health professionals can actively advocate their consumption to prevent senile osteoporosis. Besides targeting the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, inulin-type fructans still remain a source for putative innovative dietary health intervention. Indeed, given in combination with isoflavones, they may have a potential for maintaining or improving the bone mass of human subjects, by modulating the bioavailability of phyto-oestrogens.

Reviewing Propolis with Multi-components in the Treatment of Oral Diseases through Multi-pathways and Multi-targets

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Li ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Guokai Wang ◽  
Yaotian Tao ◽  
Xiangwei Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Broad Application ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Application Prospects

: Propolis is a natural product made from the mixture of plant resin, saliva and wax collected by bees. It has been studied and concerned because of its high medicinal value and broad application prospects. Propolis has complex components, which can act on the body through multi-pathways and multi-targets to play the role of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and so on, and can be used as an important resource for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. In this review, we mainly reviewed components of propolis and their physiological activities against oral diseases, as well as the new dosage forms and applications of propolis in oral treatment. The purpose of this review is to explore the advantages of propolis in the treatment of oral diseases and the wide application of propolis in the field of oral health.

scholarly journals Interactions between Host Immunity and Skin-Colonizing Staphylococci: No Two Siblings Are Alike

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Joon Park ◽  
Chae Won Kim ◽  
Heung Kyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermis ◽  
Skin Commensals

As the outermost layer of the body, the skin harbors innumerable and varied microorganisms. These microorganisms interact with the host, and these interactions contribute to host immunity. One of the most abundant genera of skin commensals is Staphylococcus. Bacteria belonging to this genus are some of the most influential commensals that reside on the skin. For example, colonization by Staphylococcus aureus, a well-known pathogen, increases inflammatory responses within the skin. Conversely, colonization by Staphylococcus epidermis, a coagulase-negative staphylococcal species that are prevalent throughout the skin, can be innocuous or beneficial. Thus, manipulating the abundance of these two bacterial species likely alters the skin microbiome and modulates the cutaneous immune response, with potential implications for various inflammation-associated skin diseases. Importantly, before researchers can begin manipulating the skin microbiome to prevent and treat disease, they must first fully understand how these two species can modulate the cutaneous immune response. In this review, we discuss the nature of the interactions between these two bacterial species and immune cells within the skin, discussing their immunogenicity within the context of skin disorders.

scholarly journals Role of Bacterial Flora in Oral Cancer- An Insight

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ananthalakshmi ◽  
M Priya ◽  
Nadeem Jeddy ◽  
LJ Sailakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Carcinoma ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Organ Systems

The human body contains about 1014 bacteria which usually colonise different parts of the body. The bacterial flora is important for a person’s health as well as normal functioning of tissue and organ systems. Bacteria are single celled organisms and are found on almost all surfaces of human body. They act in synergy with host immune mechanism and provide protection against various undesirable foreign invasions, especially in the oral cavity, where they exist in a diversified form which survive in a symbiotic relationship with the host. When there is a disturbance in this equilibrium due to various factors like trauma or tobacco smoking, betel nut chewing and alcohol intake, which makes the mucous membrane more permeable to invading microorganisms, these commensal bacterial species can become virulent and give rise to oral diseases ranging from dental caries to oral carcinoma. The effects of these bacteria can be either direct or indirect initiation of chronic inflammation, formation of procarcinogens that contribute to the development of oral carcinoma. This article focuses on the role of oral bacterial flora in initiation and progression of oral carcinogenesis. Various bacterial and fungal species associated with oral carcinoma and predominant bacterial species in oral cavity and oropharyngeal region along with measures to prevent their adverse effects are described.

scholarly journals The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsav P. Tiwari ◽  
Stephen A. Fleming ◽  
Muhammed S. Abdul Rasheed ◽  
R. Jha ◽  
Ryan N. Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Immune Organ ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Cereal Grain

Abstract Apart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.

Activation of HCAR2 by niacin: benefits beyond lipid lowering

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 1143-1150
Author(s):  
Sony Tuteja
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Lipid Lowering Agent

Niacin (nicotinic acid) is a potent lipid-lowering agent that has been used for prevention of coronary heart disease. Niacin activates the HCAR2 receptor found on adipocytes, macrophages and various immune cells throughout the body. Activation of the HCAR2 receptor by niacin results in beneficial anti-inflammatory effects that are independent of lipid lowering. This review summarizes the use of niacin in treatment of dyslipidemia, the pharmacogenetics of niacin response and the potential role of HCAR2 signaling in the treatment of a variety of inflammatory and metabolic diseases.

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