scholarly journals SARS CoV-2 Organotropism Associated Pathogenic Relationship of Gut-Brain Axis and Illness

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pottathil Shinu ◽  
Mohamed A. Morsy ◽  
Pran Kishore Deb ◽  
Anroop B. Nair ◽  
Manoj Goyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Enteric Infection ◽  
Pneumonia Patient ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Maculopapular Exanthema

COVID-19 has resulted in a pandemic after its first appearance in a pneumonia patient in China in early December 2019. As per WHO, this global outbreak of novel COVID-19 has resulted in 28,329,790 laboratory-confirmed cases and 911,877 deaths which have been reported from 210 countries as on 12th Sep 2020. The major symptoms at the beginning of COVID-19 are fever (98%), tussis (76%), sore throat (17%), rhinorrhea (2%), chest pain (2%), and myalgia or fatigue (44%). Furthermore, acute respiratory distress syndrome (61.1%), cardiac dysrhythmia (44.4%), shock (30.6%), hemoptysis (5%), stroke (5%), acute cardiac injury (12%), acute kidney injury (36.6%), dermatological symptoms with maculopapular exanthema (36.1%), and death can occur in severe cases. Even though human coronavirus (CoV) is mainly responsible for the infections of the respiratory tract, some studies have shown CoV (in case of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS) to possess potential to spread to extra-pulmonary organs including the nervous system as well as gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Patients infected with COVID-19 have also shown symptoms associated with neurological and enteric infection like disorders related to smell/taste, loss of appetite, nausea, emesis, diarrhea, and pain in the abdomen. In the present review, we attempt to evaluate the understanding of basic mechanisms involved in clinical manifestations of COVID-19, mainly focusing on interaction of COVID-19 with gut-brain axis. This review combines both biological characteristics of the virus and its clinical manifestations in order to comprehend an insight into the fundamental potential mechanisms of COVID-19 virus infection, and thus endorse in the advancement of prophylactic and treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Use of Antioxidants for the Neuro-Therapeutic Management of COVID-19

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez ◽  
Cindy Bandala ◽  
América Vanoye-Carlo ◽  
Iván Ignacio-Mejía ◽  
Saúl Gómez-Manzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Tissue Damage

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an emergent infectious disease that has caused millions of deaths throughout the world. COVID-19 infection’s main symptoms are fever, cough, fatigue, and neurological manifestations such as headache, myalgias, anosmia, ageusia, impaired consciousness, seizures, and even neuromuscular junctions’ disorders. In addition, it is known that this disease causes a series of systemic complications such as adverse respiratory distress syndrome, cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, and liver dysfunction. Due to the neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, damage in the central nervous system has been suggested as well as the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. It is known that CoV infections are associated with an inflammation process related to the imbalance of the antioxidant system; cellular changes caused by oxidative stress contribute to brain tissue damage. Although anti-COVID-19 vaccines are under development, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19 and its clinical manifestations and complications; only supportive treatments with immunomodulators, anti-vascular endothelial growth factors, modulating drugs, statins, or nutritional supplements have been used. In the present work, we analyzed the potential of antioxidants as adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19 and specifically their possible role in preventing or decreasing the neurological manifestations and neurological complications present in the disease.

scholarly journals Role of advanced imaging in COVID-19 cardiovascular complications

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Catapano ◽  
Livia Marchitelli ◽  
Giulia Cundari ◽  
Francesco Cilia ◽  
Giuseppe Mancuso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multimodality Imaging ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Cardiovascular Involvement ◽  
Diagnostic Delays

AbstractClinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients are dominated by respiratory symptoms, but cardiac complications are commonly observed and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Underlying pathological mechanisms of cardiac injury are still not entirely elucidated, likely depending on a combination of direct viral damage with an uncontrolled immune activation. Cardiac involvement in these patients ranges from a subtle myocardial injury to cardiogenic shock. Advanced cardiac imaging plays a key role in discriminating the broad spectrum of differential diagnoses. Present article aims to review the value of advanced multimodality imaging in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2-related cardiovascular involvement and its essential role in risk stratification and tailored treatment strategies. Based on our experience, we also sought to suggest possible diagnostic algorithms for the rationale utilization of advanced imaging tools, such as cardiac CT and CMR, avoiding unnecessary examinations and diagnostic delays.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19-Related Acute Kidney Injury—The Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7082
Author(s):  
Iwona Smarz-Widelska ◽  
Ewelina Grywalska ◽  
Izabela Morawska ◽  
Alicja Forma ◽  
Adam Michalski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Current State ◽  
Post Mortem Findings

The continually evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in a vast number of either acute or chronic medical impairments of a pathophysiology that is not yet fully understood. SARS-CoV-2 tropism for the organs is associated with bilateral organ cross-talks as well as targeted dysfunctions, among which acute kidney injury (AKI) seems to be highly prevalent in infected patients. The need for efficient management of COVID-related AKI patients is an aspect that is still being investigated by nephrologists; however, another reason for concern is a disturbingly high proportion of various types of kidney dysfunctions in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. Even though the clinical picture of AKI and COVID-related AKI seems to be quite similar, it must be considered that regarding the latter, little is known about both the optimal management and long-term consequences. These discrepancies raise an urgent need for further research aimed at evaluating the molecular mechanisms associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced kidney damage as well as standardized management of COVID-related AKI patients. The following review presents a comprehensive and most-recent insight into the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, recommended patient management, treatment strategies, and post-mortem findings in patients with COVID-related AKI.

scholarly journals Perspectives on the relationship of renal disease and coronavirus disease 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e22-e22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banafsheh Yalameha ◽  
Bijan Roshan ◽  
Lakkakula VKS Bhaskar ◽  
Leila Mohmoodnia
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Kidney Function ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Patients ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a pandemic and its death toll is rocketing up. Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of developing COVID-19 complications and COVID-19 infection can also lead to renal dysfunction. Considering the importance of kidney function in COVID-19 patients, the present review is aimed to dig into the available evidence about kidney and COVID-19. We summarize the mechanisms underlying the renal injury in COVID-19 patients, and treatment strategies in dialysis and kidney transplant patients. We conclude, it is imperative to highlight the early monitoring of patients with AKI and carefully control kidney function during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) infection.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Viral Sepsis: Immune Dysfunction and Implications in Kidney Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 4057
Author(s):  
Alessandra Stasi ◽  
Giuseppe Castellano ◽  
Elena Ranieri ◽  
Barbara Infante ◽  
Giovanni Stallone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Cardiac Injury ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first emerged in Wuhan, China. The clinical manifestations of patients infected with COVID-19 include fever, cough, and dyspnea, up to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute cardiac injury. Thus, a lot of severe patients had to be admitted to intensive care units (ICU). The pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are mediated by the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spikes to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. The overexpression of human ACE-2 is associated with the disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating that viral entry into cells is a pivotal step. Although the lung is the organ that is most commonly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection, acute kidney injury (AKI), heart dysfunction and abdominal pain are the most commonly reported co-morbidities of COVID-19. The occurrence of AKI in COVID-19 patients might be explained by several mechanisms that include viral cytopathic effects in renal cells and the host hyperinflammatory response. In addition, kidney dysfunction could exacerbate the inflammatory response started in the lungs and might cause further renal impairment and multi-organ failure. Mounting recent evidence supports the involvement of cardiovascular complications and endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 syndrome, in addition to respiratory disease. To date, there is no vaccine, and no specific antiviral medicine has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating COVID-19. The removal of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the shutdown of the cytokine storm could ameliorate the clinical outcome in severe COVID-19 cases. Therefore, several interventions that inhibit viral replication and the systemic inflammatory response could modulate the severity of the renal dysfunction and increase the probability of a favorable outcome.

scholarly journals Cisplatin-Induced Rodent Model of Kidney Injury: Characteristics and Challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Perše ◽  
Željka Večerić-Haler
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity ◽  
Dosage Regimens ◽  
Chronic Kidney Injury ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Cisplatin is an antitumor drug used in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies. However, its primary dose-limiting side effect is kidney injury, which is a major clinical concern. To help understand mechanisms involved in the development of kidney injury, cisplatin rodent model has been developed. Given the complex pathogenesis of kidney injury, which involves both local events in the kidney and interconnected and interdependent systemic effects in the body, cisplatin rodent model is indispensable in the investigation of underlying mechanisms and potential treatment strategies of both acute and chronic kidney injury. Cisplatin rodent model is well appreciated and widely used model due to its simplicity. It has many similarities to human cisplatin nephrotoxicity, which are mentioned in the paper. In spite of its simplicity and wide applicability, there are also traps that need to be taken into account when using cisplatin model. The present paper is aimed at giving a concise insight into the complex characteristics of cisplatin rodent model and heterogeneity of cisplatin dosage regimens as well as outlining factors that can severely influence the outcome of the model and the study. Challenges for future research are also mentioned.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

On Metaphysics and the Political: A Polemics of Reading Baudelaire in the 1930s

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-259
Author(s):  
Joseph Acquisto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modern Poetry ◽  
Progressive Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

This essay examines a polemic between two Baudelaire critics of the 1930s, Jean Cassou and Benjamin Fondane, which centered on the relationship of poetry to progressive politics and metaphysics. I argue that a return to Baudelaire's poetry can yield insight into what seems like an impasse in Cassou and Fondane. Baudelaire provides the possibility of realigning metaphysics and politics so that poetry has the potential to become the space in which we can begin to think the two of them together, as opposed to seeing them in unresolvable tension. Or rather, the tension that Baudelaire animates between the two allows us a new way of thinking about the role of esthetics in moments of political crisis. We can in some ways see Baudelaire as responding, avant la lettre, to two of his early twentieth-century readers who correctly perceived his work as the space that breathes a new urgency into the questions of how modern poetry relates to the world from which it springs and in which it intervenes.

Phylogeny of actin and tubulin gene homologs in diverse eukaryotic species

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (01S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Kumar Jayaswal ◽  
Asheesh Shanker ◽  
Nagendra Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Species Trees ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Tubulin Gene ◽  
Tubulin Genes ◽  
Eukaryotic Species ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Insight Into

Actin and tubulin are cytoskeleton proteins, which are important components of the celland are conserved across species. Despite their crucial significance in cell motility and cell division the distribution and phylogeny of actin and tubulin genes across taxa is poorly understood. Here we used publicly available genomic data of 49 model species of plants, animals, fungi and Protista for further understanding the distribution of these genes among diverse eukaryotic species using rice as reference. The highest numbers of rice actin and tubulin gene homologs were present in plants followed by animals, fungi and Protista species, whereas ten actin and nine tubulin genes were conserved in all 49 species. Phylogenetic analysis of 19 actin and 18 tubulin genes clustered them into four major groups each. One each of the actin and tubulin gene clusters was conserved across eukaryotic species. Species trees based on the conserved actin and tubulin genes showed evolutionary relationship of 49 different taxa clustered into plants, animals, fungi and Protista. This study provides a phylogenetic insight into the evolution of actin and tubulin genes in diverse eukaryotic species.

Using Naïve Bayes Algorithm to Estimate the Response to Drug in Lung Cancer Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 734-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoling Guo ◽  
Qiuxiang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Drug Response ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Bayes Algorithm

Aim and Objective: Lung cancer is a highly heterogeneous cancer, due to the significant differences in molecular levels, resulting in different clinical manifestations of lung cancer patients there is a big difference. Including disease characterization, drug response, the risk of recurrence, survival, etc. Method: Clinical patients with lung cancer do not have yet particularly effective treatment options, while patients with lung cancer resistance not only delayed the treatment cycle but also caused strong side effects. Therefore, if we can sum up the abnormalities of functional level from the molecular level, we can scientifically and effectively evaluate the patients' sensitivity to treatment and make the personalized treatment strategies to avoid the side effects caused by over-treatment and improve the prognosis. Result & Conclusion: According to the different sensitivities of lung cancer patients to drug response, this study screened out genes that were significantly associated with drug resistance. The bayes model was used to assess patient resistance.

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