scholarly journals Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation by Small Non-coding RNAs: Physiological Significance and Pathological Implications

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Penning ◽  
Giorgia Tosoni ◽  
Oihane Abiega ◽  
Pascal Bielefeld ◽  
Caterina Gasperini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Adult Neural Stem Cell ◽  
Fate Determination ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Stem Cell Regulation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Regulatory Input ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

The adult neurogenic niches are complex multicellular systems, receiving regulatory input from a multitude of intracellular, juxtacrine, and paracrine signals and biological pathways. Within the niches, adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) generate astrocytic and neuronal progeny, with the latter predominating in physiological conditions. The new neurons generated from this neurogenic process are functionally linked to memory, cognition, and mood regulation, while much less is known about the functional contribution of aNSC-derived newborn astrocytes and adult-born oligodendrocytes. Accumulating evidence suggests that the deregulation of aNSCs and their progeny can impact, or can be impacted by, aging and several brain pathologies, including neurodevelopmental and mood disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and also by insults, such as epileptic seizures, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. Hence, understanding the regulatory underpinnings of aNSC activation, differentiation, and fate commitment could help identify novel therapeutic avenues for a series of pathological conditions. Over the last two decades, small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of NSC fate determination in the adult neurogenic niches. In this review, we synthesize prior knowledge on how sncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), may impact NSC fate determination in the adult brain and we critically assess the functional significance of these events. We discuss the concepts that emerge from these examples and how they could be used to provide a framework for considering aNSC (de)regulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Vault RNAs: hidden gems in RNA and protein regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Claus Hahne ◽  
Andrea Lampis ◽  
Nicola Valeri
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Abstract Non-coding RNAs are important regulators of differentiation during embryogenesis as well as key players in the fine-tuning of transcription and furthermore, they control the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs under physiological conditions. Deregulated expression of non-coding RNAs is often identified as one major contribution in a number of pathological conditions. Non-coding RNAs are a heterogenous group of RNAs and they represent the majority of nuclear transcripts in eukaryotes. An evolutionary highly conserved sub-group of non-coding RNAs is represented by vault RNAs, named since firstly discovered as component of the largest known ribonucleoprotein complexes called “vault”. Although they have been initially described 30 years ago, vault RNAs are largely unknown and their molecular role is still under investigation. In this review we will summarize the known functions of vault RNAs and their involvement in cellular mechanisms.

Healthy Gut, Healthy Brain: The Gut Microbiome in Neurodegenerative Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1142-1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreyashi Chandra ◽  
Md. Tanjim Alam ◽  
Jhilik Dey ◽  
Baby C. Pulikkaparambil Sasidharan ◽  
Upasana Ray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cns Disorders ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Present Understanding ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Background: The central nervous system (CNS) known to regulate the physiological conditions of human body, also itself gets dynamically regulated by both the physiological as well as pathological conditions of the body. These conditions get changed quite often, and often involve changes introduced into the gut microbiota which, as studies are revealing, directly modulate the CNS via a crosstalk. This cross-talk between the gut microbiota and CNS, i.e., the gut-brain axis (GBA), plays a major role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington’s disease (HD). Objective: We aim to discuss how gut microbiota, through GBA, regulate neurodegenerative disorders such as PD, AD, ALS, MS and HD. Methods: In this review, we have discussed the present understanding of the role played by the gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders and emphasized the probable therapeutic approaches being explored to treat them. Results: In the first part, we introduce the GBA and its relevance, followed by the changes occurring in the GBA during neurodegenerative disorders and then further discuss its role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Finally, we discuss its applications in possible therapeutics of these diseases and the current research improvements being made to better investigate this interaction. Conclusion: We concluded that alterations in the intestinal microbiota modulate various activities that could potentially lead to CNS disorders through interactions via the GBA.

The interaction Between Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Homocysteine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Domi ◽  
Malvina Hoxha ◽  
Bianka Hoxha ◽  
Bruno Zappacosta
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids ◽  
Improve Health

Purpose: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been considered a risk factor for different diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), inflammation, neurological diseases, cancer and many other pathological conditions. Likewise, arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is implicated in both vascular homeostasis and inflammation as shown by the development of CVD following the imbalance of its metabolites. Aim of The Review: This review summarizes how homocysteine (Hcy) can influence the metabolism of AA. Methods: In silico literature searches were performed on PubMed and Scopus as main sources. Results: Several studies have shown that altered levels of Hcy, through AA release and metabolism, can influence the synthesis and the activity of prostaglandins (PGs), prostacyclin (PGI₂), thromboxane (TXA), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Conclusions: We believe that by targeting Hcy in AA pathways, novel compounds with better pharmacological and pharmacodynamics benefits may be obtained and that this information is valuable for dietician to manipulate diets to improve health.

scholarly journals BMP signaling alters aquaporin-4 expression in the mouse cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Morita ◽  
Naoyuki Matsumoto ◽  
Kengo Saito ◽  
Toshihide Hamabe-Horiike ◽  
Keishi Mizuguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Bmp Signaling ◽  
Aquaporin 4 ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Mouse Cerebral Cortex

AbstractAquaporin-4 (AQP4) is a predominant water channel expressed in astrocytes in the mammalian brain. AQP4 is crucial for the regulation of homeostatic water movement across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Although the molecular mechanisms regulating AQP4 levels in the cerebral cortex under pathological conditions have been intensively investigated, those under normal physiological conditions are not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that AQP4 is selectively expressed in astrocytes in the mouse cerebral cortex during development. BMP signaling was preferentially activated in AQP4-positive astrocytes. Furthermore, activation of BMP signaling by in utero electroporation markedly increased AQP4 levels in the cerebral cortex, and inhibition of BMP signaling strongly suppressed them. These results indicate that BMP signaling alters AQP4 levels in the mouse cerebral cortex during development.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Profiles at Moxibustioned Site (ST36): A Microarray Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Yan Yin ◽  
Yong Tang ◽  
Sheng-Feng Lu ◽  
Ling Luo ◽  
Jia-Ping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Zusanli Acupoint

As a major alternative therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine, it has been demonstrated that moxibustion could generate a series of molecular events in blood, spleen, and brain, and so forth. However, what would happen at the moxibustioned site remained unclear. To answer this question, we performed a microarray analysis with skin tissue taken from the moxibustioned site also Zusanli acupoint (ST36) where 15-minute moxibustion stimulation was administrated. The results exhibited 145 upregulated and 72 downregulated genes which responded immediately under physiological conditions, and 255 upregulated and 243 downregulated genes under pathological conditions. Interestingly, most of the pathways and biological processes of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under pathological conditions get involved in immunity, while those under physiological conditions are involved in metabolism.

Pregnancy in women with epilepsy

2017 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Shahla Yagub Melikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Antiepileptic Drugs ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Key Words Pregnancy

Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological diseases. Many publications relating to interaction of epilepsy and pregnancy have been studied. Women with epilepsy experience a number of physical and social problems associated with obstetric risk, the risk of seizures during pregnancy. Generalized epileptic seizures may have a direct damaging effect on the fetus, although there is no conclusive evidence for a significant increase in the incidence of complications during pregnancy in women with epilepsy. Antenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs, especially in high-dose and polytherapy, increases the risk of congenital malformations. There are concerns regarding the effects of antiepileptic drugs on infants during breastfeeding. However, the risk of complications associated with the epilepsy and the effects of antiepileptic drugs on the fetus may be reduced by joint monitor by neurologist-epileptologist and obstetrician. Key words: pregnancy, antiepileptic drugs, epilepsy, monotherapy, polytherapy.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles and Matrix Remodeling Enzymes: The Emerging Roles in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, Progression of Diseases and Tissue Repair

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nawaz ◽  
Neelam Shah ◽  
Bruna Zanetti ◽  
Marco Maugeri ◽  
Renata Silvestre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Tissue Inhibitors Of Metalloproteinases ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane enclosed micro- and nano-sized vesicles that are secreted from almost every species, ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, and from almost every cell type studied so far. EVs contain repertoire of bioactive molecules such as proteins (including enzymes and transcriptional factors), lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids including DNA, coding and non-coding RNAs. The secreted EVs are taken up by neighboring cells where they release their content in recipient cells, or can sail through body fluids to reach distant organs. Since EVs transport bioactive cargo between cells, they have emerged as novel mediators of extra- and intercellular activities in local microenvironment and inter-organ communications distantly. Herein, we review the activities of EV-associated matrix-remodeling enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, heparanases, hyaluronidases, aggrecanases, and their regulators such as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducers and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases as novel means of matrix remodeling in physiological and pathological conditions. We discuss how such EVs act as novel mediators of extracellular matrix degradation to prepare a permissive environment for various pathological conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and metabolic diseases. Additionally, the roles of EV-mediated matrix remodeling in tissue repair and their potential applications as organ therapies have been reviewed. Collectively, this knowledge could benefit the development of new approaches for tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNAs in Invadopodia: New Insights Into Cancer Metastasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiya Li ◽  
Burton B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Anticancer Therapy ◽  
Invasion And Metastasis ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Therapeutic Context ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Invadopodia are actin-rich structures and their formation is implicated in cancer invasion and metastasis. Growing evidence has shown that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in pathological conditions, including tumorigenesis and metastasis. Although this is still a new area of research, ncRNAs appear to be promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer metastasis. However, understanding the roles of ncRNAs in invadopodia is still in the early stages and far from clinical application. In this mini-review, we summarize the roles of ncRNAs in invadopodia functions and discuss them in a therapeutic context. The current challenges and gaps in this field are also raised, and we provide some open questions to facilitate new ideas in targeting invadopodia in anticancer therapy.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles and Potential Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Glioblastoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira ◽  
Raquel A. C. Machado ◽  
Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi ◽  
Mari Cleide Sogayar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Type ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Small Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Master Regulators ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Rnas ◽  
Nucleolar Rnas ◽  
Substantial Effort

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a diversity of RNA species, which do not have the potential to encode proteins. Non-coding RNAs include two classes of RNAs, namely: short regulatory ncRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). The short regulatory RNAs, containing up to 200 nucleotides, include small RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNA), short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). The lncRNAs include long antisense RNAs and long intergenic RNAs (lincRNAs). Non-coding RNAs have been implicated as master regulators of several biological processes, their expression being strictly regulated under physiological conditions. In recent years, particularly in the last decade, substantial effort has been made to investigate the function of ncRNAs in several human diseases, including cancer. Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of brain cancer in adults, with deregulated expression of small and long ncRNAs having been implicated in onset, progression, invasiveness, and recurrence of this tumor. The aim of this review is to guide the reader through important aspects of miRNA and lncRNA biology, focusing on the molecular mechanism associated with the progression of this highly malignant cancer type.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Melatonin on Neurogenesis Impairment in Neurological Disorders and Its Relevant Molecular Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5645
Author(s):  
Joseph Wai-Hin Leung ◽  
Kwok-Kuen Cheung ◽  
Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai ◽  
Hector Wing-Hong Tsang ◽  
Benson Wui-Man Lau
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Progenitor Cells ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neurological Outcomes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Neurological Illnesses ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Traditional Understanding

Neurogenesis is the process by which functional new neurons are generated from the neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Increasing lines of evidence show that neurogenesis impairment is involved in different neurological illnesses, including mood disorders, neurogenerative diseases, and central nervous system (CNS) injuries. Since reversing neurogenesis impairment was found to improve neurological outcomes in the pathological conditions, it is speculated that modulating neurogenesis is a potential therapeutic strategy for neurological diseases. Among different modulators of neurogenesis, melatonin is a particularly interesting one. In traditional understanding, melatonin controls the circadian rhythm and sleep–wake cycle, although it is not directly involved in the proliferation and survival of neurons. In the last decade, it was reported that melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of neurogenesis, and thus it may be a potential treatment for neurogenesis-related disorders. The present review aims to summarize and discuss the recent findings regarding the protective effects of melatonin on the neurogenesis impairment in different neurological conditions. We also address the molecular mechanisms involved in the actions of melatonin in neurogenesis modulation.

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