scholarly journals Outcomes and Incidence of PF-ILD According to Different Definitions in a Real-World Setting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiano Emanuele Torrisi ◽  
Nicolas Kahn ◽  
Julia Wälscher ◽  
Markus Polke ◽  
Joyce S. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Disease Behavior ◽  
Radiological Changes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Worse Prognosis

Background: Almost one-third of fibrosing ILD (fILDs) have a clinical disease behavior similar to IPF, demonstrating a progressive phenotype (PF-ILD). However, there are no globally accepted criteria on the definition of a progressive phenotype in non-IPF fILD yet. Four different definitions have been used; however, no internationally accepted definition currently exists.Research Question: To compare the clinical and functional characteristics of progressive fILD according to the currently available definitions.Study design and methods: Cases of fILD were identified retrospectively from the database of the tertiary referral center for ILD in Heidelberg. Lung function, clinical signs of progression, and radiological changes were evaluated. Patients with fILD were considered to have progression according to each of the four available definitions: Cottin (CO), RELIEF (RE), INBUILD (IN), and UILD study. Lung function changes, expressed as mean absolute decline of FVC%, were reported every 3 months following diagnosis and analyzed in the context of each definition. Survival was also analyzed.Results: A total of 566 patients with non-IPF fILD were included in the analysis. Applying CO-, RE-, IN-, and UILD-definitions, 232 (41%), 183 (32%), 274 (48%), and 174 (31%) patients were defined as PF-ILD, respectively. RE- and UILD-criteria were the most stringent, with only 32 and 31% patients defined as progressive, while IN- was the most broad, with almost 50% of patients defined as progressive. CO- definition was in-between, classifying 41% as progressive. PF ILD patients with a UILD definition had worse prognosis.Interpretation: Depending on the definition used, the existing criteria identify different groups of patients with progressive fILD, and this may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications.

scholarly journals Is inhaled immunotherapy more effective than environmental management when treating equine asthma?

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Leather ◽  
Sarah Smith
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Equine Asthma

PICO question In horses with severe equine asthma syndrome, is inhaled immunotherapy compared to environmental reduction of allergen exposure more effective in disease modification?   Clinical bottom line Category of research question Treatment The number and type of study designs reviewed 12 papers were critically reviewed. Nine clinical trials; one crossover study; one split-plot design study; and one cross-sectional study Strength of evidence Low Outcomes reported Four studies found inhaled immunotherapy to improve the clinical signs associated with equine asthma and the lung function of horses with asthma. Three papers found environmental modification by improved lung function and the clinical signs associated with equine asthma but two studies provide moderate evidence that environmental management alone is insufficient to permanently cure asthma Conclusion There is a low level of evidence to support the use of inhaled immunotherapy as a treatment for equine asthma   How to apply this evidence in practice The application of evidence into practice should take into account multiple factors, not limited to: individual clinical expertise, patient’s circumstances and owners’ values, country, location or clinic where you work, the individual case in front of you, the availability of therapies and resources. Knowledge Summaries are a resource to help reinforce or inform decision making. They do not override the responsibility or judgement of the practitioner to do what is best for the animal in their care.  

scholarly journals Has the Credibility of the Social Sciences Been Credibly Destroyed? Reanalyzing the “Many Analysts, One Data Set” Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110244
Author(s):  
Katrin Auspurg ◽  
Josef Brüderl
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of

In 2018, Silberzahn, Uhlmann, Nosek, and colleagues published an article in which 29 teams analyzed the same research question with the same data: Are soccer referees more likely to give red cards to players with dark skin tone than light skin tone? The results obtained by the teams differed extensively. Many concluded from this widely noted exercise that the social sciences are not rigorous enough to provide definitive answers. In this article, we investigate why results diverged so much. We argue that the main reason was an unclear research question: Teams differed in their interpretation of the research question and therefore used diverse research designs and model specifications. We show by reanalyzing the data that with a clear research question, a precise definition of the parameter of interest, and theory-guided causal reasoning, results vary only within a narrow range. The broad conclusion of our reanalysis is that social science research needs to be more precise in its “estimands” to become credible.

scholarly journals REVIEW OF DESIGN HEURISTICS AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2571-2580
Author(s):  
Filip Valjak ◽  
Angelica Lindwall
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Design For Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Design Heuristics ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Support Methods

AbstractThe advent of additive manufacturing (AM) in recent years have had a significant impact on the design process. Because of new manufacturing technology, a new area of research emerged – Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) with newly developed design support methods and tools. This paper looks into the current status of the field regarding the conceptual design of AM products, with the focus on how literature sources treat design heuristics and design principles in the context of DfAM. To answer the research question, a systematic literature review was conducted. The results are analysed, compared and discussed on three main points: the definition of the design heuristics and the design principles, level of support they provide, as well as where and how they are used inside the design process. The paper highlights the similarities and differences between design heuristics and design principles in the context of DfAM.

scholarly journals Getting to Hope: Perspectives from Patients and Caregivers Living with Chronic Childhood Illness

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Emily von Scheven ◽  
Bhupinder K. Nahal ◽  
Rosa Kelekian ◽  
Christina Frenzel ◽  
Victoria Vanderpoel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood Onset ◽  
Virtual Focus Groups ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Chronic Childhood ◽  
Research Studies

Promoting hope was identified in our prior work as the top priority research question among patients and caregivers with diverse childhood-onset chronic conditions. Here, we aimed to construct a conceptual model to guide future research studies of interventions to improve hope. We conducted eight monthly virtual focus groups and one virtual workshop with patients, caregivers, and researchers to explore key constructs to inform the model. Discussions were facilitated by Patient Co-Investigators. Participants developed a definition of hope and identified promotors and inhibitors that influence the experience of hope. We utilized qualitative methods to analyze findings and organize the promotors and inhibitors of hope within three strata of the socio-ecologic framework: structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Participants identified three types of interventions to promote hope: resources, navigation, and activities to promote social connection. The hope conceptual model can be used to inform the selection of interventions to assess in future research studies aimed at improving hope and the specification of outcome measures to include in hope research studies. Inclusion of the health care system in the model provides direction for identifying strategies for improving the system and places responsibility on the system to do better to promote hope among young patients with chronic illness and their caregivers.

scholarly journals Pharmacovigilance assessment of the association between Fournier’s gangrene and other severe genital adverse events with SGLT-2 inhibitors

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. e000725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Paolo Fadini ◽  
Mayur Sarangdhar ◽  
Fabrizio De Ponti ◽  
Angelo Avogaro ◽  
Emanuel Raschi
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Fournier’S Gangrene ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Fournier's Gangrene ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Reporting Frequency ◽  
Design And Methods

ObjectiveSodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) exert cardiorenal protection in people with diabetes. By inducing glycosuria, SGLT2i predispose to genital infections. In addition, rare occurrence of Fournier’s gangrene (FG) has been reported. We aimed to investigate such association through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adverse event (AE) reporting system (FAERS).Research design and methodsWe mined the FAERS up to 2018q3 (before FDA warning about SGLT2i-associated FG) to retrieve reports including FG as an AE and SGLT2i as suspect or concomitant drugs, and calculated proportional reporting ratios (PRR).ResultsWe retrieved 47 cases of FG and 17 cases of other severe AEs of the genital area associated with SGLT2i. Patients with FG were ~10 years older than those with other severe genital AEs. Overall, 77% occurred in men. Three patients were concomitantly treated with systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Increased reporting frequency emerged for SGLT2i compared with other drugs, with a PRR ranging from 5 to 10. The disproportional reporting of FG with SGLT2i remained robust and consistently significant when restricting to the period when SGLT2i were available, to reports filed for glucose-lowering medications or for drugs with the diabetes indication, and after refining the definition of FG. FG was disproportionally associated with psoriasis and with the combination of immunosuppressants and SGLT2i.ConclusionsAlthough causality cannot be demonstrated, SGLT2i may predispose to FG and other severe genital AEs. Since the use of SGLT2i is expected to increase significantly, clinicians should be aware of these severe, although rare, AEs and their predisposing factors.

scholarly journals Prevalence and burden of chronic bronchitis symptoms: results from the BOLD study

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1700621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Mejza ◽  
Louisa Gnatiuc ◽  
A. Sonia Buist ◽  
William M. Vollmer ◽  
Bernd Lamprecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Function ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Chronic Bronchitis ◽  
Airflow Obstruction ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Disease Study

We studied the prevalence, burden and potential risk factors for chronic bronchitis symptoms in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study.Representative population-based samples of adults aged ≥40 years were selected in participating sites. Participants completed questionnaires and spirometry. Chronic bronchitis symptoms were defined as chronic cough and phlegm on most days for ≥3 months each year for ≥2 years.Data from 24 855 subjects from 33 sites in 29 countries were analysed. There were significant differences in the prevalence of self-reported symptoms meeting our definition of chronic bronchitis across sites, from 10.8% in Lexington (KY, USA), to 0% in Ile-Ife (Nigeria) and Blantyre (Malawi). Older age, less education, current smoking, occupational exposure to fumes, self-reported diagnosis of asthma or lung cancer and family history of chronic lung disease were all associated with increased risk of chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis symptoms were associated with worse lung function, more dyspnoea, increased risk of respiratory exacerbations and reduced quality of life, independent of the presence of other lung diseases.The prevalence of chronic bronchitis symptoms varied widely across the studied sites. Chronic bronchitis symptoms were associated with significant burden both in individuals with chronic airflow obstruction and those with normal lung function.

Infant Feeding and Infectious Disease

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-807
Author(s):  
CHRIS MULFORD
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Research Question ◽  
First Year ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Substantial Investment ◽  
Infectious Illness ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
First Year Of Life

To the Editor.— I read with interest the article "Relationship Between Infant Feeding and Infectious Illness: A Prospective Study of Infants During the First Year of Life" by Rubin et al in the April issue.1 Two things puzzle me. The first is that, despite the authors' stated goal of paying close attention to methodology, their definition of breast-feeding fails to meet the standards set forth by most experts on lactation. The second is that, given their substantial investment of time and money in obtaining detailed data on 500 babies for a full year, the authors chose to ask their particular research question.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) Statements in the U. S. Creative Sector: Progress, or More Bullshit?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Antonio C. Cuyler
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Arts Organizations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cultural Organizations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Equity And Inclusion

This article represents a snapshot and analysis of U. S. service arts organizations’ DEI statements and activities in 2018. At that time, many primarily White-serving U. S. cultural organizations responded defensively to accusations of elitism and a harmful rigged funding system that maintained the status quo by awarding most cultural funding to these organizations while undermining the health and vitality of cultural organizations by and for historically oppressed communities (Sidford, 2011). Furthermore, Helicon Collaborative (2017) found that even with a host of cultural equity, “diversity” projects (Tseng 2016), and public-facing DEI statements, little had changed within six years. Therefore, this study uses directed and summative content analysis to investigate the research question “what do cultural equity and diversity statements communicate about cultural organizations’ positions on DEI?” This study also uses Frankfurt’s (2005) essay On Bullshit and Laing’s (2016) two-prong definition of accountability as a theoretical framework to examine if and how cultural organizations hold themselves accountable for achieving DEI in the creative sector. Lastly, readers should keep in mind that the public murder of Geor-ge Floyd in 2020 has hastened all of the service arts organizations’ access, diversity, equity, and inclusion (ADEI) work examined in this study.

Making sense of continuous development of digital infrastructures

2021 ◽  
pp. 026839622110466
Author(s):  
Karen Osmundsen ◽  
Bendik Bygstad
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Longitudinal Case Study ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Digital Infrastructure ◽  
Definition Of

Continuous development extends the agile approach and focuses on bringing valuable services to users with the aim of achieving a continuous flow of learning and development in short cycles. The objective of this work is to theorize the idea of continuous development in the context of digital infrastructure evolution and explore the organizational interactions underlying continuous development. By drawing on literature on digital infrastructure theory and continuous development as it has emerged as an idea from the DevOps thinking expanded from agile, we outline main characteristics of continuous development and propose a theoretical definition of continuous development in organizational contexts. Then, in answering our research question “which patterns of interactions can be identified in the continuous development of digital infrastructures?”, we conducted a longitudinal case study at a Norwegian grid company and explored how a specific digital infrastructure evolved through continuous development. We identified generic interaction patterns with two cycles of sense-giving and sense-making between organizational actors, enabling the continuous development of the digital infrastructure. Our findings and model of interaction patterns offer a nuanced perspective on both digital infrastructure evolution and established views of sense-making and sense-giving mechanisms, as well as new ways to think about digitalization in incumbent firms.

Immune-Mediated Neutropenia in a Miniature Poodle

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Brunson
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Marrow Aspirate ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Light Sedation ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT A 10 yr old spayed female toy poodle was presented to a tertiary referral center for a 10 day history of waxing and waning lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia. An immune-mediated neutropenia (IMN) was suspected to be the underlying cause of her clinical signs. A bone marrow aspirate was obtained from the chostochondral junction of the 11th and 12th ribs on the right side and provided a definitive diagnosis of IMN. A positive response to therapy and repeat blood work further confirmed the diagnosis. Obtaining bone marrow aspirates from the chostochondral junction is a safe, cheap, and reliable method of diagnosing IMN and can be performed in the private practice setting with light sedation and minimal need for specialized equipment.

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