scholarly journals Effects of Oral Exposure to Mn-Doped ZnS Quantum Dots on Intestinal Tract and Gut Microbiota in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Yang ◽  
Ruixue Xia ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
Yuchen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Dots ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Biological Application ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mn Doped

Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (QDs) with excellent optical properties have been explored in a wide range of fields. Their potential adverse effects on biological systems and human health should be evaluated before biological application. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Mn-doped ZnS QDs on the intestinal tract and gut microbiota structures at 2 h and 14 days (d) after 14 d repeated oral exposure in mice. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), histopathological examination, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the absorption and toxicity of Mn-doped ZnS QDs on the intestinal tract. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to evaluate the gut microbial communities. Mn-doped ZnS QDs did not accumulate in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, or colon. The Zn content of feces was not significantly higher than in the control group. No major histological changes were found in these tissues. The intestinal microvilli remained regular, but swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum was detected by TEM at 14 d after the last gavage. A total of 2,712 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were generated. Mn-doped ZnS QDs treatment did not significantly change the α-diversity of Richness, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indexes. According to principal component analysis (PCA), Mn-doped ZnS QDs had no effect on the overall structure of the gut microbiota. No significant change occurred at the phylum level, while three genera were downregulated at 2 h and seven changed at 14 d after the last gavage. Our findings revealed that Mn-doped ZnS QDs had a little stimulation of the intestinal tract and gut microbiota, and oral administration may be a safe route for biological application (such as bioimaging and drug delivery).

scholarly journals Wheat Bran Intake Enhances the Secretion of Bacteria-Binding IgA in a Lumen of the Intestinal Tract by Incrementing Short Chain Fatty Acid Production Through Modulation of Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2091779
Author(s):  
Konosuke Matsuzaki ◽  
Katsuki Iwai ◽  
Yuko Yoshikawa ◽  
Yuko Shimamura ◽  
Noriyuki Miyoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Α Diversity

Wheat bran, a by-product generated in large amounts during wheat processing, consists of 36.5% to 52.4% total dietary fiber. In this study, we investigated the effects of wheat bran intake on the intestinal tract immune system through the modulation of gut microbiota. Balb/c mice were fed with AIN-93G diets containing wheat bran with 2 different particle sizes (average particle size of 53 µm: powdered wheat bran; PWB, and 350 µm: granulated wheat bran; WB) as dietary fibers for 4 weeks. In the wheat bran intake groups, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs: acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid) in the feces were increased after the intake of both particle-size diets, especially in the PWB group, in which the increase occurred immediately. 16S rRNA-based metagenomics of the fecal microbiota revealed that the Shannon Index (α-diversity) and weighted UniFrac distances (β-diversity) in wheat bran intake groups were significantly higher than those in the Control group, and the ratio of the certain family within the order Clostridiales in the fecal microbiota was increased after wheat bran intake, probably some including SCFA-producing bacteria. CXCR5, which is a key surface marker expressed on T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, tended to increase at the expression level in wheat bran intake groups. In addition, the amounts of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) and the proportion of IgA-binding bacteria in the feces from wheat bran intake groups were significantly higher than those from the Control group. These findings suggest that wheat bran may enhance Tfh-mediated IgA production in the intestine by SCFA increment through the modulation of gut microbiota and is expected to maintain and improve a healthy intestinal environment.

scholarly journals Effect of chewing betel nut on the gut microbiota of Hainanese

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258489
Author(s):  
Li Ying ◽  
Yunjia Yang ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Hairong Huang ◽  
Guankui Du
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Betel Nut ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Betel Nut Chewing ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Betel nut chewing (BNC) is prevalent in South Asia and Southeast Asia. BNC can affect host health by modulating the gut microbiota. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of BNC on the gut microbiota of the host. Feces samples were obtained from 34 BNC individuals from Ledong and Lingshui, Hainan, China. The microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. BNC decreased the microbial α-diversity. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla, accounting for 99.35% of the BNC group. The Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio was significantly increased in the BNC group compared to a control group. The abundances of the families Aerococcaceae, Neisseriaceae, Moraxellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Planococcaceae were decreased in the BNC/BNC_Male/BNC_Female groups compared to the control group, whereas the abundances of Coriobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae, Micrococcaceae, Xanthomonadaceae, Coxiellaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Rhodobacteraceae, and Succinivibrionaceae were increased. In general, the gut microbiome profiles suggest that BNC may have positive effects, such as an increase in the abundance of beneficial microbes and a reduction in the abundance of disease-related microbes. However, BNC may also produce an increase in the abundance of disease-related microbes. Therefore, extraction of prebiotic components could increase the beneficial value of betel nut.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Variation With Short-Term Intake of Ginger Juice on Human Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Wang ◽  
Dan Zhang ◽  
Haiqiang Jiang ◽  
Shuo Zhang ◽  
Xiaogang Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Composition Variation ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
And Function

Ginger, a widely used functional food and food additive, little is known about the effect of ginger juice, which is rich in many healthful agents, on healthy humans or on its relationship with gut microbiota composition variation. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the gut microbial communities that occur following the supplementation of fresh ginger-derived juice in healthy adults and its potential associations with function. A crossover intervention study in which 123 healthy subjects (63 men and 60 women) consumed fresh ginger juice from Zingiber officinale Rosc. or sterile 0.9% sodium chloride was conducted. 16S rRNA sequencing analyses were applied to characterize gut microbiota variation. We found that ginger juice intervention increased the species number of intestinal flora. A decreased relative abundance of the Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratio and pro-inflammatory Ruminococcus_1 and Ruminococcus_2 while a tendency toward an increased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio, Proteobacteria and anti-inflammatory Faecalibacterium were found. When we did not consider gender, we found differences in bacterial diversity both in community evenness and in richness caused by ginger intervention. In fact, there were different changes in bacterial α-diversity induced by the ginger juice in men and women. We identified 19 bacterial genera with significant differences between the control group (women) and ginger group (women) and 15 significant differences between the control group (men) and ginger group (men) at the genus level. Our results showed that short-term intake of ginger juice had substantial effects on the composition and function of gut microbiota in healthy people. Moreover, our findings underscored the importance of analyzing both male and female individuals to investigate the effects of ginger on gut microbiota. Additional studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota composition related with Clostridium difficile-positive diarrhea and C. difficile type (A+B+, A-B+, and A-B-) in ICU hospitalized patients

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anhua Wu ◽  
Juping Duan ◽  
Sidi Liu ◽  
Xiujuan Meng ◽  
Pengcheng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
16S Rdna ◽  
Gene Annotation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractBackgroundGut microbiota composition of intensive care unit (ICU) patients suffering from Clostridium difficile-positive diarrhea (CDpD) is still poorly understood. This study aims to use 16S rDNA (and metagenome) sequencing to compare the microbiota composition of 58 (and 5) ICU patients with CDpD (CDpD group), 33 (and 4) ICU patients with C. difficile negative diarrhea (CDnD group), and 21 (and 5) healthy control subjects (control group), as well as CDpD patients in A+B+ (N=34; A/B: C. difficile TcdA/B), A-B+ (N=7), and A-B- (N=17) subgroups. For 16S rDNA data, OTU clustering (tool: UPARSE), taxonomic assignment (tool: RDP classifier), α-diversity and β-diversity analyses (tool: QIIME) were conducted. For metagenome data, metagenome assembly (tool: SOAP), gene calling (tools: MetaGeneMark, CD-HIT, and SoapAligner), unigene alignment (tool: DIAMOND), taxon difference analysis (tool: Metastats), and gene annotation (tool: DIAMOND) were performed.ResultsThe microbial diversity of CDpD group was lower than that of CDnD and control groups. The abundances of 10 taxa (e.g. Deferribacteres, Cryptomycota, Acetothermia) in CDpD group were significantly higher than that in CDnD group. The abundances of Saccharomycetes and Clostridia were significantly lower in CDpD in comparison with control. A+B+, A-B+ and A-B- subgroups couldn’t be separated in principal component analysis, while some taxa are significantly different between A+B+ and A-B- subgroups.ConclusionCDpD might relate to the decrease of beneficial taxa (i.e. Saccharomycetes and Clostridia) and the increase of harmful taxa (e.g. Deferribacteres, Cryptomycota, Acetothermia) in gut microbiota in ICU patients. C. difficile type might be slightly associated with gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Cognitive Impairment Is Associated With Gut Dysbiosis, Neuroinflammation, and Glymphatic Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chi ◽  
Xiao Cheng ◽  
Lishan Lin ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Jianbo Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Amyloid Plaque ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundPeriodontal pathogen and gut microbiota are closely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), the keystone periodontal pathogen, can induce cognitive impairment. The gut has a connection and communication with the brain, which is an important aspect of the gut–brain axis (GBA). In the present study, we investigate whether Pg induces cognitive impairment through disturbing the GBA.MethodsIn this study, Pg was orally administered to mice, three times a week for 1 month. The effects of Pg administration on the gut and brain were evaluated through behaviors, gut microbiota, immune cells, glymphatic pathway clearance, and neuroinflammation.ResultsPg induced cognitive impairment and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The α-diversity parameters did not show significant change after Pg administration. The β-diversity demonstrated that the gut microbiota compositions were different between the Pg-administered and control groups. At the species level, the Pg group displayed a lower abundance of Parabacteroides gordonii and Ruminococcus callidus than the control group, but a higher abundance of Mucispirillum schaedleri. The proportions of lymphocytes in the periphery and myeloid cells infiltrating the brain were increased in Pg-treated animals. In addition, the solute clearance efficiency of the glymphatic system decreased. Neurons in the hippocampus and cortex regions were reduced in mice treated with Pg. Microglia, astrocytes, and apoptotic cells were increased. Furthermore, amyloid plaque appeared in the hippocampus and cortex regions in Pg-treated mice.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that Pg may play an important role in gut dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and glymphatic system impairment, which may in turn lead to cognitive impairment.

scholarly journals Decrease in abundance of bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium in gut microbiota may be related to pre-eclampsia progression in women from East China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Miao ◽  
Yun Yu ◽  
Jin Sun ◽  
Aiguo Ma ◽  
Jinran Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
East China ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Oxidative Phosphorylation Pathway

Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) can result in severe damage to maternal and fetal health. It has been reported that gut microbiota (GM) had important roles in regulating the metabolic and inflammatory responses of the mother. However, investigations on GM in PE are rare. Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes of GM in PE and how to alter the GM composition in PE by dietary or dietary supplements. Design: We analyzed the composition changes in GM as well as the relationship between bacteria of different genera and clinical indices by amplifying the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene in 12 PE patients and eight healthy pregnant women in East China. Results: In the PE group, the Observed Species Index was lower than that in the control group, indicating that the α-diversity of the microbiome in the PE group decreased. At phylum, family, and genus levels, the relative abundance of different bacteria in PE patients displayed substantial differences to those from healthy women. We noted a decreased abundance of bacteria of the phylum Actinobacteria (P = 0.042), decreased abundance of bacteria of the family Bifidobacteriaceae (P = 0.039), increased abundance of bacteria of the genus Blautia (P = 0.026) and Ruminococcus (P = 0.048), and decreased abundance of bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium (P = 0.038). Among three enriched genera, bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium showed a negative correlation with the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and dyslipidemia, which involved glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the oxidative-phosphorylation pathway. The increased abundance of bacteria of the genera Blautia and Ruminococcus was positively correlated with obesity and dyslipidemia, which involved lipid metabolism, glycosyltransferases, biotin metabolism, and the oxidative-phosphorylation pathways. Moreover, women in the PE group ate more than women in the control group, so fetuses were more prone to overnutrition in the PE group. Conclusion: There is a potential for GM dysbiosis in PE patients, and they could be prone to suffer from metabolic syndrome. We speculate that alterations in the abundance of bacteria of certain genera (e.g. increased abundance of Blautia and Ruminococcus, and decreased abundance of Bifidobacterium) were associated with PE development to some degree. Our data could help to monitor the health of pregnant women and may be helpful for preventing and assisting treatment of PE by increasing dietary fiber or probiotics supplement.

scholarly journals Precision Microbiome Modulation with Structurally Distinct Type-4 Resistant Starches (OR23-08-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Deehan ◽  
Chen Yang ◽  
Maria Elisa Perez-Munoz ◽  
Khoi Nguyen ◽  
Lucila Triador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
16S Rna ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Resistant Starches ◽  
Dose Dependent

Abstract Objectives The gut microbiota is linked to a wide range of pathologies, making it a promising target for improving health. Modulation of the gut microbiota can be achieved by dietary fibers, such as resistant starches, which have demonstrated a role in the prevention of these diseases. However, it is unknown if targeted manipulation of gut microbiota composition, and especially function can be achieved by specific doses of structurally similar yet district fibers. The objective of this study was to compare the effect and dose-response of three different type-4 resistant starches (RS4s) on microbiome composition and function. Methods Using a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, four arm design, 40 subjects were assigned to consume either one of three RS4s (derived from hi-maize, potato, or tapioca) or a digestible starch for 4 weeks. The fiber dose was raised each week from 0 to 50 g/d, and fecal samples were collected at the end of each week. Microbiota composition and SCFA were assessed by 16S RNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography, respectively. Results Maize and tapioca RS4s, at doses ≥35 g/d, significantly affected the global composition of the microbiota, decreasing α-diversity and increasing β-diversity compared to baseline. Interestingly, effects of RS4s on microbiota composition and fecal SCFA were distinct and reflected differences in RS4 structure. Maize RS4 enriched Operational Taxonomic Units related to Eubacterium rectale [100% ID], Ruminococcus spp [97.9% ID], and Bifidobacterium adolescentis [100% ID], and increased butyrate. Although there was overlap in the enrichment of B. adolescentis, tapioca RS4 enriched Parabacteroides distasonis [100% ID] and Eisenbergiella spp [94% ID] (but not E. rectale or Ruminococcus spp), and increased propionate. These affects were dose-dependent with a plateau at the 35 g/d dose. In contrast, potato RS4 and digestible starch did not significantly modulate the microbiome. Conclusions These findings provide essential information on how chemical differences in starch structure can result in specific and dose-dependent alterations of the gut microbiome, providing a basis for precision microbiome modulation through nutritional strategies. Funding Sources This work was supported by Ingredion Incorporated, and by the Campus Alberta Innovation Program, CIHR, and the Canada Foundation for Innovation.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Combined With Metabolomics Reveals the Repeated Dose Oral Toxicity of β-Cyclodextrin in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyu Lv ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
Yu Feng ◽  
Qiying Jiang ◽  
Chenguang Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Α Diversity

Βeta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with a hydrophobic cavity enables the formation of inclusion complexes with organic molecules. The formation of host–guest complexes makes the application of β-CD popular in many fields, but their interaction with organisms is poorly understood. In the present study, the effect of β-CD on gut microbiota (16S rRNA gene sequencing), serum metabolites (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry platform), and their correlation (Pearson correlation analysis) was investigated after 14 days repeated oral exposure in mice. β-CD did not significantly affect the α-diversity indexes, including Richness, Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indexes, but disturbed the structure of the gut bacteria according to the result of principal component analysis (PCA). After taxonomic assignment, 1 in 27 phyla, 2 in 48 classes, 3 in 107 orders, 6 in 192 families, and 8 in 332 genera were significantly different between control and β-CD treated groups. The serum metabolites were significantly changed after β-CD treatment according to the result of unsupervized PCA and supervised partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). A total of 112 differential metabolites (89 downregulated and 23 upregulated) were identified based on the VIP >1 from orthogonal PLS-DA and p <0.05 from Student’s t-test. The metabolic pathways, including ABC transporters, pyrimidine metabolism, purine metabolism, glucagon signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, were enriched by KEGG pathway analysis. Our study provides a general observation of gut microbiota, serum metabolites and their correlation after exposure to β-CD in mice, which will be helpful for future research and application of β-CD.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 Improves the State Anxiety and Sports Performance of Young Divers Under Stress Situations: A Single-Arm, Prospective Proof-of-Concept Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weizhong Dong ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Shuaixiong Liao ◽  
Wei Tang ◽  
Li Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
The State ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Stress Situation ◽  
Bifidobacterium Animalis ◽  
Α Diversity

BackgroundAthletes will increase their state anxiety under stress situations, which will lead to the decline of sports performance. The improvement of anxiety by probiotics has been reported, but there is a lack of research in the athlete population. The purpose of the current study is to explore the effectiveness of probiotics in improving athletes’ state anxiety and sports performance under stress situations.MethodsWe conducted this single-arm study in Chongqing Institute of Sports Technology. In the 8-week study, 21 Chongqing young divers (mean age: 9.10 ± 1.80) were given probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (1 × 109 colony-forming units/100 g) daily. The state anxiety and sports performance of athletes were measured before, during, and after the intervention, and the gut microbiota of athletes was measured before and after the intervention.ResultsThe intervention results showed that cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, and anxiety emotion were improved (cognitive: Z = −3.964, P < 0.001; somatic: Z = −3.079, P = 0.003; anxiety: Z = −2.973, P < 0.001). In terms of gut microbiota, the intervention did not change the gut microbial composition (such as α diversity and β diversity) but increased the abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae. At the 8th week, the performance of athletes under stress was significantly improved (χ2 = 7.88, P = 0.019).LimitationsFirst of all, due to the restriction of the number of subjects in this study, there was no control group. Secondly, although the athletes’ diet was recorded in this study, the influence of this factor on gut microbiota was not eliminated. Finally, the anxiety level of the athletes in this study was obtained through a self-report, lacking physiological data in state anxiety.ConclusionThe results show that probiotics intervention can improve the state anxiety of athletes under stress situation and improve the performance of athletes under stress situation.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota in Untreated Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yuan ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Chong Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Large B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Large B Cell

Intestinal microecology plays an important role in the development and progression of hematological malignancies. However, characteristics of gut microbiota in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have not been reported. The microbiota composition of fecal samples from 25 untreated DLBCL patients and 26 healthy volunteers was examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. On α-diversity analysis, there was no significant difference in species diversity and abundance between the two groups. However, a significant difference was observed on β-diversity analysis. The intestinal microbiota in patients with DLBCL showed a continuous evolutionary relationship, which progressed from phylum, proteobacteria, to genus, Escherichia-Shigella. Their abundance was significantly higher than that of the control group. At the genus level, Allisonella, lachnospira, and Roseburia were more abundant in patients with DLBCL than in the control group. Functional prediction by PICRUSt indicated that thiamine metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis were significantly lower in the DLBCL group than in the control group. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrate that the gut microbiota was changed significantly in DLBCL. The study highlights fundamental differences in the microbial diversity and composition of patients with DLBCL and paves the way for future prospective studies and microbiome-directed interventional trials to improve patient outcomes.

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