Sexual Interference Behaviors in Male Adult and Subadult Tibetan Macaques (Macaca thibetana)

Male nonhuman primate sexual interference, which includes copulation interruption and copulation harassment, has been related to reproductive success, but its significance has been challenging to test. Copulation interruption results in the termination of a copulation before ejaculation, whereas copulation harassment does not. We conducted this study using the all-occurrence behavior sampling method on sexual interference behaviors of seven adult and four subadult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in mating and non-mating seasons at Mt. Huangshan, China, from August 2016 to May 2017. Our results showed that males’ individual proportion of copulation interruption and harassment was higher during the mating season than during the non-mating season. In addition, dominant males more often performed interruption, whereas subordinate males more often performed harassment. We found no difference in the individual proportion of copulation interruption or harassment between adult and subadult males. Adult and subadult males both directed copulation interruption and harassment more often toward the mating male than toward the mating female. Lastly, the post-ejaculation phase of copulation was shorter when copulation harassment occurred than when it did not. Our results suggest that sexual interference may be an important mating tactic that adult and subadult males use in male–male sexual competition.

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PENGARUH SANKSI PERPAJAKAN DAN KESADARAN WAJIB PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK ORANG PRIBADI DI MANADO

GOING CONCERN : JURNAL RISET AKUNTANSI ◽

10.32400/gc.12.2.18367.2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Elfin Siamena ◽

Harijanto Sabijono ◽

Jessy D.L Warongan

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression ◽

Multiple Linear Regression ◽

Sampling Method ◽

T Test ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Tax Revenues ◽

A Value ◽

The Individual ◽

Compliance Issue ◽

Research Analysis

The number of taxpayers from year to year increases. But the increase in the number of taxpayers is not offset by taxpayer compliance in paying taxes. The compliance issue becomes an obstacle in maximizing tax revenues. This study aims to analyze the effect of tax sanctions and taxpayer awareness on the compliance of individual taxpayers. The population of this study is determined based on purposive sampling method, the data collected by division of questionnaires in KPP Pratama Manado. The method of research analysis used is multiple linear regression. based on the result of t test, it can be concluded that the tax sanction has positive and significant effect on the taxpayer compliance of the individual, with the value of significance smaller than the significant value (0.001 < 0.05), the consciousness of the taxpayer positively and significantly influence the compliance personal taxpayer, this is indicated by a value of significance smaller than the significant value (0.003 < 0.05).Keywords :Tax sanctions, Taxpayer awareness, Personal taxpayer compliance

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The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs

Journal of Ecology ◽

10.1111/1365-2745.13152 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 107 (4) ◽

pp. 1970-1981 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Gabriella L. Pardee ◽

Isaac O. Jensen ◽

David W. Inouye ◽

Rebecca E. Irwin

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Success ◽

Combined Effects ◽

The Individual

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Reproductive strategies in hermaphroditic gastropods: conceptual and empirical approaches

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/cjz-2012-0272 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 367-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Yumi Nakadera ◽

Joris M. Koene

Keyword(s):

Sexual Selection ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Experimental Research ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Reproductive Strategy ◽

Reproductive Strategies ◽

Sex Allocation ◽

Fitness Consequences ◽

The Individual ◽

Empirical Approaches

An individual optimizes its reproductive success by adopting a particular reproductive strategy. Studying the details of a reproductive strategy leads to an understanding of how sexual selection acts, as the former is the process via which the individual reproduces successfully. Hermaphroditic gastropods display a bewildering diversity of reproductive strategies, which may be due to their mode of gender expression, when compared with well-studied separate-sexed species. Extensive theoretical, observational, and experimental research has been conducted on this topic. However, despite our knowledge about the reproductive system of hermaphroditic gastropods, we still need to fill the gap between pre- and post-copulatory processes and reproductive success. Here, we review and propose conceptual and empirical approaches aimed at understanding reproductive strategies of hermaphroditic gastropods. In sum, our suggestions are (i) to focus on sex-biased traits, (ii) to take biologically reliable measurements at both the pre- and post-copulatory level that relate to reproductive success, and (iii) to examine the fitness consequences of biased sex allocation.

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Individual Tourists from the Chinese Mainland to Hong Kong: Implications for Tourism Marketing in Fashion

Tourism Economics ◽

10.5367/te.2011.0090 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 1287-1309 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Shuk-Ching Liu ◽

Tsan-Ming Choi ◽

Raymond Au ◽

Chi-Leung Hui

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Regional Analysis ◽

Chinese Mainland ◽

Gender Attitudes ◽

Sales Revenue ◽

Tourism Marketing ◽

The Chinese Mainland ◽

The Individual ◽

Total Sales

Since the implementation of the Individual Visit Scheme (IVS), the number of tourists from the Chinese Mainland (CM) to Hong Kong (HK) has increased dramatically. These IVS tourists have huge consumption power and account for 50–70% of the total sales revenue of many HK fashion retailers. In this context, the authors explore the consumer attitudes and preferences of the IVS tourists. Based on a random sampling method involving over 2,000 CM tourists, a questionnaire survey was conducted. The findings show that IVS tourists have complex attitudes towards higher-end brands and their extended products. Moreover, statistically significant results are found in relation to: the comparison of HK consumers with IVS tourists; the analysis of gender attitudes; and the regional analysis. Company interviews have been conducted and specific managerial insights are presented.

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Korelasi Usia Metabolik terhadap Indeks Massa Tubuh

Jurnal Surya Medika ◽

10.33084/jsm.v5i2.1289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

Ni Nyoman Sri Yuliani ◽

Elsa Trinovita

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

The Body ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male And Female ◽

Metabolic Age ◽

The Individual

Excessive fat accumulation in the body causes an increase in Body Mass Index (BMI). Increased BMI and comorbidities affect the metabolic rate. Metabolic age was influenced by the individual metabolic rate. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of metabolic age to BMI increasement. This cross-sectional study used a purposive sampling method to obtain 82 male and female subjects. Subjects were measured for BMI and metabolic age. Collected data was analyzed univariately and bivariate correlatively. The result showed a significant correlation between metabolic age and BMI (p = 0,001) with r = 0,812. The conclusion of this study is the increase in BMI, the higher the metabolic age.

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Anaesthetic, clinical, morphometric, haematological, and serum chemistry evaluations of an Andean Cat Leopardus jacobita (Cornalia, 1865) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) before release in Bolivia

Journal of Threatened Taxa ◽

10.11609/jott.5676.12.16.17235-17244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 17235-17244

Author(s):

L. Fabián Beltrán-Saavedra ◽

Rolando Limachi Quiñajo ◽

Grace Ledezma ◽

Daniela Morales-Moreno ◽

M. Lilian Villalba

Keyword(s):

Natural Habitat ◽

Wildlife Trade ◽

Ideal Condition ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Chemical Immobilization ◽

Subadult Male ◽

Rare And Endangered ◽

Physiological Values ◽

The Individual ◽

Physical And Chemical

The Andean Cat Leopardus jacobita, one of the most rare and endangered feline species in the world, is distributed from central Peru to central Argentina. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health and morphometry of a subadult male Andean Cat that was rescued from wildlife trade in Bolivia and held captive for 165 days before being released back into its natural habitat. Physical immobilizations followed by anaesthesia using ketamine hydrochloride (KH) and xylazine hydrochloride (XH) were performed to obtain clinical, morphometric, haematological and serum chemical parameters. Physical immobilizations were efficient using capture nets. The combination of KH + XH had an average initial sedation effect within 12min with a range of 10–16 min after intramuscular application. Anaesthetic average plane lasted 41.7min with a range of 40–45 min and was extended to 64.5min (63–66 min range) with an addition of KH. The individual was underweight on arrival and gradually reached an ideal condition and was overweight before its release. Morphometry parameters showed that it grew during the captive period. It was released back into the wild when it was considered healthy. This is the first report of a protocol of physical and chemical immobilization, physiological values, and biometric variation of an Andean Cat under captive conditions.

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Different Influence Analysis of Sunset Policy and Tax Amnesty to the Retailer/ Small and Medium Sized Enterprise Individual Taxpayer Compliance (in the Region of Majalaya Tax Office, Bandung City)

ECONOMICS & ACCOUNTING JOURNAL ◽

10.32493/eaj.v2i2.y2019.p133-140 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 133

Author(s):

Yuliana Gunawan ◽

Lidya Agustina ◽

Enrico Goiyardi

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Tax Compliance ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Primary Data ◽

Tax Amnesty ◽

Questionnaire Result ◽

State Income ◽

Simple Regression Analysis ◽

The Individual ◽

Tax Payers

As we all know, tax is one of the most essential source of a state income which reaches up to 70% of the total. The target of tax payment has always increased every year, together with the increasing need of state expenses. Many breakthrough has been made since the onset of tax reformation in 2002 in order to facilitate the tax payers in fulfilling their duty as well as to reach the target of tax proceeds.One of those breakthrough is Sunset Policy, and the other is Tax Amnesty. The Population used in this research is non -employee individual taxpayer enlisted in the Tax Office of Majalaya, Bandung City, using qualitative data (the primary data obtained from questionnaire result). Sampling data drawn from simple random sampling method. Data analysis method used is the Simple Regression analysis which has passed the validity, reliability and classical assumption tests combined t-test.The result of this research shows that there is a significant influence of both Sunset Policy and Tax Amnesty variable to the tax compliance of the individual tax payer, with the Sunset Policy conveys greater impact than the latter.Key words: tax amnesty, sunset policy, tax compliance of the individual tax payer

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Extreme Weather and the Reproductive Success of a Long-lived Pelagic Seabird.

10.46289/dp88br12 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Bryony Baker

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Extreme Weather ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Direct Effects ◽

Individual Level ◽

Fledging Success ◽

The Individual ◽

Manx Shearwater

Seabirds are in decline globally and climate change is likely to increase the pressure on already struggling species. The indirect effects of climate change are widely studied, they have been shown to have a significant effect on both seabird survival and reproductive success, but the direct effects are less well understood. Climate predictions suggest that one of the direct effects, extreme weather, is predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity. Skomer Island is the largest Manx Shearwater colony in the world and the population has been increasing over recent decades, but the specific effects of extreme weather on reproductive success are unknown. This study compared the effects of average and extreme weather conditions on Manx Shearwater reproductive success, taking into account the effect of known breeding pairs and the potential effects of individual experience. It also considered the effect of inter-specific competition between shearwaters and Atlantic puffins on shearwater reproductive success. This study found that colony-level reproductive success showed no significant trend over the study period of 1995-2019, however fledging success showed a significant decline. When individual-level analysis was carried out no such trend was found: experienced breeders may be more likely to successfully raise a chick. Extreme weather was shown to have significant effects on reproductive success at the individual-level, particularly on fledging success, but this did not cause a significant decrease in fledging success over the study period. Population estimates show that shearwaters are increasing on Skomer and it is clear that weather, extreme or not, is not currently the most significant factor in determining reproductive success of Manx Shearwaters. This study also found no evidence that puffins are influencing the reproductive success of Manx Shearwaters on Skomer Island. The effects of climate change, indirect and direct, will interact and have many complex effects, especially if predictions regarding future climate change are met. Extreme weather and the effects of demography can only be studied where long- term datasets exist, therefore projects such as this are vital for ongoing seabird research and conservation.

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The Origin of Behavior

Quarterly Journal of Finance ◽

10.1142/s201013921100002x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 01 (01) ◽

pp. 55-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Thomas J. Brennan ◽

Andrew W. Lo

Keyword(s):

Reproductive Success ◽

Loss Aversion ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Initial Population ◽

Probability Matching ◽

Choice Problem ◽

Risk Sensitive ◽

Exponential Rates ◽

The Individual ◽

Risk Sensitive Foraging

We propose a single evolutionary explanation for the origin of several behaviors that have been observed in organisms ranging from ants to human subjects, including risk-sensitive foraging, risk aversion, loss aversion, probability matching, randomization, and diversification. Given an initial population of individuals, each assigned a purely arbitrary behavior with respect to a binary choice problem, and assuming that offspring behave identically to their parents, only those behaviors linked to reproductive success will survive, and less reproductively successful behaviors will disappear at exponential rates. When the uncertainty in reproductive success is systematic, natural selection yields behaviors that may be individually sub-optimal but are optimal from the population perspective; when reproductive uncertainty is idiosyncratic, the individual and population perspectives coincide. This framework generates a surprisingly rich set of behaviors, and the simplicity and generality of our model suggest that these derived behaviors are primitive and nearly universal within and across species.

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Impact of gene polymorphisms of gonadotropins and their receptors on human reproductive success

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-15-0251 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 150 (6) ◽

pp. R175-R184 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Livio Casarini ◽

Daniele Santi ◽

Marco Marino

Keyword(s):

Natural Selection ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Human Reproduction ◽

Human Populations ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Fertility Treatments ◽

Reproductive Endocrine ◽

Human Reproductive ◽

The Individual

Gonadotropins and their receptors' genes carry several single-nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in endocrine genotypes modulating reproductive parameters, diseases, and lifespan leading to important implications for reproductive success and potential relevance during human evolution. Here we illustrate common genotypes of the gonadotropins and gonadotropin receptors' genes and their clinical implications in phenotypes relevant for reproduction such as ovarian cycle length, age of menopause, testosterone levels, polycystic ovary syndrome, and cancer. We then discuss their possible role in human reproduction and adaptation to the environment. Gonadotropins and their receptors' variants are differently distributed among human populations. Some hints suggest that they may be the result of natural selection that occurred in ancient times, increasing the individual chance of successful mating, pregnancy, and effective post-natal parental cares. The gender-related differences in the regulation of the reproductive endocrine systems imply that many of these genotypes may lead to sex-dependent effects, increasing the chance of mating and reproductive success in one sex at the expenses of the other sex. Also, we suggest that sexual conflicts within the FSH and LH–choriogonadotropin receptor genes contributed to maintain genotypes linked to subfertility among humans. Because the distribution of polymorphic markers results in a defined geographical pattern due to human migrations rather than natural selection, these polymorphisms may have had only a weak impact on reproductive success. On the contrary, such genotypes could acquire relevant consequences in the modern, developed societies in which parenthood attempts often occur at a later age, during a short, suboptimal reproductive window, making clinical fertility treatments necessary.

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