scholarly journals Knockdown of the Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase Gene Using RNA Interference Inhibits Synthesis of Trehalose and Increases Lethality Rate in Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Xinyu Liu ◽  
Zhiwen Zou ◽  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Xian Liu ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Cdna Sequences ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Citrus Disease ◽  
Trehalose Content ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is the vector of citrus “huanglongbing”, a citrus disease which poses a significant threat to the global citrus industry. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays an important role in the regulation of trehalose levels of insects, while its functions in D. citri are unclear. In this study, full-length cDNA sequences of the TPS gene from D. citri (DcTPS) were cloned and its expression patterns at various developmental stages were investigated. The results indicated that DcTPS mRNA was expressed at each developmental stage and the highest DcTPS expression was found in the fifth-instar nymphs of D. citri. Additionally, mortality and deformity of D. citri were observed after 24 and 48 h by feeding with three different dsRNA concentrations (20, 100 and 500 ng/μL). The results indicated that DcTPS expression was declined, and mortality and malformation in nymphs were increased via feeding with dsDcTPS. Moreover, the enzyme and trehalose content were decreased, while the content of glucose was significantly higher than that of untreated (control) individuals. This suggests that DcTPS might be vital for the growth and development of D. citri and further studies of the genes should be related to molting and metabolism for controlling D. citri.

scholarly journals Functions of Circular RNAs Involved in Animal Skeletal Muscle Development – A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Patricia Adu-Asiamah ◽  
Qiying Leng ◽  
Haidong Xu ◽  
Jiahui Zheng ◽  
Zhihui Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Mirna Sponges

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) have been identified in the skeletal muscle of numerous species of animals. Their abundance, diversity, and their dynamic expression patterns have been revealed in various developmental stages and physiological conditions in skeletal muscles. Recently, studies have made known that circRNAs widely participate in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation. They are also involved in other life processes such as functioning as microRNA (miRNA) sponges, regulators of splicing and transcription, and modifiers of parental gene expression with emerging pieces of evidence indicating a high chance of playing a vital role in several cells and tissues, especially the muscles. Other research has emphatically stated that the growth and development of skeletal muscle are regulated by proteins as well as non-coding RNAs, which involve circRNAs. Therefore, circRNAs have been considered significant biological regulators for understanding the molecular mechanisms of myoblasts. Here, we discuss how circRNAs are abundantly expressed in muscle (myoblast) and their critical roles in growth and development.

scholarly journals Characteristics and Expression Analyses of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase Family in Prunus mume Reveal Genes Involved in Trehalose Biosynthesis and Drought Response

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Yongjuan Yang ◽  
Kaifeng Ma ◽  
Tengxun Zhang ◽  
Lulu Li ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Drought Response ◽  
Prunus Mume ◽  
Protein Motifs ◽  
Group I ◽  
Trehalose Biosynthesis ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Trehalose Content ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Trehalose and its key synthase (trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, TPS) can improve the drought tolerance of plants. However, little is known about the roles of trehalose and the TPS family in Prunus mume response to drought. In our study, we discovered that the trehalose content in leaf, root, and stem tissues significantly increased in P. mume in response to drought. Therefore, the characteristics and functions of the TPS family are worth investigating in P. mume. We identified nine TPS family members in P. mume, which were divided into two sub-families and characterized by gene structure, promoter elements, protein conserved domains, and protein motifs. We found that the Hydrolase_3 domain and several motifs were highly conserved in Group II instead of Group I. The distinctions between the two groups may result from selective constraints, which we estimated by the dN/dS (ω) ratio. The ω values of all the PmTPS family gene pairs were evaluated as less than 1, indicating that purity selection facilitated their divergence. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using 92 TPSs from 10 Rosaceae species, which were further divided into five clusters. Based on evolutionary analyses, the five clusters of TPS family proteins mainly underwent varied purity selection. The expression patterns of PmTPSs under drought suggested that the TPS family played an important role in the drought tolerance of P. mume. Combining the expression patterns of PmTPSs and the trehalose content changes in leaf, stem, and root tissues under normal conditions and drought stress, we found that the PmTPS2 and PmTPS6 mainly function in the trehalose biosynthesis in P. mume. Our findings not only provide valuable information about the functions of trehalose and TPSs in the drought response of P. mume, but they also contribute to the future drought breeding of P. mume.

scholarly journals De Novo Assembly of the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Transcriptome across Developmental Stages

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4974
Author(s):  
Chunxiao Yang ◽  
Da Ou ◽  
Wei Guo ◽  
Jing Lü ◽  
Changfei Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter

Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is an important economic pest of citrus, as it transmits Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, the causative agent of huanglongbing. In this study, we used RNA-seq to identify novel genes and provide the first high-resolution view of the of D. citri transcriptome throughout development. The transcriptomes of D. citri during eight developmental stages, including the egg, five instars, and male and female adults were sequenced. In total, 115 million clean reads were obtained and assembled into 354,726 unigenes with an average length of 925.65 bp and an N50 length of 1733 bp. Clusters of Orthologous Groups, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were conducted to functionally annotate the genes. Differential expression analysis highlighted developmental stage-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, two trehalase genes were characterized with lower expression in adults compared to that in the other stages. The RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of the two trehalase genes resulted in significantly high D. citri mortality. This study enriched the genomic information regarding D. citri. Importantly, these data represent the most comprehensive transcriptomic resource currently available for D. citri and will facilitate functional genomics studies of this notorious pest.

scholarly journals Modelling Citrus Huanglongbing Spread in Scenarios involving Alternative Hosts, Vector Populations and Removal of Symptomatic Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sônia Ternes ◽  
Raphael G. d’A. Vilamiu ◽  
Alécio S. Moreira ◽  
Marcelo Rossi ◽  
Tâmara T. de C. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
The World ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Citrus Disease

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB, ex-greening) is the most devastating citrus disease around the world. We modelled HLB spread in scenarios with different populational levels of the main alternative host (Murraya paniculata) and Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vector of HLB associated bacteria; and removal of HLB-symptomatic plants. A compartmental deterministic mathematical model was built for representing the HLB dynamics in the Reconcavo Baiano, Bahia State, Brazil. The model encompasses delays on latency and incubation disease periods and on the D. citri nymphal stages. The simulations indicated that the presence of alternative hosts at low proportion would not play a crucial role in HLB dynamics in situations of poor D. citri management, regardless of HLB-symptomatic plants eradication. Symptomatic citrus plants contribute more to increase the HLB-incidence than the alternative host in scenarios without a suitable D. citri management.

scholarly journals Differentially Expressed MiRNAs of Goat Submandibular Glands Among Three Developmental Stages Are Involved in Immune Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aili Wang ◽  
Zhibin Ji ◽  
Rong Xuan ◽  
Xiaodong Zhao ◽  
Lei Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Submandibular Glands ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Old Adult

Submandibular glands (SMGs) are one of the primary components of salivary glands in goats. The proteins and biologically active substances secreted by the SMGs change with growth and development. Our previous studies showed that most of the differentially expressed genes in the SMGs of goats at different developmental stages are involved in immune-related signaling pathways, but the miRNA expression patterns in the same tissues are unknown. The aim of this study was to reveal the expression profile of miRNAs at three different developmental stages, detect differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and predict disease-related DE miRNAs. SMG tissue samples were collected from groups of 1-month-old kids, 12-month-old maiden goats and 24-month-old adult goats (three samples from each group), and high-throughout transcriptome sequencing was conducted. A total of 178, 241 and 7 DE miRNAs were discovered between 1-month-old kids and 12-month-old maiden goats, between 1-month-old kids and 24-month-old adult goats, and between 12-month-old maiden goats and 24-month-old adult goats, respectively. Among these DE miRNAs, 88 DE miRNAs with medium or high expression levels (TPM ≥50) were classified into five expression pattern clusters. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that some of the predicted target genes of the DE miRNAs in the five clusters were enriched in disease-related GO terms and pathways. MiRNA target genes in significant pathways were significantly enriched in Hepatitis B (FDR = 9.03E-10) and Pathways in cancer (FDR = 4.2E-10). Further analysis was performed with a PPI network, and 10 miRNAs were predicted to play an important role in the occurrence and prevention of diseases during the growth and development of goats.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Identification and Functional Insight of Lily WRKY Genes Responding to Botrytis Fungal Disease

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 776
Author(s):  
Shipra Kumari ◽  
Bashistha Kumar Kanth ◽  
Ju young Ahn ◽  
Jong Hwa Kim ◽  
Geung-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Genome Wide

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq of Lilium longiflorum revealed valuable genes responding to biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors are regulatory proteins playing essential roles in defense processes under environmental stresses, causing considerable losses in flower quality and production. Thirty-eight WRKY genes were identified from the transcriptomic profile from lily genotypes, exhibiting leaf blight caused by Botrytis elliptica. Lily WRKYs have a highly conserved motif, WRKYGQK, with a common variant, WRKYGKK. Phylogeny of LlWRKYs with homologous genes from other representative plant species classified them into three groups- I, II, and III consisting of seven, 22, and nine genes, respectively. Base on functional annotation, 22 LlWRKY genes were associated with biotic stress, nine with abiotic stress, and seven with others. Sixteen unique LlWRKY were studied to investigate responses to stress conditions using gene expression under biotic and abiotic stress treatments. Five genes—LlWRKY3, LlWRKY4, LlWRKY5, LlWRKY10, and LlWRKY12—were substantially upregulated, proving to be biotic stress-responsive genes in vivo and in vitro conditions. Moreover, the expression patterns of LlWRKY genes varied in response to drought, heat, cold, and different developmental stages or tissues. Overall, our study provides structural and molecular insights into LlWRKY genes for use in the genetic engineering in Lilium against Botrytis disease.

scholarly journals A comprehensive RNA-Seq-based gene expression atlas of the summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) provides insights into fruit morphology and ripening mechanisms

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliki Xanthopoulou ◽  
Javier Montero-Pau ◽  
Belén Picó ◽  
Panagiotis Boumpas ◽  
Eleni Tsaliki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Male Flower ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Gene Expression Atlas ◽  
Summer Squash ◽  
Expression Atlas

Abstract Background Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo: Cucurbitaceae) are a popular horticultural crop for which there is insufficient genomic and transcriptomic information. Gene expression atlases are crucial for the identification of genes expressed in different tissues at various plant developmental stages. Here, we present the first comprehensive gene expression atlas for a summer squash cultivar, including transcripts obtained from seeds, shoots, leaf stem, young and developed leaves, male and female flowers, fruits of seven developmental stages, as well as primary and lateral roots. Results In total, 27,868 genes and 2352 novel transcripts were annotated from these 16 tissues, with over 18,000 genes common to all tissue groups. Of these, 3812 were identified as housekeeping genes, half of which assigned to known gene ontologies. Flowers, seeds, and young fruits had the largest number of specific genes, whilst intermediate-age fruits the fewest. There also were genes that were differentially expressed in the various tissues, the male flower being the tissue with the most differentially expressed genes in pair-wise comparisons with the remaining tissues, and the leaf stem the least. The largest expression change during fruit development was early on, from female flower to fruit two days after pollination. A weighted correlation network analysis performed on the global gene expression dataset assigned 25,413 genes to 24 coexpression groups, and some of these groups exhibited strong tissue specificity. Conclusions These findings enrich our understanding about the transcriptomic events associated with summer squash development and ripening. This comprehensive gene expression atlas is expected not only to provide a global view of gene expression patterns in all major tissues in C. pepo but to also serve as a valuable resource for functional genomics and gene discovery in Cucurbitaceae.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis and identification of drought-responsive candidate NAC genes in three semi-arid tropics (SAT) legume crops

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadhana Singh ◽  
Himabindu Kudapa ◽  
Vanika Garg ◽  
Rajeev K. Varshney
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Legume Crops ◽  
Root Tissues ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Abstract Background Chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut are the primary legume crops of semi-arid tropics (SAT) and their global productivity is severely affected by drought stress. The plant-specific NAC (NAM - no apical meristem, ATAF - Arabidopsis transcription activation factor, and CUC - cup-shaped cotyledon) transcription factor family is known to be involved in majority of abiotic stresses, especially in the drought stress tolerance mechanism. Despite the knowledge available regarding NAC function, not much information is available on NAC genes in SAT legume crops. Results In this study, genome-wide NAC proteins – 72, 96, and 166 have been identified from the genomes of chickpea, pigeonpea, and groundnut, respectively, and later grouped into 10 clusters in chickpea and pigeonpea, while 12 clusters in groundnut. Phylogeny with well-known stress-responsive NACs in Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa (rice), Medicago truncatula, and Glycine max (soybean) enabled prediction of putative stress-responsive NACs in chickpea (22), pigeonpea (31), and groundnut (33). Transcriptome data revealed putative stress-responsive NACs at various developmental stages that showed differential expression patterns in the different tissues studied. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the expression patterns of selected stress-responsive, Ca_NAC (Cicer arietinum - 14), Cc_NAC (Cajanus cajan - 15), and Ah_NAC (Arachis hypogaea - 14) genes using drought-stressed and well-watered root tissues from two contrasting drought-responsive genotypes of each of the three legumes. Based on expression analysis, Ca_06899, Ca_18090, Ca_22941, Ca_04337, Ca_04069, Ca_04233, Ca_12660, Ca_16379, Ca_16946, and Ca_21186; Cc_26125, Cc_43030, Cc_43785, Cc_43786, Cc_22429, and Cc_22430; Ah_ann1.G1V3KR.2, Ah_ann1.MI72XM.2, Ah_ann1.V0X4SV.1, Ah_ann1.FU1JML.2, and Ah_ann1.8AKD3R.1 were identified as potential drought stress-responsive candidate genes. Conclusion As NAC genes are known to play role in several physiological and biological activities, a more comprehensive study on genome-wide identification and expression analyses of the NAC proteins have been carried out in chickpea, pigeonpea and groundnut. We have identified a total of 21 potential drought-responsive NAC genes in these legumes. These genes displayed correlation between gene expression, transcriptional regulation, and better tolerance against drought. The identified candidate genes, after validation, may serve as a useful resource for molecular breeding for drought tolerance in the SAT legume crops.

scholarly journals The Coordinated Upregulated Expression of Genes Involved in MEP, Chlorophyll, Carotenoid and Tocopherol Pathways, Mirrored the Corresponding Metabolite Contents in Rice Leaves during De-Etiolation

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Xin Jin ◽  
Can Baysal ◽  
Margit Drapal ◽  
Yanmin Sheng ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Coordinated Expression ◽  
Rice Leaves ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Light is an essential regulator of many developmental processes in higher plants. We investigated the effect of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase 1/2 genes (OsHDR1/2) and isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase 1/2 genes (OsIPPI1/2) on the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phytosterols in 14-day-old etiolated rice (Oyza sativa L.) leaves during de-etiolation. However, little is known about the effect of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes on the corresponding metabolites during the de-etiolation of etiolated rice leaves. The results showed that the levels of α-tocopherol were significantly increased in de-etiolated rice leaves. Similar to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase 3 gene (OsDXS3), both OsDXS1 and OsDXS2 genes encode functional 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) activities. Their expression patterns and the synthesis of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol metabolites suggested that OsDXS1 is responsible for the biosynthesis of plastidial isoprenoids in de-etiolated rice leaves. The expression analysis of isoprenoid biosynthesis genes revealed that the coordinated expression of the MEP (2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate) pathway, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and tocopherol pathway genes mirrored the changes in the levels of the corresponding metabolites during de-etiolation. The underpinning mechanistic basis of coordinated light-upregulated gene expression was elucidated during the de-etiolation process, specifically the role of light-responsive cis-regulatory motifs in the promoter region of these genes. In silico promoter analysis showed that the light-responsive cis-regulatory elements presented in all the promoter regions of each light-upregulated gene, providing an important link between observed phenotype during de-etiolation and the molecular machinery controlling expression of these genes.

scholarly journals Trehalose and glucose levels regulate feeding behavior of the phloem-feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guang Wang ◽  
Jing-Jiang Zhou ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Yuping Gou ◽  
Peter Quandahor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Electrical Penetration Graph ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Phloem Feeding ◽  
Trehalose Content

AbstractTrehalose serves multifarious roles in growth and development of insects. In this study, we demonstrated that the high trehalose diet increased the glucose content, and high glucose diet increased the glucose content but decreased the trehalose content of Acyrthosiphon pisum. RNA interference (RNAi) of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (ApTPS) decreased while RNAi of trehalase gene (ApTRE) increased the trehalose and glucose contents. In the electrical penetration graph experiment, RNAi of ApTPS increased the percentage of E2 waveform and decreased the percentage of F and G waveforms. The high trehalose and glucose diets increased the percentage of E2 waveform of A. pisum red biotype. The correlation between feeding behavior and sugar contents indicated that the percentage of E1 and E2 waveforms were increased but np, C, F and G waveforms were decreased in low trehalose and glucose contents. The percentage of np, E1 and E2 waveforms were reduced but C, F and G waveforms were elevated in high trehalose and glucose contents. The results suggest that the A. pisum with high trehalose and glucose contents spent less feeding time during non-probing phase and phloem feeding phase, but had an increased feeding time during probing phase, stylet work phase and xylem feeding phase.

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