scholarly journals Gut Microbial Composition and Function Are Altered in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunju Jeong ◽  
Ji-Won Kim ◽  
Hyun Ju You ◽  
Sang-Jun Park ◽  
Jennifer Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Early Ra ◽  
Microbial Distribution ◽  
Clusters Of Orthologous Groups ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
And Function

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation of the joints and extra-articular manifestations. Recent studies have shown that microorganisms affect RA pathogenesis. However, few studies have examined the microbial distribution of early RA patients, particularly female patients. In the present study, we investigated the gut microbiome profile and microbial functions in early RA female patients, including preclinical and clinically apparent RA cases. Changes in microbiological diversity, composition, and function in each group were analyzed using quantitative insights into microbial ecology (QIIME) and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt). The results revealed the dysbiosis due to decreased diversity in the early RA patients compared with healthy subjects. There were significant differences in the microbial distribution of various taxa from phylum to genus levels between healthy subjects and early RA patients. Phylum Bacteroidetes was enriched in early RA patients, while Actinobacteria, including the genus Collinsella, was enriched in healthy subjects. Functional analysis based on clusters of orthologous groups revealed that the genes related to the biosynthesis of menaquinone, known to be derived from gram-positive bacteria, were enriched in healthy subjects, while iron transport-related genes were enriched in early RA patients. Genes related to the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide, the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, were enriched in clinically apparent RA patients. The obvious differences in microbial diversity, taxa, and associated functions of the gut microbiota between healthy subjects and early RA patients highlight the involvement of the gut microbiome in the early stages of RA.

scholarly journals Role of Biological Sex in the Cardiovascular-Gut Microbiome Axis

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuangyue Li ◽  
Georgios Kararigas
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

There has been a recent, unprecedented interest in the role of gut microbiota in host health and disease. Technological advances have dramatically expanded our knowledge of the gut microbiome. Increasing evidence has indicated a strong link between gut microbiota and the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In the present article, we discuss the contribution of gut microbiota in the development and progression of CVD. We further discuss how the gut microbiome may differ between the sexes and how it may be influenced by sex hormones. We put forward that regulation of microbial composition and function by sex might lead to sex-biased disease susceptibility, thereby offering a mechanistic insight into sex differences in CVD. A better understanding of this could identify novel targets, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for men and women.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiome and Xenobiotics: Identifying Knowledge Gaps

2020 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki L Sutherland ◽  
Charlene A McQueen ◽  
Donna Mendrick ◽  
Donna Gulezian ◽  
Carl Cerniglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Breakout Group ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
And Function

Abstract There is an increasing awareness that the gut microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, but mechanistic insights are often lacking. In June 2018, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a workshop, “The Gut Microbiome: Markers of Human Health, Drug Efficacy and Xenobiotic Toxicity” (https://hesiglobal.org/event/the-gut-microbiome-workshop) to identify data gaps in determining how gut microbiome alterations may affect human health. Speakers and stakeholders from academia, government, and industry addressed multiple topics including the current science on the gut microbiome, endogenous and exogenous metabolites, biomarkers, and model systems. The workshop presentations and breakout group discussions formed the basis for identifying data gaps and research needs. Two critical issues that emerged were defining the microbial composition and function related to health and developing standards for models, methods and analysis in order to increase the ability to compare and replicate studies. A series of key recommendations were formulated to focus efforts to further understand host-microbiome interactions and the consequences of exposure to xenobiotics as well as identifying biomarkers of microbiome-associated disease and toxicity.

scholarly journals Effects of Maternal Low-Protein Diet on Microbiota Structure and Function in the Jejunum of Huzhu Bamei Suckling Piglets

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jipeng Jin ◽  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Jianlei Jia ◽  
Qian Chen ◽  
Zan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
And Function ◽  
Protein Diets

The jejunum is the primary organ for digestion and nutrient absorption in mammals. The development of the jejunum in suckling piglets directly affects their growth performance post-weaning. The jejunum microbiome plays an important role in proliferation, metabolism, apoptosis, immune, and homeostasis of the epithelial cells within the organ. The composition and diversity of the gut microbiome is susceptible to the protein composition of the diet. Therefore, the effects of maternal low-protein diets on piglets’ intestinal microbial structure and function have become a hot topic of study. Herein, a maternal low-protein diet was formulated to explore the effects on jejunum microbiome composition and metabolic profiles in Bamei suckling piglets. Using 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequencing in conjunction with bioinformatics analysis, 21 phyla and 297 genera were identified within the gut microflora. The top 10 phyla and 10 genera are within the gut bacteria. Next, KEGG analysis showed that the low-protein diet significantly increased the gut microbial composition, transport and catabolism, immune system, global and overview maps, amino acid metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, endocrine system, biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites, signal transduction, environmental adaptation, and cell motility. Taken together, low-protein diets do not appear to affect the reproductive performance of Bamei sows but improved the gut microbiome of the suckling piglets as well as reduced the probability of diarrhea. The data presented here provide new insights on the dietary protein requirements to support the Huzhu Bamei pig industry.

scholarly journals The Effects of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis on Dominant and Non-dominant Hand Impairment and Function

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Adams ◽  
Jane Burridge ◽  
Alison Hammond ◽  
Cyrus Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Early Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Early Ra ◽  
Hand Dexterity ◽  
And Function

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is defined as a symmetrical disease yet there is evidence that hand joint damage sustained in RA is related to use, and hand dominance could affect the degree of structural impairment evident in the wrist and hand. This exploratory research aimed to examine the relationship of dominant and non-dominant wrist and hand joint impairment and function in an early rheumatoid population. A multi-centre cohort study was conducted, recruiting consenting patients with early rheumatoid arthritis from eight outpatient occupational therapy departments. Wrist and hand joint impairment and function were assessed by measuring joint pain and swelling, range of motion and joint deviation, handgrip and hand dexterity. The results demonstrated that the non-dominant hand showed less pathological structural and functional involvement than the dominant hand in all but one outcome measure. These differences reached statistical significance between dominant and non-dominant hands on active range of motion in the wrist and some digits. Dominant hand structural impairment and dysfunction in this early RA sample was consistently greater than the non-dominant hand and bilateral handgrip ratio did not reflect healthy values for norms. Individuals with early RA showed a greater level of impairment in their dominant hands.

Can we modulate the breastfed infant gut microbiota through maternal diet?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azhar S Sindi ◽  
Donna T Geddes ◽  
Mary E Wlodek ◽  
Beverly S Muhlhausler ◽  
Matthew S Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Breastfed Infant ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome ◽  
And Function ◽  
Microbiome Data

Abstract Initial colonisation of the infant gut is robustly influenced by regular ingestion of human milk, a substance that contains microbes, microbial metabolites, immune proteins, and oligosaccharides. Numerous factors have been identified as potential determinants of the human milk and infant gut microbiota, including maternal diet; however, there is limited data on the influence of maternal diet during lactation on either of these. Here, we review the processes thought to contribute to human milk and infant gut bacterial colonisation and provide a basis for considering the role of maternal dietary patterns during lactation in shaping infant gut microbial composition and function. Although only one observational study has directly investigated the influence of maternal diet during lactation on the infant gut microbiome, data from animal studies suggests that modulation of the maternal gut microbiota, via diet or probiotics, may influence the mammary or milk microbiota. Additionally, evidence from human studies suggests that the maternal diet during pregnancy may affect the gut microbiota of the breastfed infant. Together, there is a plausible hypothesis that maternal diet during lactation may influence the infant gut microbiota. If substantiated in further studies, this may present a potential window of opportunity for modulating the infant gut microbiome in early life.

scholarly journals Nutritional Therapies and Their Influence on the Intestinal Microbiome in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Lara Hart ◽  
Charlotte M. Verburgt ◽  
Eytan Wine ◽  
Mary Zachos ◽  
Alisha Poppen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
And Function

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, autoimmune disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with numerous genetic and environmental risk factors. Patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) often demonstrate marked disruptions of their gut microbiome. The intestinal microbiota is strongly influenced by diet. The association between the increasing incidence of IBD worldwide and increased consumption of a westernized diet suggests host nutrition may influence the progression or treatment of IBD via the microbiome. Several nutritional therapies have been studied for the treatment of CD and UC. While their mechanisms of action are only partially understood, existing studies do suggest that diet-driven changes in microbial composition and function underlie the diverse mechanisms of nutritional therapy. Despite existing therapies for IBD focusing heavily on immune suppression, nutrition is an important treatment option due to its superior safety profile, potentially low cost, and benefits for growth and development. These benefits are increasingly important to patients. In this review, we will describe the clinical efficacy of the different nutritional therapies that have been described for the treatment of CD and UC. We will also describe the effects of each nutritional therapy on the gut microbiome and summarize the strength of the literature with recommendations for the practicing clinician.

scholarly journals Effect of host genetics on the gut microbiome in 7,738 participants of the Dutch Microbiome Project

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Lopera-Maya ◽  
A. Kurilshikov ◽  
A. van der Graaf ◽  
S. Hu ◽  
S. Andreu-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Host Genetics ◽  
Secretor Status ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
And Function ◽  
Larger Sample

AbstractHost genetics are known to influence the gut microbiome, yet their role remains poorly understood. To robustly characterize these effects, we performed a genome-wide association study of 207 taxa and 205 pathways representing microbial composition and function within the Dutch Microbiome Project, a population cohort of 7,738 individuals from the northern Netherlands. Two robust, study-wide significant (p<1.89×10−10) signals near the LCT and ABO genes were found to affect multiple microbial taxa and pathways, and were replicated in two independent cohorts. The LCT locus associations were modulated by lactose intake, while those at ABO reflected participant secretor status determined by FUT2 genotype. Eighteen other loci showed suggestive evidence (p<5×10−8) of association with microbial taxa and pathways. At a more lenient threshold, the number of loci identified strongly correlated with trait heritability, suggesting that much larger sample sizes are needed to elucidate the remaining effects of host genetics on the gut microbiome.

scholarly journals A Prospective Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Impact of Exercise and/or Whey Protein Supplementation on the Gut Microbiome of Sedentary Adults

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen Cronin ◽  
Wiley Barton ◽  
Peter Skuse ◽  
Nicholas C. Penney ◽  
Isabel Garcia-Perez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Protein Consumption ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT Many components of modern living exert influence on the resident intestinal microbiota of humans with resultant impact on host health. For example, exercise-associated changes in the diversity, composition, and functional profiles of microbial populations in the gut have been described in cross-sectional studies of habitual athletes. However, this relationship is also affected by changes in diet, such as changes in dietary and supplementary protein consumption, that coincide with exercise. To determine whether increasing physical activity and/or increased protein intake modulates gut microbial composition and function, we prospectively challenged healthy but sedentary adults with a short-term exercise regime, with and without concurrent daily whey protein consumption. Metagenomics- and metabolomics-based assessments demonstrated modest changes in gut microbial composition and function following increases in physical activity. Significant changes in the diversity of the gut virome were evident in participants receiving daily whey protein supplementation. Results indicate that improved body composition with exercise is not dependent on major changes in the diversity of microbial populations in the gut. The diverse microbial characteristics previously observed in long-term habitual athletes may be a later response to exercise and fitness improvement. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota of humans is a critical component of functional development and subsequent health. It is important to understand the lifestyle and dietary factors that affect the gut microbiome and what impact these factors may have. Animal studies suggest that exercise can directly affect the gut microbiota, and elite athletes demonstrate unique beneficial and diverse gut microbiome characteristics. These characteristics are associated with levels of protein consumption and levels of physical activity. The results of this study show that increasing the fitness levels of physically inactive humans leads to modest but detectable changes in gut microbiota characteristics. For the first time, we show that regular whey protein intake leads to significant alterations to the composition of the gut virome.

scholarly journals Predictors of Radiographic Erosion and Joint Space Narrowing Progression in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Per Rydell ◽  
Kristina Forslind ◽  
Jan-Åke Nilsson ◽  
Magnus Karlsson ◽  
Kristina E Åkesson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Joint Space Narrowing ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Joint Space ◽  
Symptom Duration ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Early Ra ◽  
Post Menopausal ◽  
Hands And Feet

Abstract Background Radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) includes erosions and joint space narrowing (JSN). Different mechanisms may underlie their development. The objective of this study was to evaluate predictors of these entities separately. Methods Consecutive early RA patients (symptom duration ≤12 months) from a defined area (Malmö, Sweden) recruited during 1995–2005 were investigated. Radiographs of hands and feet were scored by a trained reader according to the modified Sharp-van der Heijde score. Fat mass and lean mass distribution were measured at baseline using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Potential predictors of erosion- and JSN progression from inclusion to the 5-year follow-up were evaluated.Results Two hundred and thirty-three patients were included. Radiographs at baseline and 5 years were available for 162 patients. The median (interquartile) progression of erosion and JSN scores were 4 (0-8) and 8 (1-16), respectively. Rheumatoid factor (RF) was a robust significant predictor of both erosion- and JSN score progression. In adjusted analyses, anti-CCP antibodies predicted erosions while the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was predictive of both outcomes. Smoking, high levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (>12 U/L) and high baseline disease activity (DAS28 >5.1) predicted progression of erosions. Baseline erosion score was associated with progression of both erosion- and JSN progression, while baseline JSN score was predictive only of the progression of JSN. Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25kg/m2) was a significant negative predictor of JSN score progression (ß= -0.14, p= 0.018, adjusted for RF, age, baseline JSN score) also when additionally adjusting for ever smoking (p= 0.041). Among female patients, this effect was observed in those of estimated post-menopausal age (>51 years), but not in younger women. The truncal: peripheral fat ratio was associated with less JSN score progression in women, but not in men. Conclusions Overweight RA patients had less JSN progression, independent of smoking status. This effect was seen in particular among older women (mainly post-menopausal), but not younger. Truncal fat was associated with less JSN progression in female patients. Smoking predicted erosion progression, and erosions may precede JSN. BMI and fat distribution may influence cartilage damage in early RA and might be related to hormonal factors.

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