scholarly journals Characterisation of Early Microbial Colonisers within the Spiral Colon of Pre- and Post-Natal Piglets

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Tanya L. Nowland ◽  
Roy N. Kirkwood ◽  
Valeria A. Torok ◽  
Kate J. Plush ◽  
Mary D. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Community Evenness ◽  
Diversity Metrics

Initial enteric microbial colonisation influences animal health and disease, hence an understanding of the first microbial colonisers within the piglet is important. The spiral colon of piglets that were stillborn (n = 20), born-alive (n = 10), and born alive and had sucked (n = 9) were collected from 28 sows to investigate whether initial microbial colonisation occurs pre- or post-partum and how it develops during the first 24 h post-partum. To examine this, DNA was extracted and 16S rRNA amplicon analysis was performed to allow analysis of microbial communities. The results indicate that microbial colonisation of the spiral colon had occurred in stillborn pigs, suggesting microbial exposure prior to birth. Alpha diversity metrics indicated that the number of taxa and community richness were higher in piglets that sucked (p < 0.001) and community evenness was lower in stillborns in comparison to born-alive (p < 0.001) but was not affected by colostrum consumption (p < 0.001). Additionally, when compared with stillborn piglets, the bacteria colonising the spiral colon during the first 24 h post-partum included the potentially pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium celatum, and potentially beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus reutueri and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. The relative presence of Archaea was high in stillborn piglets but decreased with post-natal environmental exposure. It is evident that stillborn piglets have bacteria present within their spiral colon, however further studies are needed in order to determine the time at which colonisation is initiated and the mechanisms determining how colonisation occurs. Additionally, as expected, the immediate post-natal environment largely influences the microorganisms colonising, while colostrum consumption further contributes to the microbial community enrichment.

The use of hyper-immunised egg as a source of prophylactic antibodies in the neonatal piglet

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
S. Rizvi ◽  
D.A. Harbour ◽  
G. R. Pearson ◽  
D. Patel ◽  
C. R. Stokes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infection ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Diarrhoea

Gastrointestinal infection caused by pathogenic bacteria and viruses are an important cause of diarrhoea and ill-thrift in human and animal neonates (Guerrant et al., 1986, Radostits et al., 1994). Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Rotavirus are both important causes of neonatal diarrhoea, in addition E.coli is an important factor in the post-weaning diarrhoea syndrome seen in early weaned piglets (Radostits et al., 1994). Neonates reared on maternal milk are protected by antibodies (IgA in humans and pigs, IgG in ruminants) which act passively in the gut against organisms which cause gastrointestinal disease. This study investigated the protective effect of egg antibodies (Lohmann Animal Health) against E.coli and Rotavirus challenge in neonatal piglets. The eggs were sourced from hens vaccinated against E.coli and Rotavirus.

scholarly journals The Intriguing Interaction of Escherichia coli with the Host Environment and Innovative Strategies To Interfere with Colonization: a Summary of the 2019 E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System Meeting

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cox ◽  
Meryem Aloulou ◽  
James M. Fleckenstein ◽  
Christina Schäffer ◽  
Åsa Sjöling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Innovative Strategies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Health And Disease

ABSTRACT The third E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System (ECMIS) meeting was held at Ghent University in Belgium from 2 to 5 June 2019. It brought together an international group of scientists interested in mechanisms of colonization, host response, and vaccine development. ECMIS distinguishes itself from related meetings on these enteropathogens by providing a greater emphasis on animal health and disease and covering a broad range of pathotypes, including enterohemorrhagic, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroaggregative, and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. As it is well established that the genus Shigella represents a subspecies of E. coli, these organisms along with related enteroinvasive E. coli are also included. In addition, Tannerella forsythia, a periodontal pathogen, was presented as an example of a pathogen which uses its surface glycans for mucosal interaction. This review summarizes several highlights from the 2019 meeting and major advances to our understanding of the biology of these pathogens and their impact on the host.

The Distribution Characteristic of Microbial Aerosols Inside a Nursery Pig House and the Respiratory Tract of Piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Tang ◽  
Kai Huang ◽  
Junze Liu ◽  
Xiaoming Jin ◽  
ChunMei Li
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Culturable Bacteria ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
16 S Rrna

Abstract Background: The particulate matter (PM) is a carrier of many substances. Microorganisms are vital constituents contained in PM and the kinds and concentration are closely connected to human health and animal production. This study was aimed to investigate the distribution characteristics of microbial aerosols inside the pig house and as well as in the respiratory tract of pigs. The environment inside a nursery pig house was monitored in winter, including temperature, relative humidity, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, NH3, CO2, CO and NO. The concentrations of airborne culturable bacteria, fungi and Escherichia coli were detected. Then 16 S rRNA sequencing technology was applied to identify bacteria contained in different sized PM and the bacteria in the respiratory tract of piglets.Results: The results showed that the concentration of airborne culturable bacteria inside the pig house was significantly higher than that outside. The concentration of airborne culturable bacteria was reduced with the decrease of the size of PM; the concentration of airborne culturable fungi was mostly distributed in the size of 2.1-3.3 μm and 1.1-2.1 μm PM; most airborne culturable Escherichia coli were distributed in the size of >7.0 μm and 2.1-3.3 μm. Besides, these three types of microbial aerosols did not exhibit significant change during different time points. The 16 S rRNA results showed that the bacteria contained in PM had high similarity with that in the respiratory tract of pigs. The bacteria assemblage in the size of 1.1-3.3 μm PM had high similarity with that in the lower respiratory tract (bronchus and lung) of pigs. In addition, four potential pathogenic bacteria genera (Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas) were identified in the PM samples and the respiratory tract.Conclusions: These results will provide a significant scientific basis in exploring the potential risk of aerosol from animal houses for human and animal health.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in porcine pathogenic bacteria and relation to antibiotic usage

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Holmer ◽  
C. M. Salomonsen ◽  
S. E. Jorsal ◽  
L. B. Astrup ◽  
V. F. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Temporal Association ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Optimal treatment and prudent use of antimicrobials for pigs is imperative to secure animal health and prevent development of critical resistance. An important step in this one-health context is to monitor resistance patterns of important animal pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of five major pathogens in Danish pigs during a period from 2004 to 2017 and elucidate any developments or associations between resistance and usage of antibiotics. Results The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Escherichia coli, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Staphylococcus hyicus was determined to representatives of antibiotic classes relevant for treatment or surveillance. Escherichia coli isolates were mostly sensitive to fluoroquinolones and colistin, whereas high levels of resistance were observed to ampicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracycline. While resistance levels to most compounds remained relatively stable during the period, resistance to florfenicol increased from 2.1% in 2004 to 18.1% in 2017, likely in response to a concurrent increase in usage. A temporal association between resistance and usage was also observed for neomycin. E. coli serovars O138 and O149 were generally more resistant than O139. For A. pleuropneumoniae, the resistance pattern was homogenous and predictable throughout the study period, displaying high MIC values only to erythromycin whereas almost all isolates were susceptible to all other compounds. Most S. suis isolates were sensitive to penicillin whereas high resistance levels to erythromycin and tetracycline were recorded, and resistance to erythromycin and trimethoprim increasing over time. For S. hyicus, sensitivity to the majority of the antimicrobials tested was observed. However, penicillin resistance was recorded in 69.4–88.9% of the isolates. All B. bronchiseptica isolates were resistant to ampicillin, whereas all but two isolates were sensitive to florfenicol. The data obtained have served as background for a recent formulation of evidence-based treatment guidelines for pigs. Conclusions Antibiotic resistance varied for some pathogens over time and in response to usage. Resistance to critically important compounds was low. The results emphasize the need for continuous surveillance of resistance patterns also in pig pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Microbiome analysis reveals gut microbiota alteration of early-weaned Yimeng black goats with the effect of milk replacer and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aoyun Li ◽  
Yan Yang ◽  
Songkang Qin ◽  
Shenjin Lv ◽  
Taihua Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Milk Replacer ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Distribution ◽  
Microbial Development ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Effect Of Age

Abstract Background Colonization of intestinal microbiota in ruminant during the early life is important to host health, metabolism and immunity. Accumulating evidence revealed the ameliorative effect of milk replacer administration in the gut microbial development of early-weaned ruminants. Yimeng black goats (YBGs) inhabiting Shandong, China show a complex intestinal microbial ecosystem, but studies of their gut microbiota are still insufficient to report. Here, this study was performed to investigate how the gut microbiota develops in weaned YBGs with the effect of age and milk replacer. Results Results indicated that both age and milk replacer were important factors to change the gut microbiota of YBGs. Although the alpha diversity of gut microbiota did not change with the age of YBGs, the taxonomic compositions significantly changed. The relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria such as Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminiclostridium, Eubacterium and Barnesiella significantly decreased and subsequently increase with age, which contributes to maintain the stability of intestinal environment and realize the diversity of intestinal functions. The relative abundance of Porphyromonas, Brevundimonas, Flavobacterium, Stenotrophomonas, Propionibacterium, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus and Clostridium belong to pathogenic bacteria in milk replacer-treated YBGs was significantly decreased. Additionally, some beneficial bacteria such as Ruminococcus, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Ruminiclostridium also display a trend of decreasing first followed by gradually increasing. Conclusions This study first revealed the gut bacterial community alterations in YBGs with the effect of age and milk replacer. This study also characterized the gut microbial distribution in YBGs with different ages and provided better insight into microbial population structure and diversity of YBGs. Moreover, milk replacer may serve as a good applicant for improving gut microbial development in early-weaned YBGs.

scholarly journals A Genomic Island of an Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain Enables the Metabolism of Fructooligosaccharides, Which Improves Intestinal Colonization

2008 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Schouler ◽  
Ahmed Taki ◽  
Iman Chouikha ◽  
Maryvonne Moulin-Schouleur ◽  
Philippe Gilot
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Genomic Island ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
High Level ◽  
Time Decrease

ABSTRACT Prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are increasingly being used in some countries for improving human and animal health and as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in animals, with various degrees of success. It has been observed that FOS stimulate the proliferation of probiotic bacteria and, at the same time, decrease the population of bacteria associated with disease. This observation assumes that pathogenic bacteria do not metabolize FOS and, therefore, lose their competitive advantage over beneficial bacteria. Here we present evidence that some pathogenic Escherichia coli strains can metabolize FOS and show that this property helps the bacterium colonize the intestine. These findings highlight the potential risk that a high level of prebiotic usage could lead to the emergence of well-adapted pathogenic strains that metabolize prebiotic substances.

Isolation of Epigallocatechin Gallate from Green Tea and its Effects on Probiotics and Pathogenic Bacteria

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
Tu Lijun ◽  
Sun Hanju ◽  
He Shudong ◽  
Zhu Yongsheng ◽  
Yu Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Bioactive Substance ◽  
Tea Extract

The aim of this study was to investigate epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) prebiotics activities systematically which was reported as a bioactive substance. Therefore, EGCG was separated by water extraction, resin purification and prep-HPLC. Then the production of EGCG was confirmed by HPLC and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis and its purify was 97.23%. EGCG extractive and green tea extract (GTE) were further incubated with Bifidobacterium infantis, B. adolescentis, B. bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus to study its effect on microbial populations and medium pH. Finally, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were employed as pathogenic bacteria to explore the antimicrobial activity of EGCG and GTE. The results demonstrated that EGCG extractive could be beneficial for the proliferation of Bifidobacterium and L. acidophilus and also inhibit some pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, both EGCG extractive and GTE had prebiotics activities and the effects of EGCG extractive were superior to those of GTE.

Microbiological quality of residues from drinking water preparation

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Würzer ◽  
A. Wiedenmann ◽  
K. Botzenhart
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Detection Limits

In Germany the application of procedures such as flocculation and filtration in the preparation of drinking water results in the annual production of an estimated 500,000 t of sediments and sludges. Some of these residues have a potential for being reused, for example in agriculture, forestry, brickworks or waste water treatment. To assess the microbiological quality of residues from waterworks methods for the detection of enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, poliovirus, Ascaris suis eggs and Cryptosporidium have been evaluated regarding their detection limits and were applied to various residues from German waterworks. Results show that sediments and sludges may contain pathogenic bacteria, viruses and protista. When residues from waterworks are intended to be reused in agriculture or forestry the microbiological quality should therefore be considered.

scholarly journals BOARD INVITED REVIEW: The pig microbiota and the potential for harnessing the power of the microbiome to improve growth and health1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (9) ◽  
pp. 3741-3757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirosh D Aluthge ◽  
Dana M Van Sambeek ◽  
Erin E Carney-Hinkle ◽  
Yanshuo S Li ◽  
Samodha C Fernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Specific Host ◽  
Microbiome Research ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Impact

Abstract A variety of microorganisms inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Pioneers in gut microbiology have stressed the critical importance of diet:microbe interactions and how these interactions may contribute to health status. As scientists have overcome the limitations of culture-based microbiology, the importance of these interactions has become more clear even to the extent that the gut microbiota has emerged as an important immunologic and metabolic organ. Recent advances in metagenomics and metabolomics have helped scientists to demonstrate that interactions among the diet, the gut microbiota, and the host to have profound effects on animal health and disease. However, although scientists have now accumulated a great deal of data with respect to what organisms comprise the gastrointestinal landscape, there is a need to look more closely at causative effects of the microbiome. The objective of this review is intended to provide: 1) a review of what is currently known with respect to the dynamics of microbial colonization of the porcine gastrointestinal tract; 2) a review of the impact of nutrient:microbe effects on growth and health; 3) examples of the therapeutic potential of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; and 4) a discussion about what the future holds with respect to microbiome research opportunities and challenges. Taken together, by considering what is currently known in the four aforementioned areas, our overarching goal is to set the stage for narrowing the path towards discovering how the porcine gut microbiota (individually and collectively) may affect specific host phenotypes.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota of Grazing Mongolian Cattle from Different Regions in Inner Mongolia, China

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1938
Author(s):  
Han Aricha ◽  
Huasai Simujide ◽  
Chunjie Wang ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Wenting Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Geographical Factors ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Xilingol Grassland

Mongolian cattle from China have strong adaptability and disease resistance. We aimed to compare the gut microbiota community structure and diversity in grazing Mongolian cattle from different regions in Inner Mongolia and to elucidate the influence of geographical factors on the intestinal microbial community structure. We used high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze the fecal microbial community and diversity in samples from 60 grazing Mongolian cattle from Hulunbuir Grassland, Xilingol Grassland, and Alxa Desert. A total of 2,720,545 high-quality reads and sequences that were 1,117,505,301 bp long were obtained. Alpha diversity among the three groups showed that the gut microbial diversity in Mongolian cattle in the grasslands was significantly higher than that in the desert. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, whereas Verrucomicrobia presented the highest abundance in the gut of cattle in the Alxa Desert. The gut bacterial communities in cattle from the grasslands versus the Alxa Desert were distinctive, and those from the grasslands were closely clustered. Community composition analysis revealed significant differences in species diversity and richness. Overall, the composition of the gut microbiota in Mongolian cattle is affected by geographical factors. Gut microbiota may play important roles in the geographical adaptations of Mongolian cattle.

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