Reduced Susceptibility and Increased Resistance of Bacteria against Disinfectants: A Systematic Review

Disinfectants are used to reduce the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms to a safe level and help to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. However, bacteria have a tremendous ability to respond to chemical stress caused by biocides, where overuse and improper use of disinfectants can be reflected in a reduced susceptibility of microorganisms. This review aims to describe whether mutations and thus decreased susceptibility to disinfectants occur in bacteria during disinfectant exposure. A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted with the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science. For the final analysis, 28 sources that remained of interest were included. Articles describing reduced susceptibility or the resistance of bacteria against seven different disinfectants were identified. The important deviation of the minimum inhibitory concentration was observed in multiple studies for disinfectants based on triclosan and chlorhexidine. A reduced susceptibility to disinfectants and potentially related problems with antibiotic resistance in clinically important bacterial strains are increasing. Since the use of disinfectants in the community is rising, it is clear that reasonable use of available and effective disinfectants is needed. It is necessary to develop and adopt strategies to control disinfectant resistance.

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Antimicrobial activity of bioactive compounds of Haplopappus multifolius and Haplopappus taeda against human pathogenic microorganisms

Iranian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.18502/ijm.v13i1.5498 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Padilla ◽

Olga Lobos ◽

Patricia Poblete-Tapia ◽

Verónica Carrasco-Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Gram Positive Bacteria ◽

Infected Wounds ◽

Pure Compounds ◽

Layer Chromatography ◽

Antibacterial Capacity

Background and Objectives: Haplopappus multifolius Phil. Ex Reiche and Haplopappus taeda Reiche are medicinal shrubs native to Chile and are popularly known as "Bailahuén". Regularly, this plant is used for liver, digestive and renal affections, as well as colds and the cleaning of infected wounds. The aim of the study was to identify the responsible compounds for the antimicrobial activity of H. multifolius and H. taeda. Materials and Methods: Infusions and ethanolic extracts of H. taeda and H. multifolius were analysed by thin-layer chromatography bioautography (TLC-B) to determine the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and yeasts of Bailahuén. Finally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of pure compounds isolated was determinate. Results: Extract of Bailahuén had activity only against Gram-positive bacterial strains and this activity was associated with aesculetin, 18-acetoxy-cis-cleroda-3,13E-dien-15-oic acid and aromadendrin-7-methyl ether compounds. Conclusion: H. multifolius and H. taeda have antibacterial capacity on different species of Gram-positive bacteria pathogenic for humans.

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Rapamycin: Drug Repurposing in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph14030217 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 217

Author(s):

Jiri Patocka ◽

Kamil Kuca ◽

Patrik Oleksak ◽

Eugenie Nepovimova ◽

Martin Valis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Human Health ◽

World Economy ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Drug Repurposing ◽

Final Analysis ◽

High Rate ◽

Suitable Candidate ◽

Promising Strategy ◽

The World

Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been a worldwide pandemic with enormous consequences for human health and the world economy. Remdesivir is the only drug in the world that has been approved for the treating of COVID-19. This drug, as well as vaccination, still has uncertain effectiveness. Drug repurposing could be a promising strategy how to find an appropriate molecule: rapamycin could be one of them. The authors performed a systematic literature review of available studies on the research describing rapamycin in association with COVID-19 infection. Only peer-reviewed English-written articles from the world’s acknowledged databases Web of Science, PubMed, Springer and Scopus were involved. Five articles were eventually included in the final analysis. The findings indicate that rapamycin seems to be a suitable candidate for drug repurposing. In addition, it may represent a better candidate for COVID-19 therapy than commonly tested antivirals. It is also likely that its efficiency will not be reduced by the high rate of viral RNA mutation.

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Antibacterial Compounds from Mushrooms: A Lead to Fight ESKAPEE Pathogenic Bacteria?

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/a-1266-6980 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Violette Hamers ◽

Clément Huguet ◽

Mélanie Bourjot ◽

Aurélie Urbain

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Global Health ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Antibacterial Compounds ◽

New Antibiotics ◽

Hospital Stays ◽

Antibacterial Potential

AbstractInfectious diseases are among the greatest threats to global health in the 21st century, and one critical concern is due to antibiotic resistance developed by an increasing number of bacterial strains. New resistance mechanisms are emerging with many infections becoming more and more difficult if not impossible to treat. This growing phenomenon not only is associated with increased mortality but also with longer hospital stays and higher medical costs. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotics targeting pathogenic microorganisms such as ESKAPEE bacteria. Most of currently approved antibiotics are derived from microorganisms, but higher fungi could constitute an alternative and remarkable reservoir of anti-infectious compounds. For instance, pleuromutilins constitute the first class of antibiotics derived from mushrooms. However, macromycetes still represent a largely unexplored source. Publications reporting the antibacterial potential of mushroom extracts are emerging, but few purified compounds have been evaluated for their bioactivity on pathogenic bacterial strains. Therefore, the aim of this review is to compile up-to-date data about natural products isolated from fruiting body fungi, which significantly inhibit the growth of ESKAPEE pathogenic bacteria. When available, data regarding modes of action and cytotoxicity, mandatory when considering a possible drug development, have been discussed in order to highlight the most promising compounds.

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Synergistic Effect of Plant Extracts on Endodontic Pathogens Isolated from Teeth with Root Canal Treatment Failure: An In Vitro Study

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10050552 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 552

Author(s):

Suraj Arora ◽

Shahabe Saquib ◽

Youssef Algarni ◽

Mohammed Kader ◽

Irfan Ahmad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Synergistic Effect ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Salvadora Persica ◽

Actinomyces Naeslundii

Background and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Salvadora persica (Miswak), Commiphora molmol (myrrh) and Azadirachta indica (neem) in combination with commercially available antimicrobial agents: penicillin, tetracycline, ofloxacin and fluconazole on endodontic pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis, Actinomyces naeslundii and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: Microbiological samples from the root canals of the teeth undergoing retreatment were taken using sterile paper points kept at full length in the canal for 30 seconds. The disc diffusion method was used to check the susceptibility of microbes to the plant extracts and antimicrobials by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zones. Against the microbes, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the plant extracts were assessed. The fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) was used to estimate the synergistic effect of plant extracts combined with antimicrobials against the resistant endodontic microbes. Results: The findings clearly indicate the effectiveness of all the three plant extracts, Commiphora molmol, Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica, against all the experimental pathogenic microorganisms except for the ineffectiveness of Azadirachta indica, Salvadora persica against Candida albicans. Maximum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Azadirachta indica against Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 0.09 ± 1.2 mg/mL, MBC = 0.78 ± 1.25 mg/mL) and the minimum antimicrobial activity was displayed by Commiphora molmol against Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 12.5 ± 3.25 mg/mL, MBC = 100 ± 3.75 mg/mL). The best synergy was displayed by Commiphora molmol with fluconazole against Candida albicans (FICI = 0.45). Conclusions: The current study delineates the variable antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against the experimental endodontic pathogenic microorganisms. Plant extracts in conjunction with various antimicrobials can be valuable aids in combating relatively resistant endodontic microorganisms that have been the cause of worry in recent years, leading to failure even in treatment procedures following all required protocols.

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Cytotoxic Potential of the Novel Horseshoe Crab Peptide Polyphemusin III

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md16120466 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 466 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mariana Marggraf ◽

Pavel Panteleev ◽

Anna Emelianova ◽

Maxim Sorokin ◽

Ilia Bolosov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Horseshoe Crab ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Human Cancer ◽

Membrane Integrity ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Human Leukemia ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Trypan Blue Exclusion

Biological activity of the new antimicrobial peptide polyphemusin III from the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus was examined against bacterial strains and human cancer, transformed, and normal cell cultures. Polyphemusin III has the amino acid sequence RRGCFRVCYRGFCFQRCR and is homologous to other β-hairpin peptides from the horseshoe crab. Antimicrobial activity of the peptide was evaluated and MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) values were determined. IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values measured toward human cells revealed that polyphemusin III showed a potent cytotoxic activity at concentrations of <10 μM. Polyphemusin III caused fast permeabilization of the cytoplasmic membrane of human leukemia cells HL-60, which was measured with trypan blue exclusion assay and lactate dehydrogenase-release assay. Flow cytometry experiments for annexin V-FITC/ propidium iodide double staining revealed that the caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, did not abrogate disruption of the plasma membrane by polyphemusin III. Our data suggest that polyphemusin III disrupts the plasma membrane integrity and induces cell death that is apparently not related to apoptosis. In comparison to known polyphemusins and tachyplesins, polyphemusin III demonstrates a similar or lower antimicrobial effect, but significantly higher cytotoxicity against human cancer and transformed cells in vitro.

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Active Antibiotics Production by Actinomycetes Indigenous To Saudi Arabia Soils

International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ◽

10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.6.l20-29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 20-29

Author(s):

Fetoon M ◽

helaiwi Alk ◽

Ismet Ara ◽

Nadine Moubayed

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Fungal Strain ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Desert Soils ◽

Growth Environment ◽

Physiological And Biochemical ◽

Physiological And Biochemical Properties

Streptomyces are the most popular among the Actinomycetes groups and found in soils worldwide. They form an important part of the soil ecology within the Actinomycetales order. Streptomyces are diverse as secondary antibiotic metabolites such as Novobiocin, Amphotericin, Vancomycin, Neomycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Nystatin. Thus, the current study was aimed to isolate, identify and assess the active antibiotic metabolites produced by different actinomyces sp. found in Saudi Arabian soils. Six samples were collected from desert soils of the Al Thumamah area and analyzed using GS-MS. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to identify the bacterial strains along with their antibiotic metabolites effectiveness of secondary metabolites (antibiotics) against different Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), negative pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella suis, and Shigella sonnei) as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans was investigated. Thirty active bacterial (F1-30) strains were isolated from the soil samples and the strains F3, F7, F22, F30 have white, gray, pink, yellow and red colours respectively. Only ten strains (F13, F14, F15, F16, FI7, F18, F19, F20, F21, and F22) were found to have antimicrobial activity against at least one pathogen. The optimum growth environment was pH 4-10, temperature (300C), and NaCl (7% w/v) concentration. According to our findings, the extreme desert environment of Al Thumamah from Saudi Arabia is rich in its actinobacterial population with diverse colouring groups and various physiological and biochemical properties. This shows it’s capability of generating secondary metabolite elements that could inhibit pathogenic microorganisms.

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Antibiotic survey ofLactococcus lactisstrains to six antibiotics by Etest, and establishment of new susceptibility-resistance cut-off values

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029907002543 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 262-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Ana Belén Flórez ◽

Morten Danielsen ◽

Jenni Korhonen ◽

Joanna Zycka ◽

Atte von Wright ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Large Collection ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Geographical Locations ◽

S Genes ◽

Acquired Antibiotic Resistance

In order to establish cut-off values forLactococcus lactisto six antibiotics to distinguish susceptible and intrinsically resistant strains from those having acquired resistances, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin was determined in 93 differentLc. lactisstrains using the Etest. These bacterial strains were originally isolated from dairy and animal sources in widely separated geographical locations. Cut-offs were defined on the basis of the distribution of the MICs frequency of the studied antibiotics, which in the absence of acquired determinants should approach to a normal statistical distribution. In general, the new cut-off values proposed in this study are higher than previously defined (European Commission, 2005. The EFSA Journal 223, 1–12). Based on these new values, all the strains tested were susceptible to erythromycin, chloramphenicol and vancomycin, and 79 susceptible to all six antibiotics. However, 11 strains (around 12%) were considered resistant to tetracycline (six of which had been identified after screening of a large collection of lactococci strains for tetracycline resistance) and five (5·4%) resistant to streptomycin. Of these, two fish isolates proved to be resistance to both tetracycline and streptomycin. From the tetracycline resistant strains,tet(M) and mosaictet(L/S) genes were amplified by PCR, demonstrating they harboured acquired antibiotic resistance determinants.

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High cadmium uptake ability of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from rhizosphere of Tagetes minuta L. growing in cadmium-polluted soil

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v47i3.38720 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 515-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kulsoom Akhter ◽

Tahseen Ghous ◽

Muhammad Siddique Awan ◽

Zain Ul-Abdin ◽

Basharat Hussain

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Cereus ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Tagetes Minuta ◽

Uncontaminated Soil ◽

Langmuir And Freundlich Models ◽

Percent Removal

Microbes resistant to heavy metals develop mechanisms to accumulate Cd(II) in their cells. Two bacterial strains, Bacillus cereus AVP12 and B. cereus NC7401 which grew at high Cd(II) concentration were isolated from roots of Tagetes minuta L. growing in Cd(II) contaminated and uncontaminated soil. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and percent removal capacity were determined as function of pH, contact time and initial Cd(II) concentration. Bioaccumulation capacity was determined to observe possible effect of two different rhizospheres on Cd(II) removal capacity of both strains. Both strains were resistant up to 300 mg/l Cd(II) concentration. The percent removal capacity of both strains was maximum at pH 7 and incubation time of 24 hrs. High bioaccumulation capacity was observed with increasing Cd(II) concentration. Both Langmuir and Freundlich models fitted well to data of Cd(II) bioaccumulation. Though, maximum adsorption capacity (Qo) was observed for strains isolated from both types of rhizospheres, however remarkable Qo values of 434.0 and 212.7 mg/g were observed for Bacillus cereus AVP12 and NC7401, respectively isolated from polluted rhizosphere. Bacillus cereus strains growing in polluted rhizosphere can develop high Cd(II) uptake ability in comparison to non-polluted rhizosphere.

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ASSESSMENT ON ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF SURFACTIN FROM BACILLUS SUBTILIS ON PROTOPLASTS AND SPHEROPLASTS OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i1.16612 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

B. Chitra ◽

A. Benno Susai Vijayakumar

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Polluted Soil ◽

Antibiotic Activity ◽

Lytic Activity ◽

Haemolytic Activity ◽

Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽

Clear Zone

Objective: The aim of this paper is to assessment on antimicrobial properties of surfactin from Bacillus subtilis on protoplasts and spheroplasts of pathogenic bacteria.Methods: Bacillus sp were isolated from the polluted soil samples and these isolates were screened for biosurfactin activity using haemolytic activity. The biosurfactant was also studied for their antibiotic activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by testing the effect of surfactin on the pathogenic microorganisms. The lytic activity of surfactant was also tested on the protoplasts and spheroplasts of the pathogens.Results: The formation of a clear zone around the colonies and the lysis of erythrocytes shows the antimicrobial and lytic activity of biosurfactants.Conclusion: The results of the current study reveal that surfactin from B. subtilis possesses significant antimicrobial and lytic activity.

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Susceptibility Assessment of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria to Natural Products

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820936189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 155932582093618

Author(s):

Essam Hassan Mohamed ◽

Youssef Saeed Alghamdi ◽

Salama Mostafa Abdel-Hafez ◽

Mohamed Mohamed Soliman ◽

Saad H. Alotaibi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis ◽

Electron Microscope Analysis ◽

Holothuria Atra ◽

Scanning Electron

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of some natural compounds against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methods: Forty-three bacterial strains were collected. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests were carried out for natural compounds including quercetin, Acacia nilotica, Syzygium aromaticum, and Holothuria atra. Scanning electron microscope analysis and bacterial DNA apoptosis assays were performed. Results: Staphylococcus aureus strains were resistant to imipenim, ampicillin, and penicillin. Most Escherichia coli strains were resistant to amoxicillin, clavulanat, and ampicillin. Finally, tigecycline was effective with Klebsiella pneumoniae and was resistant to all antibiotics. Only S aromaticum had an antibacterial effect on K pneumoniae. Most S aureus strains were sensitive to S aromaticum, A nilotica, and quercetin. All examined natural extracts had no effect on E coli. Holothuria atra had no effect on any of the strains tested. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for examined plants against S aureus were 6.25 to 12, 1.6 to 3.2, and 9.12 to 18.24 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum was active against K pneumoniae with an MIC of 12.5 mg/mL. Scanning electron microscope analysis performed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation showed bacterial strains with distorted shapes and severe cell wall damage. Syzygium aromaticum, quercetin, and A nilotica showed clear fragmentations of S aureus DNA. Conclusions: Current findings confirmed the beneficial effect of using natural products such as clove (S aromaticum), quercetin, and A nilotica as a promising therapy to overcome multidrug resistant bacteria.

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